SECOND BULGARIAN EMPIRE

The 'Second Bulgarian Empire' (Bulgarian: Втората Българска Държава, ''Vtorata Balgarska Darzhava'') was a medieval Bulgarian state which existed between 1185 and 1396 (or 1422). Bǎlgarskata dǎržava i osmanskata ekspanzija 1369–1422, , Ivan, Tjutjundžiev, , 1992, A successor of the First Bulgarian Empire, it reached the peak of its power under Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually declining to be conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th-early 15th century. It was succeeded by the Principality and later Kingdom of Bulgaria in 1878.

Contents

Background

Liberation

European power

Kaloyan

Ivan Asen II

Decline

Ivan Alexander and fall of Bulgaria

Administration

Economy

Agriculture

Metallurgy and crafts

Culture

See also

Footnotes

References

Background

The Byzantines ruled Bulgaria from 1018, when they conquered the First Bulgarian Empire, to 1185, although initially it was not fully integrated into the Byzantine Empire, for example preserving the existing tax levels and the power of the low-ranking nobility. The independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church was subordinated to the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch in Constantinople, and the Bulgarian aristocracy and tsar's relatives were given various Byzantine titles and transferred to the Asian parts of the Empire. There were rebellions against Byzantine rule in 1040-41, the 1070s and the 1080s, but these failed.

Liberation

By the late 12th century the Byzantines were in decline after a series of wars with the Hungarians and the Serbs. In 1185 Peter and Asen (described in contemporary accounts as Vlachs)
led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II (also known as Theodore Peter), firmly claiming to inherit the authority of the First Bulgarian Empire. After little more than a year of warfare the Byzantines were forced to acknowledge Bulgaria's independence, though fighting continued. The peoples who took part in the rebellion and formed part of the new state certainly included Slavic-speaking Bulgarians and, alongside them, Cumans, Vlachs and Greeks: Peter styled himself "Tsar of the Bulgars, Greeks and Vlachs".

European power

Resurrected Bulgaria occupied the territory between the Black Sea, the Danube and Stara Planina, including a part of eastern Macedonia and the valley of the Morava. It also exercised control over Wallachia and Moldova.

Kaloyan

Tsar Kaloyan (1197–1207) entered a union with the Papacy, thereby securing the recognition of his title of "Rex" although he desired to be recognized as "Emperor" or "Tsar". He waged wars on the Byzantine Empire and (after 1204) on the Knights of the Fourth Crusade, conquering large parts of Thrace, the Rhodopes, as well as the whole of Macedonia. He decisively defeated the Latins in the Battle of Adrianople (1205) and thus crushed their power in the very first year of its creation and prevented their influence on the larger parts of the Balkans. The power of the Hungarians, and to some extent the Serbs, prevented significant expansion to the west and northwest.

Ivan Asen II

After the death of Kaloyan during the reign of his cousin Boril (1207–1218), the country lost significant territories to Hungary, the Latin Empire and the Despotate of Epirus.
Under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241), Bulgaria once again became a regional power, liberating the lost lands and occupying Odrin and Albania. After the major success at Klokotnitsa in 1230 the Epirus Despotate became a vassal tributary to Bulgaria. In an inscription from Turnovo in 1230 he entitled himself "In Christ the Lord faithful Tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, son of the old Asen". The Bulgarian Orthodox Patriarchate was restored in 1235 with approval of all eastern Patriarchates, thus putting an end to the union with the Papacy. Ivan Asen II had a reputation as a wise and humane ruler, and opened relations with the Catholic west, especially Venice and Genoa, to reduce the influence of the Byzantines over his country. The country enjoyed flourishing economy, trade relations were diversified and around 1235 Bulgaria had an organised Navy.

Decline

Under Ivan Asen II's successors, Bulgaria once again declined. The Mongols raided the Balkans in the early 13th century, devastating Bulgaria in 1242, and Bulgaria was forced to pay tribute to the Khans of the Golden Horde. After 1246 the Empire Nicaea annexed Macedonia, Rhodope mountains and part of Thrace. The Hungarian kingdom occupied the province of Belgrade. Gradually Bulgaria lost control and traditional significant political influence over Wallachia, where the power of the regional nobles was strengthened and subsequently were established local principalities. By the reign of Michael II Asen 1246–1256, Bulgaria was reduced to a small state on the south bank of the lower Danube. Under Constantine I Tikh the country lost Macedonia and the crisis drove to peasant war, raised by the swineherd Ivailo, who managed to sit on the Bulgarian throne from 1277 to 1280. Ivailo achieved great military success against the external enemies: defeated the Byzantines in two major battles and temporarily drove away the Tatars from the northeastern parts of the Empire. However, he failed to cope with the aristocracy and was later killed. The Tatar hegemony continued to 1300, when their khan Toktu ceded Bessarabia the new Bulgarian Emperor Theodore Svetoslav and stopped taking tribute. This had positive economic effect. During the reign of Theodore Svetoslav Bulgaria regained much of its former strength and prestige. After a successful war against Byzantium he signed peace with continued to his death in 1322.

Ivan Alexander and fall of Bulgaria

The withdrawal of the Mongols from Europe in the early 14th century stabilized the situation in the Balkans and Bulgaria reassumed something like its modern borders. But Bulgaria was threatened by the rising powers of Hungary to the north and Serbia to the west. In 1330 the Bulgarians under Michael III were heavily defeated by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and some parts of the Empire came under Serbian sway. Under Ivan IV (Ivan Alexander) 1331–1372 Serbian threat was ended and the Byzantines were defeated at Rusokastro. The territorial expansion included the Rhodope mountains and several important towns on the Black Sea coast. This was a period known as ''Second Golden Age'' because of the thriving culture. Eventually after his death Bulgaria was left divided into rival states; one of the two largest ones was based at Veliko Turnovo and the other at Vidin, ruled by Ivan's two sons.
The two brothers and despot Dobrotitsa from the Principality of Carvuna did not make an attempt to unite and they were even engaged in a military conflict for Sofia.
Weakened Bulgaria was thus no match for a new threat from the south, the Ottoman Turks, who crossed into Europe in 1354. In 1362 they captured Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and in 1382 they took Sofia. The Ottomans then turned their attention to the Serbs, whom they routed at Kosovo Pole in 1389. In 1393 the Ottomans occupied Turnovo after a three-month siege. It is thought that the south gate was opened from inside and so the Ottomans managed to enter the fortress. In the next year the Ottomans captured the Carvuna Principality and Nikopol — the last town of the Turnovo Tsardom — fell in 1395. Next year the Kingdom of Vidin was also occupied, bringing the Second Bulgarian Empire and Bulgarian independence to an end.

Administration

The supreme power in the country belonged to the Emperor. His official title was: "'In Christ God faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians'" which often included "Greeks"^[1]. The most significant meaning was that he was Emperor of the whole Bulgarian people, even to those beyond the borders of the Empire. The legislative and executive powers were concentrated in his hands. If the heir of the ruler was under age, the regency was headed by the mother-Empress.
The 'Bolyar Counsel', called also ''Sinklit'' included the Great Bolyars and the Patriarch. Their task was to discuss important questions about the external and internal policy such as declaration of war, formation of alliance or signing peace. The last word always belonged to the Emperor. Sometimes Counsels with extended members were assembled, where the nobility, the clergy and "the other people" usually gathered to discuss condemnation of heresies^[2]: 1211, 1350, 1360. The only right the ordinary people had was to approve the decisions made by the nobility.
The main administrative unit in 13-14th centuries was 'hora' (хорá) which replaced the 'komitat' from the First Bulgarian Empire. Its governor was called Duke (Kefaliya) and was usually appointed by the Emperor; the ''hora'' was further divided into ''katepanikons'' (borrowed by Byzantium) which were ruled by Katepans, who were directly subordinated to the Dukes^[3].

Economy

The Medieval Bulgarian economy did not differ much from the other Eastern European states and relied mainly on agriculture, mining, traditional crafts and trade.

Agriculture

The main agricultural regions of the country were the Danubian plain and Thrace. The most widespread grains were wheat, barley and millet. From the 13th century the importance of vegetables, orchards and grapes grew.^[4] The main wine-producing areas were the Black Sea coast, along the Struma, southern Macedonia. Livestock breeding was well developed. There were many sheep, pigs and cattle^[5]. The pastures were divided into two groups: winter pastures (valleys) and summer pastures (mountains). In the 14th century apiculture and sericulture became profitable branches.^[6]
The dense forests were also divided into two types: woods for cutting (''бранища'') and fenced forests (''забели'') in which cutting was banned. ^[7]

Metallurgy and crafts

The 12th-14th centuries gave a strong impetus to metallurgy and mining. Bulgarian smiths produced hammers, pliers, axes, saws, looms; different arms and armours. In the 13th century Saxon miners, who made ore extracting more efficient and introduced new mining methods, arrived in western Bulgaria. They inhabited mainly the regions of Chiprovtsi and Kyustendil. There used to be gold mines in the Eastern Rhodopes.
About 50 different types of handicraft were known in Medieval Bulgaria, the most important being leathermaking, shoemaking, carpentry, weaving; production of food and drinks (bread, butter, cheese, wine). Vast quantity of catapults, battering-rams and other siege equipment were made, and the army had skilled siege engineers.^[8] The main centres were the capital Tarnovo, Cherven^[9], Sofia (copper)^[10].

Culture

In the 13th and 14th centuries Bulgaria became a thriving cultural centre. The flowering of the Turnovo school of art was related to the construction of palaces and churches, to literary activity in the royal court and the monasteries, and to the development of handicrafts. Remarkable achievements of this school have been preserved down to this day: the murals of the Boyars' houses in Trapezitsa and Saint Forty Martyrs Church in Veliko Tarnovo, the Boyana Church (1259) and the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo. Book illuminations also developed, examples include the ''Manasses Chronicle'', the ''Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander'' and the ''Tomich Psalter''. Many relics of Orthodox martyrs and saints were kept in the numerous churches in the capital Turnovo, which earned the capital the byname "second Constantinople".
Most of the architectural monuments from that period include churches, monasteries and fortresses. The Bulgarians usually built small churches with short doors to show humbleness and homage to God. They were often richly decorated with blind niches, various geometrical patterns from bricks, stone cubes, ceramics; while from the inside they were painted with marvellous frescoes which from the 13th century began to draw away from the canon and became realistic. In the 14th century many new monasteries were built under the patronage of Ivan Alexander on the northern slopes of Stara Planina, especially in a area near the capital Tarnovo which became known as "Sveta Gora" (Holy Forest) - a name also used to refer to Mount Athos. The numerous monasteries across the Empire were the very centre of the cultural, educational and spiritual life of the Bulgarian society. Ather the mid 14th centuries, many monasteries began to build fortifications under the thread of Turk invasions, such as the famous Tower of Hrelyu in the Rila monastery.
There used to be a perfectly organised defensive network of fortresses which consisted of several lines along the Danube, the Balkan mountains, the Rhodope, the coast. The main fortress was Turnovo. Other major castles included Vidin, Silistra, Cherven, Lovech, Sofia, Plovdiv, Lyutitsa, Ustra and many others.

See also

★ Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars

★ Latin-Bulgarian Wars

★ Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars

★ Medieval Bulgarian royal charters

★ Medieval Bulgarian Navy

Footnotes

1. Мрачка грамота, Рилска грамота, Витошка грамота
2. Синодник царя Борила, с.90
3. Ангелов, Д. История на Византия, 1972, с.97
4. Ангелов, Д. По въпроса за стопанския облик на българските земи през XI-XII век ИП, 1950, с.429
5. Georgius Acropolita. Historia, p.18
6. Сакъзов, Ив. Средновековното манастирско стопанство в България- СБИД, 22, 1923/1924, с.221
7. Ангелов, Д. По въпроса за стопанския облик на българските земи през XI-XII век ИП, 1950, с.431
8. Nicetas Choniata. Historia, p.835
9. Снегаров, Ив. Неиздадени старобългаски жития- БДА, 3, 1953, 163-167
10. Лишев Стр. Българския средновековен град, с.9

References

★ Elektronno izdanie – Istorija na Bǎlgarija, , Georgi, Bakalov, Trud, Sirma, 2003, ISBN 9844830679

★ Familijata na Asenevci (1186–1460), , Ivan, Božilov, , 1985,

★ Bǎlgarski hroniki, , Stefan, Canev, Trud, Žanet 45, 2006, ISBN 954-528-610-5

★ Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas, , Petǎr, Delev, Trud, Sirma, 2006,

★ The Early Medieval Balkans, , John V.A., Fine, Jr., University of Michigan Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0472081493

★ The Late Medieval Balkans, , John V.A., Fine, Jr., University of Michigan Press, 1987, ISBN 0-472-08260-4

★ Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija, , , , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma, 2005,