SITAKUNDA UPAZILA

'Sitakunda' () is an Upazila of Chittagong District in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. It is most noted for its numerous religious shrines, of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist denominations. Sitakunda upazila ranks 3rd in area and 6th in population out of 26 upazilas of Chittagong.^[1]

Contents

Geography and geology

Demographics and administration

History

Economy

Pilgrimage

Biodiversity

Education

See also

References

External links

Geography and geology

Sitakunda Upazila has an area of 483.97 km²^[2] including 61.61 km² of forest area, bounded by Mirsharai on the north, Pahartali on the south, Fatickchhari, Hathazari and Panchlaish on the south, and the Sandwip Channel in the Bay of Bengal on the west.^[3] The Sitakunda range has a 32km long ridge in the middle, which reaches 352m at Chandranath or Sitakunda peak, highest peak in Chittagong District, with an altitude of 352m above mean sea level.^[4][5] Part of Sitakunda is covered by the low hill ranges, while the rest is in the Bengal flood plain. There is a hot salt water spring 5 kilometer to the north of Sitakunda Town called Labanakhya, which is being explored as a source of geothermal energy.^[6][7] There also is a wind monitoring station here as part of of the wind energy exploration project driven by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) of Bangladesh government and BCAS Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS).^[8] After the earthquake of 2 April 1762, two volcanoes are said to have opened in the Sitakunda hills.^[9]

''Balanus balanoides''

The geological structure of Sitakunda, 70km long and 10km wide, is one of the westernmost structures of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts, delimited by the Feni River in the north, the Karnaphuli River in the south, the Halda River in the east and the Sandwip Channel in the west.^[10] The Sitakunda Hill Range acts as a water divider between the Halda Valley and the Sandwip Channel. 88 km long Halda flows from Khagrachari to the Bay of Bangal, and is one of the six tributaries of Karnafuli, the major river in the area.^[11]
The structure contains a thick sedimentary sequence of sandstone, shale and siltstone. The exposed sedimentary rock sequences, 6,500m thick in an average, of the structure, except limestone, provide no difference in overall lithology from that of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Sitakunda fold is an elongated, asymmetrical, box-type doubly plunging anticline. Both the gently dipping eastern and steeper western flanks of the anticline is truncated abruptly by the alluvial plain of the Feni River. This anticline is one of the few regularly surveyed structures in Bangladesh.^[12]
The Girujan Clay Formation, named by P Evans^[13], runs through Sitakunda at a thickness of 168m.^[14][15][16] In the Sitakunda hills the Boka Bil Shale Formation, named by P Evans, contains ''Ostrea digitalina'', ''Ostrea gryphoides'' and numerous plates of Balanus (a type of Barnacles), fragments of Arca, Pecten, Trochus, Oliva and corals.^[17][18]
An area prone to cyclones and storm surges,^[19] Sitakunda has been hit by cyclones and floods in 1964, 1970, 1988, 1991 and 1997. The intra-deltaic coastline here is very close to the tectonic interface of the Indian and Burmese plates, as well as the active Andaman–Nicobar fault system, and is often capable of generating tsunami waves.^[20] In the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, Sitakunda was the least damaged area because of a kilometer-wide coastal plantatiion scheme.^[21]

Demographics and administration

Sitakunda as a thana came into existence in 1879 and was upgraded into Upazila in 1983.^[22] As of Bangladesh national population census 2001, Sitakunda has a population of 298,528 distributed to 55,837 units of households (average household size 5.3), including 163,561 men and 134,967 women (Female:Male ratio 121:100).^[23]. The average population of each ward, mahalla, union, mauza and villages respectively are 4072, 1666, 29853, 5060 and 5060. 8 mouzas have less than 50 households, while 27 have more than 600 households. Of the villages, 8 have a population of less than 250, while 29 have more than 2500.
Sitakunda Town, the 28.63 km²^[24] administrative center and the sole municipality (''Pourashabha'') of the Upazila, has 9 wards divided into 22 mahallas, and a population of 36,650 distributed to 6,914 units of households (average household size 5.3), including 18,662 men and 17,988 women (Male:Female ratio 104:100). The most notable mahallas are Yakubnagar, Nunachara, Mohadebpur, Sobanbagh, Bhuiyan Para, Chowdhury Para(also known as Premtala), Moulvi Para, Amirabad, Edilpur and Shibpur.
The municipality is growing fast as an urban center, especially in and around Sitakunda and Mahadebpur mouzas, but public services and facilities like electricity, drinking water, drainage and garbage disposal are still under-provided. The rest of the area is organized into 10 Union Committees (''Union Parishads'') - Banshbaria, Barabkunda, Bariadyala, Bhatiari, Kumira, Muradpur, Salimpur, Sonaichhari, Saidpur, and Bhatiari Cantonment Area. These are in turn divided into 69 Mauzas, and 59 villages.
Apart from mainstream Bengali people, there are a number of small communities of ethnic minorities that live here, including the recently migrated Tripuri people^[25]. Banshbaria Union has been declared as 100% sanitized, as all households in the Union adopted sanitary latrines,^[26] while the Upazila has only 16% sanitation coverage.^[27] According to a survey, disability in Sitakunda is highest in Bangladesh - 17% as opposed to the national average of 13%.^[28]

History

There has been signs of human habitation in Sitakunda from prehistoric times in the form of Neolithic tools comparable to the Assam group.^[29] Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay mentioned the discovery of a fossilwood shouldered celt in the area in 1886.^[30] Dr. J Coggin Brown reported a prehistoric celt from Shitakunda in 1917.^[31] In the area extensive occurrences of pebbles have been noticed, but it could not be ascertained whether such pebbles were used for the making of prehistoric tools in this region.
The Chittagong region including Sitakunda was under the Kingdom of Arakan during 6th and 7th centuries, and then intermittently under the Pagan Kingdom or Mrauk U till Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340. After the defeat of Sultan Giasuddin Mahmud Shah in the hands of Sher Shah Suri in 1538, the Arakanese again captured the region, and then it was intermittently under the pirates of Portuguese or Magh origins till Mughal commandar Bujurg Umed Khan conquered the area in 1666.^[32]
A large number of Rakhine people is believed to have settled in the area during the Arakanese rule of Chittaging (1459-1666), though the event is not historically traceable.^[33] The Rakhaine population in Khagrachari District migrated from this region and built up their permanent abode at Ramgarh in the 19th century.
In 1910, Indian Petroleum Prospecting Company drilled here for Hydrocarbon exploration, the first such activity in East Bengal. In 1914, the first onshore wildcat well in Bangladesh was drilled at Sitakunda anticline to a depth of 762 m.^[34] But, by 1914 all four wells drilled in Sitakunda proved to be failures.^[35]
Islamic militant organization Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) leader Siddikul Islam (also known as ''Bangla Bhai'') ran militant training centers in the Upazila, where one of his followers Mahfuzul Huq was captured in 21 February 2006,Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB): Incidents, South Asia Terrorism Portal; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-06'' in early 2000s, where they Muslim militants learned to make bombs and shoot with firearms.^[36][37]

Economy

Ship breaking in progress at Sitakunda

The main occupations of the local people are service (28.76%), commerce (21.53%), and agriculture (24.12%). The local industry features a cement factory, 12 jute mills, 6 textile mills, 10 re-rolling mills, and 79 functional and defunct shipyards. Bean, melon, rubber and betel leaf are the main agricultural exports.^[38] Two of the operational jute mills run under Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation^[39], one more has been sold to private sector.^[40] Some mining for sand from agricultural lands happen along the eastern side of the Dhaka-Chittagong road.^[41] Local brick klins are engaged in illegal hill cutting, a practice that was responsible for 2007 Chittagong mudslide.^[42] The New Age, Rural poor are supported by Grameen Bank and NGOs such as CARE, BRAC and ASA.^[43] But, employment for local people is low in the industrial facilities.
In a census among the fishing folk in Latifpur village of the Upazila it was found that it is the members of traditional Hindu fisher caste who are more skilled in fishing.^[44] Due to an introduction of engine boats and gill nets there has been a rise in fish catches from 1970s to 1990s, espacially in the major fishing season (mid-July to mid-November). But, over-fishing has depleted the fish population ever since and a number of fish species is facing extinction in the area, leading to seasonal food insecurity (February to April). According to a 2001 survey, 4,000 people in Sitakunda were engaged in wild shrimp fry collection, harvesting an average of five and a half million fries a year.^[45]
The ship breaking industry here started in 1965 when a 20,000-ton ship was accidentally beached near Fouzdarhat by a tidal bore.^[46][47] The industry was formalized in 1971 and flourished in the 1980s.^[48] As of August 2007, over 1.5 million tons of iron is produced by scrapping about 20 ships in the 19 functional ship yards scattered over 8 km² along the coast of Sitakunda 8-10 kilometers from Chittagong, near Fouzderhat. Local re-rolling mills, as well as similar mills, run on the scrap iron.^[49] Bangladesh, with no local metal ore mining, is dependent on ship-breaking for its domestic steel requirements; the re-rolling mills alone substitute for import of about 1.2 M-tonnes of billets and other raw materials. There are 70 companies, registered as ship breakers in Chittagong, involved in the industry, which employs 2000 regular workers and 25,000 semi and unskilled workers. Organized under the Bangladesh Ship Breakers Association (BSBA) these include companies within large local conglomerates that sought ISO certificates.^[50]
The ship breaking industry here has superseded Indian and Pakistani industries in the sector.^[51][52] But the industry has come under threat, both from a decline of ships scrapped annually, which has come down from 70-80 to about 20, and from the environmental and work safety issues. There has been complaints that journalists and human rights activists are being barred from the ship breaking yards.^[53]

Pilgrimage

Sitakunda features 280 mosques (including the Shah Mosque) and 8 mazars (including Baro Awlias Mazar, Kalu Shah Mazar, Fakir Hat Mazar), 49 Hindu temples (inclduing Labanakhya Mandir, Chandranath Mandir, Shambunath Mandir) and 3 ashrams (inclduing Sitakunda Shankar Math), and 3 Buddhist temples. The festivals of Shiva Chaturdashi and Chaitra Sankranti are observed in much fanfare and a large fairs. The Hammadyar Mosque, located at village Masjidda, and the Hammadyar Dighi, a big tank in front of it, were built during the reign of Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah, the last Husain Shahi sultan of Bengal, as inferred from the inscription above the central entrance.^[54] The Sudarshan Vihara at village Mayani here, as well as the Vidarshanaram Vihara at village Mayani in Patiya was established in 1922 by Prajnalok Mahasthavir (1879-1971), an eminent Buddhist preacher of Bangladesh.^[55]
According to myths, when Shiva's wife Sati self-immolated in the yajna-fire of her father Daksha in protest of Shiva's dishonor, the god became furious and started to dance the ''Tāndava'' with Sati's body on his shoulders. Seeing that dance of destruction about to annihilate the world, Vishnu cut the body of Sati to pieces with Sudarshana Chakram, his celestial weapon, and appeased Shiva when the body was no more. Each of 51 pieces of the body fell to earth, and wherever a piece fell became a holy center of pilgrimage or ''Shakti Peetha''.^[56] The legend goes that Sati's right arm fell near a now-extinct hot spring at the Chandranth peak in Sitakunda. The site is marked by the temple of Sambhunath just below the Chandranath temple on top of the peak, and is a major ''tirtha'' for Hindus in Bangladesh.^[57]
According to Rajmala, the temple of Chandranath received considerable endowments from the Twipra Kingdom in the time of king Dhanya Manikya, who once attempted to remove the lingam from the temple to his kingdom.^[58][59] Poets from across ages - Jayadeva (circa 1200 AD) and Nabinchandra Sen (1847-1909) - are said to be devoted to the temple. Chandranath is within the jurisdiction of Gobordhon Math, which was founded, according to legends, by Padmacharya, a disciple of Shankaracharya and founder of ''Vana'' and ''Aranya'' sects of the Dashanami Sampradaya. An International Vedic Conference was held from 15th February to 17th February 2007 at Sitakunda Shrine (Tirtha) Estate in Sitakunda Chandranath Dham on the occasion of the great Shiva Chaturdarshi. These temples has been repeatedly subject to attack and violation by Muslims.^[60]

Biodiversity

The first eco-park in Bangladesh, along with a botanical garden, was established in 2001 under a five-year (2000–2004) development project on 1,996 acres of Chandranath Hills at a cost of Tk 3.57 crore in Sitakunda.^[61] The eco-park was established to facilitate biodiversity conservation, natural regeneration, new plantations and infrastructure development, as well as promoting nature-based tourism to generate income. But, it is claimed that "ignoring the dependence of local people on park resources created conflicts between local communities and the park authority" and "prohibition on the extraction of forest products from the park... make the livelihoods of surrounding villagers vulnerable".^[62]
The ship breaking industry is damaging the local ecology as well. The damage is taking a toll on the fish population and soil quality.^[63] One survey conducted by the students of the Institute of Marine Science of Chittagong University recently revealed that the soil of the locality contains heavy element of chemicals, including mercury (0.5 to 2.7 ppm), lead (0.5 to 21.8 ppm), chromium (220 ppm), cadmium (0.3 to 2.9 ppm), iron (2.6 to 5.6 ppm), calcium (5.2 to 23.2 ppm) and magnesium (6.5 to 10.57 ppm).^[64]
Fish species endagered in the area due to over-fishing include - Bhoal, Lukkya, big Koral, Faishya (like anchovy), Chapila, Risshya, Sundaribele, Tiger Shrimps (red), Pungash, Ribbon (Chhuri), jew (white) Chandana, Hilsha, Sundari (knata), Gnhora, Kata, Chewa, Cherpati (salt fish), Maittya, Ram Chokkhya, Guldya, Bnata, Khoral, Kawoon, Datina, Datina Bhoal, Pomfret (Rupchanda), Bengya, Bhoal (very big), Korati, Lobster (big).

Education

As of 2001, average literacy of Sitakunda Upazila for people of 7 years of age or more is 54.6%, while the average literacy of Sitakunda Pourashabha is 53.87%. There has been a overall growth of 32.85% between 1991 and 2001, which for men was 20.49% and for women 59.15%. 70,315 people of the Upazila between the ages of 5 and 24 years attend schools, an overall increase of 35.56% between 1991 and 2001, which for men was 28.14% and for women 45.43%. The highest school attendance rate is observed in age group 10-
14 years. The educational institutions of the upazila include Faujdarhat Cadet College (founded in 1958), 4 regular colleges (including Sitakunda Degree College founded in 1968), 24 high schools (including Sitakunda Government High School founded in 1913), 10 madrasas, and 76 junior and primary schools. Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah (1885-69), an eminent Bangladeshi linguist, served as the headmaster of the Government High School from 1914 to 1915.^[65] Bangladesh Military Academy is also situated in this upazila.

See also

★ Upazilas of Bangladesh

★ Districts of Bangladesh

★ Divisions of Bangladesh

References

1. Sitakunda Upazila: Census Results at a Glance - 2001 (Community Series)
2. Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Upazila/Thana-2001
3. Sitakunda, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
4. Physiography, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
5. Chittagong City, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
6. Renewable resources available in Bangladesh, Renewable Energy Information Network, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
7. Bangladesh Tours and Travels, Asia Tours and Travels, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
8. Wind Energy Resource Mapping (WERM) in Bangladesh, Wind Energy Development Project, Sustainable Rural Energy Program, Local Government Engineering Department, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
9. Disaster Prevention: Earthquake, The Sustainable Development Networking Program (SDNP); ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
10. Geological Structure, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
11. Chittagong Region River System, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
12. Geological Survey, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
13. Evans, P.; ''The tectonic framework of Assam''; Journal of the Geological Society of India 5, 1964.
14. Geological Group Formation, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
15. Application of a Ramp/Flat-Fault Model to Interpretation of the Naga Thrust ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
16. Large sedimentation rate in the Bengal Delta ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
17. Influence of overpressure on formation velocity evaluation of Neogene strata from the eastern Bengal Basin ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
18. Miocene sedimentation and subsidence during continent–continent collision, Bengal basin ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
19. Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh: A policy review, Livelihood-Policy Relationships in South Asia: Working Paper 1, UK Department for International Development (DFID); ''Retrieved: 2007-09-08''
20. Pre-and post-tsunami coastal planning and land-use policies and issues in Bangladesh, Rafiqul Islam, Food and Agriculture Organization; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-08''
21. Storm Surges, Ocean World; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-08''
22. Land Use Plan of Sitakunda Paurashava; Urban Development Directorate, Government of Bangladesh, 2006; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-28''
23. Household and Population of Statistical Metropolitan Areas in Bangladesh - 2001
24. Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Paurashava- 2001
25. Resource Use by Indigenous Community in the Coastal Zone; Kamal, Mesbah, Research and Development Collective (RDC), July 2001; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-28''
26. Changing Lives: Community Based Advocacy; Rural Advocacy Program, WaterAid Bangladesh, February 2006; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
27. Summary Environmental Impact Assessment, Road Maintenance and Improvement Project, People’s Republic of Bangladesh, July 2000; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-08''
28. Wealth of Trans National Corporations and the vision of localization, Zakaria, Muhammad; In Depth, One World South Asia; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-28''
29. Bangladesh: The Roots, Bangladesh WWW Virtual Library, Asian Studies Network Information Center, International Information Systems, University of Texas at Austin, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-27''
30. Prehistory, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
31. Brown, J. Coggin; ''Prehistoric antiquities of India preserved in the Indian museum at Calcutta'' (ed. Marshall, John Hubert); Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, India 1988
32. Chittagong District, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
33. The Magh, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
34. Wildcat Well, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
35. Hydrocarbon Exploration, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
36. The deadly terror outfit, rise of its kingpins, Staff Reporter, The Daily Star, 2007-03-31; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-06''
37. Police reveal starling facts about bigots’ operations, Asharaful Huq, Daily News Monitoring Service, 200-08-29; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-06''
38. Institutional Aspects of Ship Breaking Industry in Bangladesh, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Project, Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), Ministry of Water Resources, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
39. BJMC, Ministry of Jute, Government of Bangladesh; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-31''
40. Privatisation of textile mills turns sour in Ctg, The New Nation, 2005-08-30; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-06''
41. Bangladesh & Desertification; SDNP Bangladesh; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-31''
42. DoE to initiate fresh survey
to list illegal hill cutters, Nurul Alam, ''Retrieved: 2007-07-08''
43. Association for Social Advancement, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
44. Livelihoods in Coastal Fishing Communities, and the Marine Fish Marketing System of Bangladesh; Ulrich Kleih, Khursid Alam, Ranajit Dastidar, Utpal Dutta, Nicoliene Oudwater, and Ansen Ward, NRI Report No 2712, Post-Harvest Fisheries Research Programme, January 2003; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
45. A Livelihood Analysis of Shrimp Fry Collectors in Bangladesh: Future Prospects in Relation to a Wild Fry Collection Ban, Timothy R. Frankenberger, TANGO International Inc., August, 2002; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-08''
46. Sea polluted under authorities’ nose, Bangladesh News, 2007-07-31; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-27''
47. The Ship Breakers Of Bangladesh, ''60 minutes, CBS News, 2006-11-05, ''Retrieved: 2007-11-05''
48. Shipbreaking threatens environment along Ctg coastal areas ''The Daily Independent'', Dhaka, 2007-08-24; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
49. ''Ship Breaking: A Background Paper'', Ataur Rahman and AZM Tabarak Ullah, Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork), International Labour Organization; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
50. the first and only ISO Certified Company in Bangladesh in the Ship Breaking Industry, Official Website, PHP Ship Breaking & Re-cycling Ind. Ltd., ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
51. Shock Waves Demolish Alang, Times Shipping Journal, March 2004, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
52. Ship-breaking industry: Uncertain future, Pakistan Economist, 2001-04-23, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
53. Journalists, HR activists not allowed inside ship-breaking yard, The New Age, 2006-03-18; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-06''
54. Hammadyar Mosque, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
55. Prajnalok Mahasthavir, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
56. Dakshayani on En.Wikipedia
57. Hot Spring, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
58. Sitakunda Shrine and Shiba Chaturdarshi Festival, Prem Ranjan Dev, The New Nation, Editorial Page, 2007-02-16; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-27''
59. Of Shiva Chaturdashi and Sitakunda, Prem Ranjan Dev, The Daily Star, ''Point Counterpoint'', 2007-02-17; ''Retrieved: 2007-08-27''
60. Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora; Hindu American Foundation, 2007-06-11; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
61. Eco-park, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''
62. Nath, T.K. and M. Alauddin, Sitakunda botanical garden and eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Its impacts on a rural community, The International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, Volume 2, Number 1, March 2006, pp. 1-11(11).
63. The Continuous Evasion Of The "Polluter Pays Principle"; Greenpeace; September 2002; ''Retrieved: 2007-09-03''
64. DNV-Report: ''Shipbreaking Practices: On site assessment Chittagong, Bangladesh'' ''Retrieved: 2007-08-25''
65. Shahidullah, Muhammad, Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, ''Retrieved: 2007-08-24''

External links

★ Banglapedia article

★ A picture of Sitakunda Hill