Discover

'Slugs' are gastropod mollusks without shells or with very small internal shells, in contrast to snails, which have a prominent coiled shell.
The loss or reduction of the shell is a derived characteristic, and the same basic body design has independently evolved several times, making slugs a polyphyletic group. Although they undergo torsion (180 degree twisting of internal organs) during development, their bodies are streamlined and worm-like, and so show little external evidence of it. Slugs include both marine and terrestrial species. The main group of marine or ''sea slugs'' are the nudibranchs. However, the ecological information in the article below applies mainly to land slugs.
The soft, slimy bodies of slugs are prone to desiccation, so land-living slugs are confined to moist environments.

Contents

Morphology and behavior

Mucus

Reproduction

Ecology

Photographs

Subinfraorders, superfamilies, and families

References

External links

Morphology and behavior

Slugs macerate food using their radula, a rough, tongue-like organ with many tiny tooth-like denticles.
Like snails, most slugs have two pairs of 'feelers' or ''tentacles'' on their head. The upper pair—''optical tentacles''—are light sensors; the lower pair provides the sense of smell. Both pairs are retractable and can be regrown if lost. On top of the slug, behind the head, is the saddle-shaped ''mantle,'' and under this are the genital opening and anus. The mantle also has a hole, the ''pneumostome,'' for respiration. The slug moves by rhythmic muscular action of its ''foot''.
Some species hibernate underground during the winter in temperate climates, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.

Mucus

Slugs produce two types of mucus: one which is thin and watery, and another which is thick and sticky. Both are hygroscopic. The thin mucus is spread out from the centre of the foot to the edges. The thick mucus spreads out from front to back.
Mucus is very important to slugs because it helps them move around, and contains fibres which prevent the slug from sliding down vertical surfaces. Mucus also provides protection against predators and helps retain moisture. Some species use slime cords to lower themselves on to the ground, or suspend from them during copulation.

Reproduction

Slugs are hermaphrodites, having both female and male reproductive organs. Once a slug has located a mate they encircle each other and sperm is exchanged through their protruding genitalia. A few days later around 30 eggs are laid into a hole in the ground or under the cover of objects such as fallen logs.
A commonly seen practice among many slugs is apophallation, when one or both of the slugs chews off the other's penis. The penis of these species is curled like a cork-screw and often becomes entangled in their mate's genitalia in the process of exchanging sperm. Apophallation allows the slugs to separate themselves. Once the penis has been removed, the slug remains female for the rest of its life.
Various species of slug can also reproduce via tiny "darts" of sperm which they fling in the direction of their mate's genitalia.

Ecology

Slugs play an important role in ecology by eating decomposting matter, such as leaves, fungus, and decaying vegetable material, but some are predators and most also eat carrion including dead of their own kind. They also feed on fruits and vegetables prior to harvest, making holes in the crop that makes it more vulnerable to disease.
Like humans, slugs are made up mostly of water. They must generate protective mucus to survive, so require large amounts of water. In drought conditions they hide under rocks, plants, and planters in order to retain body moisture.
Frogs, toads, snakes, hedgehogs, eastern box turtles, and some birds and beetles are natural slug predators. Slugs, when attacked, can contract their body, making themselves harder and more compact and thus more difficult for many animals to grasp. The unpleasant taste of the mucus is also a deterrent.
In certain cases humans have contracted parasite-induced meningitis from eating raw slugs ^[1].

Photographs

Subinfraorders, superfamilies, and families

★ Subinfraorder Orthurethra

★
★ Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873

★
★ Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900

★
★ Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900

★
★ Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831

★ Subinfraorder Sigmurethra

★
★ Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895

★
★ Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840

★
★ Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960

★
★ Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840

★
★ Superfamily Athoracophoroidea

★
★
★ Family Athoracophoridae

★
★ Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879

★
★
★ Family Bulimulidae

★
★ Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895

★
★ Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864

★
★ Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921

★
★ Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866

★
★ Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815

★
★ Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877

★
★ Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815

★
★ Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855

★
★ Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860

★
★ Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900

★
★ Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894

★
★ Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864

★
★ Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893

★
★
★ Family Rhytididae

★
★ Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895

★
★ Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931

★
★ Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806

★
★ Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926

★
★ Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882

★
★ Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864

References

1. Health and Medicals News - Man's brain infected by eating slugs

External links

★ Biology of Slugs

★ Ohio State University slug fact sheet

★ Leopard Slug Info

★ [1]


★ Pancake Slug (Veronicella sloanei) Info

★ ''Land slugs and snails and their control'' hosted by the UNT Government Documents Department