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'Social stigma' is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. Social stigma often leads to marginalization.
Examples of existing or historic social stigmas can be physical or mental disabilities and disorders, as well as illegitimacy, homosexuality or affiliation with a specific nationality, religion (or lack of religion[1][2]) or ethnicity, such as being a Jew, an African American, or a Gypsy. Likewise, criminality carries a strong social stigma.
Stigma comes in three forms:[3] Overt or external deformations. Examples of this are physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy, disabilities. Second, the known deviations in personal traits. For example, drug addicts, alcoholics, and criminals are stigmatized in this way. Third, "tribal stigmas" are traits of a race, nation, or religion that constitute a deviation from the normative race, nationality or religion. For example, Jewish people in Nazi Germany.
Although the specific social categories that become stigmatized can vary across times and places, the three basic forms of stigma (physical deformity, poor personal traits, and tribal outgroup status) are found in most cultures and time periods, leading some psychologists to hypothesize that the tendency to stigmatize may have evolutionary roots.
★ Identity
★ Label (sociology)
★ Labelling
★ Stereotype
★ Taboo
★ Passing (sociology)
★ Collateral consequences of criminal charges
★ Erving Goffman, ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity'', Prentice-Hall, 1963, ISBN 0-671-62244-7.
★ Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (Eds.), ''The Social Psychology of Stigma'', Guilford Press, 2000, ISBN 1-572-30573-8.
★ Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary Origins of Stigmatization: The Functions of Social Exclusion. ''Psychological Bulletin'' '127': 187-208.
''This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article.''
1. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070331.ATHEIST31/TPStory/TPNational/Ontario/
2. http://atheism.about.com/b/a/258950.htm
3. Erving Goffman]], ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity'', Prentice-Hall, 1963, ISBN 0-671-62244-7.
Examples of existing or historic social stigmas can be physical or mental disabilities and disorders, as well as illegitimacy, homosexuality or affiliation with a specific nationality, religion (or lack of religion[1][2]) or ethnicity, such as being a Jew, an African American, or a Gypsy. Likewise, criminality carries a strong social stigma.
Stigma comes in three forms:[3] Overt or external deformations. Examples of this are physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy, disabilities. Second, the known deviations in personal traits. For example, drug addicts, alcoholics, and criminals are stigmatized in this way. Third, "tribal stigmas" are traits of a race, nation, or religion that constitute a deviation from the normative race, nationality or religion. For example, Jewish people in Nazi Germany.
Although the specific social categories that become stigmatized can vary across times and places, the three basic forms of stigma (physical deformity, poor personal traits, and tribal outgroup status) are found in most cultures and time periods, leading some psychologists to hypothesize that the tendency to stigmatize may have evolutionary roots.
| Contents |
| See also |
| Further reading |
| References |
See also
★ Identity
★ Label (sociology)
★ Labelling
★ Stereotype
★ Taboo
★ Passing (sociology)
★ Collateral consequences of criminal charges
Further reading
★ Erving Goffman, ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity'', Prentice-Hall, 1963, ISBN 0-671-62244-7.
★ Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (Eds.), ''The Social Psychology of Stigma'', Guilford Press, 2000, ISBN 1-572-30573-8.
★ Kurzban, R., & Leary, M. R. (2001). Evolutionary Origins of Stigmatization: The Functions of Social Exclusion. ''Psychological Bulletin'' '127': 187-208.
''This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article.''
References
1. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070331.ATHEIST31/TPStory/TPNational/Ontario/
2. http://atheism.about.com/b/a/258950.htm
3. Erving Goffman]], ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity'', Prentice-Hall, 1963, ISBN 0-671-62244-7.
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