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EspañolSOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF AUTISM
Due to the complexity of autism, there are many facets of sociology that need to be considered when discussing it, such as the culture which has evolved from autistic persons connecting and communicating with one another. In addition, there are several subgroups forming within the autistic community, sometimes in strong opposition to one another.
Curing autism is a very highly controversial and politicized issue. What some call the "autistic community" has splintered into several strands. Some seek a cure for autism - sometimes dubbed by ''pro-cure''. Others do not desire a "cure", because they point out that autism is a way of life rather than a "disease", and as such resist it[1] or view it as unethical.[2] They are sometimes dubbed ''anti-cure''. Many more may have views between these two. Recently, with scientists learning more about autism and possibly coming closer to effective remedies, some members of the "anti-cure" movement sent a letter to the United Nations demanding to be treated as a minority group rather than a group with a mental disability or disease.[3]
There are many resources available for autistic people. Because many autistics find it easier to communicate online than in person, a large number of these resources are online. In addition, successful autistic adults, using their own experience in developing coping strategies and/or interacting with society, are often involved at the community level with children with autism, using their own experience in developing coping strategies and/or interacting with society.
The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom (see Autistic Community article).
With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an ''autistic culture'' has begun to develop. Similar to deaf culture, autistic culture is based on a more accepting belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured. There are some commonalities which are specific to autism in general as a culture, not just "autistic culture".
It is a common misperception that autistic people do not marry; many do seek out close relationships and marry. Often, they marry another autistic, although this is not always the case. Autistic people are often attracted to other autistic people due to shared interests or obsessions, but more often than not the attraction is due to simple compatibility with personality types, the same as for non-autistics. Autistics who communicate have explained that companionship is as important to autistics as it is to anyone else.
It is also a common misperception that autistic people live away from other people, such as in a rural area rather than an urban area; many autistics do happily live in a suburb or large city. However, a metropolitan area can provide more opportunities for cultural and personal conflicts, requiring greater needs for adjustment.
In schools it is commonplace for autistics to be singled out by teachers and students as "unruly," though an autistic student may not understand why his or her actions are considered inappropriate, especially when the student has a logical explanation for his or her behavior.
The interests of autistic people and so-called "geeks" or "nerds" can often overlap as autistic people can sometimes become preoccupied with certain subjects, much like anyone else. However, in practice many autistic people have difficulty with working in groups, which impairs them even in the most 'geeky' of situations. The connection of autism with so-called geek or nerd behavior has received attention in the popular press, but is still controversial within these groups.[4]
Communication and social problems often cause difficulties in many areas of an autistic adult's life. A much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry or have children than the general population. Even when they do marry, some argue, they are more likely to be divorced than the norm,[5] although further research is being made. Nevertheless, as more social groups form, progressively more diagnosed adults are forming relationships with others on the spectrum.
A small proportion of autistic adults, usually those with high-functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome, are able to work successfully in mainstream jobs, although frequently far below their actual level of skills and qualification.
Others are employed in sheltered workshops under the supervision of managers trained in working with persons with disabilities. A nurturing environment at home, at school, and later in job training and at work, helps autistic people continue to learn and to develop throughout their lives.
Inability to speak does not mean that people with autism are unaware of their surroundings or have no desire to communicate. Some individuals with autism learn sign language, participate in online chat rooms, discussion boards, and websites, or use communication devices at autism-community social events such as Autreat.
The Internet helps bypass non-verbal cues and emotional sharing that autistics find so hard to interact with. It gives autistic individuals a way to communicate and form online communities,[6] and to work via telecommuting and independent consulting, which do not require much human interaction offline.[7]
Perhaps due to their difficulties communicating with other humans, some autistics have gravitated toward working with animals. Temple Grandin describes her observations and theories about animals, taken from her work with cattle.[8] Dawn Prince-Hughes, diagnosed with Asperger's, describes her observations of gorillas in ''Songs of the Gorilla Nation''.[9]
Under the public law, in the United States, the public schools' responsibility for providing services ends when the autistic person is 21 years of age. The autistic person and their family are then faced with the challenge of finding living arrangements and employment to match their particular needs, as well as the programs and facilities that can provide support services to achieve these goals.
Many parents of autistic children also face financial difficulties as they must often pay for essential support and therapeutic services. Furthermore, autism is often linked to poverty because autistics who might qualify for financial assistance in one country are not eligible in another, because some nations do not recognize autism as a disability.
When referring to someone who is diagnosed with autism, the term "autistic" is often used. Alternatively, many prefer to use the person-first terminology "person with autism" or "person who experiences autism". However, it has been noted that members of the autistic community generally prefer "autistic person" for reasons that are fairly controversial.[10] This article uses both terminologies.
The autistic savant phenomenon is sometimes seen in autistic people. Savant syndrome occurs in about 10% of autistic people and in about 1% of non-autistic people.[11] The term "autistic savant" is used to describe a person who is autistic and has extreme talent in one or more areas of study (the incidence of multiple skills tend to occur more often in autistic savants than non-autistic savants). Although there is a common association between savants and autism (an association made especially popular by the 1988 film ''Rain Man''), most autistic people are not savants and savantism is not unique to autistic people, though there does seem to be some relation.[12] Mental calculators and fast computer programming skills are the most common form. A well known example is Daniel Tammet, the subject of the documentary film ''The Brain Man''[13] (Kim Peek, one of the inspirations for Dustin Hoffman's character in the film ''Rain Man'', is not autistic). ''Bright Splinters of the Mind'' by Beate Hermelin is a book that explores this issue further.
Main articles: List of people on the autistic spectrum
Main articles: People speculated to have been autistic
Speculation arises over famous people and celebrities who are now suspected, but unconfirmed, of having ASD. They are rumored to have most symptoms of autism or autistic-spectrum disorder. Biographers, personal physicians and media journalists continually investigate these rumors, but some say that the claims are actually libellous of their character as public figures, being singled out as "odd" or "nerdy" people.[14]
The extent to which someone with higher functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome may excel is theoretically quite high. For example, Henry Cavendish, one of history's foremost scientists, may have been autistic. George Wilson, a notable chemist and physician, wrote a book about Cavendish entitled, "''The Life of the Honourable Henry Cavendish''", published in 1851. From Wilson's detailed description it seems that while Cavendish may have exhibited many classic signs of autism, he nevertheless had an extraordinary mind.[15]
1. Autism as a way of life:
★ Sinclair, Jim. Do not Mourn for Us. Autistics.org. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
★ In Support of Michelle Dawson and Her Work. Autistics.org. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
★ How about not 'curing' us, some autistics are pleading
★ 'It is not a disease, it is a way of life'
2. Dawson, Michelle. The Misbehavior of Behavioralists (18 January 2004). Retrieved on 23 January 2007.
3. autistics.org: The REAL Voice of Autism (See above)
4. Geeks and autism
5. Asperger syndrome and adults, Dr Isabelle Henault
6. Web removes social barriers for those with autism
7. Auties.org - autism employment
8. Grandin T, Johnson C (2006). ''Animals In Translation''. Harvest Books. ISBN 0156031442
9. Songs of the Gorilla Nation: My Journey Through Autism, Prince-Hughes D, , , Harmony, ,
10. The Diary, July-August 2005 (PDF), publication of the Autism Society of Washington, page 4, accessed 4 February 2007 Autistic adults at the Autism Society of America 2005 Conference felt that the term "individuals with autism" separates their autism from who they are. In other words, they believe their autism is part of who they are and want to be called "autistic adults.
11. Savant prevalence
12. Heaton, P. & Wallace, G.L. (2004). Annotation: The savant syndrome. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(5),'' 899-911.
13. Guardian "Brain Man" article
14. List of famous people with autistic traits
15. Sacks, Oliver. Henry Cavendish: An early case of Asperger's syndrome? Neurological Foundation of New Zealand (Reprinted with permission from the American Neurological Association). Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
| Contents |
| Community and politics |
| Culture |
| Adults |
| Terminology |
| Savants |
| Notable individuals |
| Notes |
Community and politics
Curing autism is a very highly controversial and politicized issue. What some call the "autistic community" has splintered into several strands. Some seek a cure for autism - sometimes dubbed by ''pro-cure''. Others do not desire a "cure", because they point out that autism is a way of life rather than a "disease", and as such resist it[1] or view it as unethical.[2] They are sometimes dubbed ''anti-cure''. Many more may have views between these two. Recently, with scientists learning more about autism and possibly coming closer to effective remedies, some members of the "anti-cure" movement sent a letter to the United Nations demanding to be treated as a minority group rather than a group with a mental disability or disease.[3]
There are many resources available for autistic people. Because many autistics find it easier to communicate online than in person, a large number of these resources are online. In addition, successful autistic adults, using their own experience in developing coping strategies and/or interacting with society, are often involved at the community level with children with autism, using their own experience in developing coping strategies and/or interacting with society.
The year 2002 was declared Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom (see Autistic Community article).
Culture
With the recent increases in autism recognition and new approaches to educating and socializing autistics, an ''autistic culture'' has begun to develop. Similar to deaf culture, autistic culture is based on a more accepting belief that autism is a unique way of being and not a disorder to be cured. There are some commonalities which are specific to autism in general as a culture, not just "autistic culture".
It is a common misperception that autistic people do not marry; many do seek out close relationships and marry. Often, they marry another autistic, although this is not always the case. Autistic people are often attracted to other autistic people due to shared interests or obsessions, but more often than not the attraction is due to simple compatibility with personality types, the same as for non-autistics. Autistics who communicate have explained that companionship is as important to autistics as it is to anyone else.
It is also a common misperception that autistic people live away from other people, such as in a rural area rather than an urban area; many autistics do happily live in a suburb or large city. However, a metropolitan area can provide more opportunities for cultural and personal conflicts, requiring greater needs for adjustment.
In schools it is commonplace for autistics to be singled out by teachers and students as "unruly," though an autistic student may not understand why his or her actions are considered inappropriate, especially when the student has a logical explanation for his or her behavior.
The interests of autistic people and so-called "geeks" or "nerds" can often overlap as autistic people can sometimes become preoccupied with certain subjects, much like anyone else. However, in practice many autistic people have difficulty with working in groups, which impairs them even in the most 'geeky' of situations. The connection of autism with so-called geek or nerd behavior has received attention in the popular press, but is still controversial within these groups.[4]
Adults
Communication and social problems often cause difficulties in many areas of an autistic adult's life. A much smaller proportion of adult autistics marry or have children than the general population. Even when they do marry, some argue, they are more likely to be divorced than the norm,[5] although further research is being made. Nevertheless, as more social groups form, progressively more diagnosed adults are forming relationships with others on the spectrum.
A small proportion of autistic adults, usually those with high-functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome, are able to work successfully in mainstream jobs, although frequently far below their actual level of skills and qualification.
Others are employed in sheltered workshops under the supervision of managers trained in working with persons with disabilities. A nurturing environment at home, at school, and later in job training and at work, helps autistic people continue to learn and to develop throughout their lives.
Inability to speak does not mean that people with autism are unaware of their surroundings or have no desire to communicate. Some individuals with autism learn sign language, participate in online chat rooms, discussion boards, and websites, or use communication devices at autism-community social events such as Autreat.
The Internet helps bypass non-verbal cues and emotional sharing that autistics find so hard to interact with. It gives autistic individuals a way to communicate and form online communities,[6] and to work via telecommuting and independent consulting, which do not require much human interaction offline.[7]
Perhaps due to their difficulties communicating with other humans, some autistics have gravitated toward working with animals. Temple Grandin describes her observations and theories about animals, taken from her work with cattle.[8] Dawn Prince-Hughes, diagnosed with Asperger's, describes her observations of gorillas in ''Songs of the Gorilla Nation''.[9]
Under the public law, in the United States, the public schools' responsibility for providing services ends when the autistic person is 21 years of age. The autistic person and their family are then faced with the challenge of finding living arrangements and employment to match their particular needs, as well as the programs and facilities that can provide support services to achieve these goals.
Many parents of autistic children also face financial difficulties as they must often pay for essential support and therapeutic services. Furthermore, autism is often linked to poverty because autistics who might qualify for financial assistance in one country are not eligible in another, because some nations do not recognize autism as a disability.
Terminology
When referring to someone who is diagnosed with autism, the term "autistic" is often used. Alternatively, many prefer to use the person-first terminology "person with autism" or "person who experiences autism". However, it has been noted that members of the autistic community generally prefer "autistic person" for reasons that are fairly controversial.[10] This article uses both terminologies.
Savants
The autistic savant phenomenon is sometimes seen in autistic people. Savant syndrome occurs in about 10% of autistic people and in about 1% of non-autistic people.[11] The term "autistic savant" is used to describe a person who is autistic and has extreme talent in one or more areas of study (the incidence of multiple skills tend to occur more often in autistic savants than non-autistic savants). Although there is a common association between savants and autism (an association made especially popular by the 1988 film ''Rain Man''), most autistic people are not savants and savantism is not unique to autistic people, though there does seem to be some relation.[12] Mental calculators and fast computer programming skills are the most common form. A well known example is Daniel Tammet, the subject of the documentary film ''The Brain Man''[13] (Kim Peek, one of the inspirations for Dustin Hoffman's character in the film ''Rain Man'', is not autistic). ''Bright Splinters of the Mind'' by Beate Hermelin is a book that explores this issue further.
Notable individuals
Main articles: List of people on the autistic spectrum
Main articles: People speculated to have been autistic
Speculation arises over famous people and celebrities who are now suspected, but unconfirmed, of having ASD. They are rumored to have most symptoms of autism or autistic-spectrum disorder. Biographers, personal physicians and media journalists continually investigate these rumors, but some say that the claims are actually libellous of their character as public figures, being singled out as "odd" or "nerdy" people.[14]
The extent to which someone with higher functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome may excel is theoretically quite high. For example, Henry Cavendish, one of history's foremost scientists, may have been autistic. George Wilson, a notable chemist and physician, wrote a book about Cavendish entitled, "''The Life of the Honourable Henry Cavendish''", published in 1851. From Wilson's detailed description it seems that while Cavendish may have exhibited many classic signs of autism, he nevertheless had an extraordinary mind.[15]
Notes
1. Autism as a way of life:
★ Sinclair, Jim. Do not Mourn for Us. Autistics.org. Retrieved on 2007-01-23.
★ In Support of Michelle Dawson and Her Work. Autistics.org. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
★ How about not 'curing' us, some autistics are pleading
★ 'It is not a disease, it is a way of life'
2. Dawson, Michelle. The Misbehavior of Behavioralists (18 January 2004). Retrieved on 23 January 2007.
3. autistics.org: The REAL Voice of Autism (See above)
4. Geeks and autism
5. Asperger syndrome and adults, Dr Isabelle Henault
6. Web removes social barriers for those with autism
7. Auties.org - autism employment
8. Grandin T, Johnson C (2006). ''Animals In Translation''. Harvest Books. ISBN 0156031442
9. Songs of the Gorilla Nation: My Journey Through Autism, Prince-Hughes D, , , Harmony, ,
10. The Diary, July-August 2005 (PDF), publication of the Autism Society of Washington, page 4, accessed 4 February 2007 Autistic adults at the Autism Society of America 2005 Conference felt that the term "individuals with autism" separates their autism from who they are. In other words, they believe their autism is part of who they are and want to be called "autistic adults.
11. Savant prevalence
12. Heaton, P. & Wallace, G.L. (2004). Annotation: The savant syndrome. ''Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(5),'' 899-911.
13. Guardian "Brain Man" article
14. List of famous people with autistic traits
15. Sacks, Oliver. Henry Cavendish: An early case of Asperger's syndrome? Neurological Foundation of New Zealand (Reprinted with permission from the American Neurological Association). Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
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