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"'Son of God'" is a phrase from the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), and the New Testament. In the holy Hebrew scriptures, according to Jewish religious tradition, it is related to many diverse subjects, as to angels, humans and even all mankind. According to most Christian traditions, it refers to the relationship between Jesus and God, as well as a relationship achievable by believing Christians. Similar terms were widespread during the life of Jesus, as Roman emperor Augustus, the adopted son of the deified Julius Caesar was known as "divi filius" (son of god).
By historical method
In the Gospels, the being of Jesus as "son of God", corresponds exactly to the typical Hasid from Galilee, a "pious" holy man that by divine intervention performs miracles and exorcisms.[1][2]
"Sons of God" according to Judaism
In the Tanakh
In the Tanakh, the phrase "son(s) of God" has an unknown meaning: there are a number of later interpretations.
Our translation most likely comes from the Septuagint, which uses the phrase "Uioi Tou Theou", "Sons of the god", to translate it.
★ The Hebrew phrase ''Benei Elohim'', often translated as "sons of God", is seen by some to describe angels or immensely powerful human beings. The notion of the word as describing non-divine beings most likely comes from the Targumic Aramaic translation, which uses the phrases "sons of nobles", "Bnei Ravrevaya" in its translation. See Genesis 6:2-4 and Book of Job 1:6. Many Bible scholars believe that this reflects usage in pre-Biblical near-eastern mythology.
★ It is used to denote a human judge or ruler (Psalm 82:6, "children of the Most High"; in many passages "gods" and "judges" can seem to be equations). In a more specialized sense, "son of God" is a title applied only to the real or ideal king over Israel (II Samuel 7: 14, with reference to King David and those of his descendants who carried on his dynasty; comp. Psalm 89:27, 28).
★ Israel as a people is called God's "son", using the singular form (comp. Exodus 4: 22 and Hosea 11:1).
In Judaism the term "son of God" is rarely used in the sense of "messiah, or anointed ones." Psalm 2 refers to God's appointed king of Zion as both God's messiah (an anointed king) and like a son of God.
"Son of God" in Christian terms
In the New Testament
The New Testament uses "Son of God" to refer to Jesus and to a larger body of followers of Jesus. Because there was no explanation of the former, interpretations have abounded including, but not limited to, the following.
The titles "Divine," "Son of God," "God," "God from God," "Lord," "Redeemer," "Liberator," and "Saviour of the World" were collectively applied to Octavian, who became Caesar Augustus after defeating Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. John Dominic Crossan cites the adoption of them by the early Christians to apply to Jesus as denying them of Caesar the Augustus. "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called majistas and we call high treason. " [3]
In the Deuterocanon (Apocrypha) and Pseudepigrapha
This literature contains a few passages in which the title "son of God" is given to the anointed person or Moshiach (see Enoch, 55:2; IV Esdras 7:28-29; 13:32, 37, 52; 14:9); but the title belongs also to any one whose piety has placed him in a filial relation to God (see Wisdom 2:13, 16, 18; 5:5, where "the sons of God" are identical with "the saints"; comp. Ecclesiasticus [Sirach] iv. 10).
Because most of the Jewish doctrines concerning the Son of God were found in the Deuterocanon, it has been widely speculated for centuries that it was because of the frequent use of these books by the Early Christians, that the Sanhedrin at Yavneh rejected them around AD 80. Ironically, when Christianity became the official religion of the Roman state in the 4th century, the bishops appointed by Emperor Constantine rejected these very same books, on the grounds that the Sanhedrin had thrown them out. See Biblical canon for details.
Jesus as divine
In mainstream Christianity the title of Son of God is used to describe Jesus as a divine being and a member of the Trinity. The idea behind this view is that God entered into his Creation in the fullest sense, by taking human form in the flesh. Thus, because God is Jesus' Father and his Father is divine, Jesus is also divine. (In the same way, because Jesus' mother is human, he is human. This logic reflects rather the plurality of God than his unity and is often referred to as the Hypostatic Union) Some also see the title as an oblique reference to Proverbs 30:4. The New Testament refers to or implies the deity of Jesus in, for example, , which quotes and interprets it as a confirmation of Jesus' divinity by God the Father. In John 8:58, Jesus states, "Before Abraham was, I am," implying his divinity both by claiming existence prior to his earthly conception, and by referencing God's name "I am" (revealed in Exodus 3:14) in such a way as to suggest that it applied to himself. However other passages, such as John 14:28 or Matthew 19:17, may be perceived as showing that Jesus as the Son of God is not identifiable with or equal to God[4]. The title of Son of God is used by some groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, which do not view the title as implying that Jesus is himself God or equal to God.
Jesus as godly
A few Christian scholars hold that in the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus styled himself the Son of God in the same sense as any righteous persons might call themselves "sons" or "children" of God. However, while many of the Israelites portrayed in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible speak in the name of God ("The LORD says this ..."), Jesus often spoke by his own authority as rabbi (for example, "Truly, I teach to you ..."). He also claimed to hold the power to forgive sins, a power that is notioned by Judaism as belonging solely to God (as the commandment says "...no other God but me..."). However, a central tenet of Pharisaic Judaism is that each person has the power, indeed the obligation, to forgive sins committed by others against them, see also Judaism and Christianity, Discourse on ostentation#Prayer.
In either case, Christians point out that this interpretation does not conflict the New Testament's portrayal of Jesus as super-human and human-god, namely the miraculous resurrection of God-the Son from the realm of the dead, miracle working, forgiveness of sins, and judgement over all people.
Jesus as messiah
That "son of God" sometimes means messiah (an anointed person who are "messenger of God") in the New Testament, is also acknowledged in the Bauer lexicon, a dictionary of Koine Greek begun by Walter Bauer. This is supported by the references to the Messiah as son of God in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (see above).
In the first century, Messiah was a political office. The New Testament might threaten the political authority of caesar who also took the title "Son of God" as shown by ancient, Roman coinage. See also Render unto Caesar....
Christians
In the Gospel of John, the author writes that "to all who believed him and accepted him [Jesus], he gave the right to become children of God" [John 1:12] and repeats this in [3:1]. In like manner, numerous other passages of the New Testament refer to believers achieving a relationship as a "son of God". (Mat 12:50; Rom 8:14-19; 1Jo 3:1-2; Phl 2:15; Gal 3:26) It is common to hear Christians refer to "children of God", and likewise, "the Heavenly Father" (God).
In modern English usage
In modern English usage, the 'Son of God' is almost always a reference to Jesus Christ in religious contexts. In other contexts it may be taken as one sex of the children of god, which connotates all humankind on earth.
"Son of God" in other belief systems
Human or part-human offspring of deities are very common in other religions and mythologies. A great many pantheons also included genealogies in which various gods were descended from other gods, and so the term "son of a god" may be applied to many actual deities as well.
Ancient mythology contains many characters with both a human parent and god parent. This includes Hercules whose father was Zeus and Virgil's Aeneas whose mother is Venus.
In the Greek and Roman cultures in which early Christianity arose, the concepts of a son or a daughter of god, halfgods as in the story of Perseus, were commonly known and accepted.
In the Rastafari movement it is Haile Selassie who is considered to be God the Son, as a part of the Holy Trinity. He himself never accepted the idea officially.
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest recorded legends of humanity, Gilgamesh claimed to be of both human and divine descent.
See also
★ Son of Man
★ Son of Heaven
★ Sons of God
★ Sons of Man
★ Dumuzid "true son"
★ God the Father
★ Mother of God
★ Apollo and Dionysus, sons of Zeus
★ trilemma
Notes
1. Vermes, Geza ''Jesus the Jew'', Fortress Press, New York 1981. p.209
2. Paolo Flores d'Arcais, ''MicroMega'' 3/2007, p.43
3. Crossan, John Dominic, God and Empire, 2007, p. 28
4. http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/interp/jesus_god.html
References
References of the devil or demons calling Jesus 'Son of God':
★ Matthew 4:3
★ Matthew 4:6,
★ Matthew 8:29
★ Mark 3:11
★ Luke 4:3
★ Luke 4:9
★ Luke 4:41
References to humans calling Jesus 'Son of God':
★ Matthew 14:33
★ Matthew 27:54
★ Mark 1:1
★ Mark 15:39
★ John 1:34
★ John 1:49
★ John 11:27
★ John 20:31
★ Acts 9:20
★ Romans 1:4
★ 2 Corinthians 1:19
★ Galatians 2:20
★ Hebrews 4:14
★ Hebrews 6:6
★ Hebrews 7:3
★ Hebrews 10:29
★ 1 John 3:8
★ 1 John 4:15
★ 1 John 5:1
★ 1 John 5:5
★ 1 John 5:10
★ 1 John 5:13
★ 1 John 5:20
★ Matthew 14:33
★ Revelation 2:18
Jesus referring to himself as the 'Son of God':
★ John 3:18
★ John 5:25
★ John 10:36
★ John 11:4
External links
★ Jewish Encyclopedia: Son of God
★ Catholic Encyclopedia: Son of God
★ Who Are the "Sons of God"?
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