 | Aral Sea Catastrophe Death of Aral Sea, winds rise and spread the bottom salt on hundreds of kilometers around. Aral a once-large saltwater lake straddling the boundary between Kazakstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south. The shallow Aral Sea was formerly the world's fourth largest body of inland water. It nestles in the climatically inhospitable heart of Central Asia, to the east of the Caspian Sea. The Aral Sea is of great interest and increasing concern to scientists because of the remarkable shrinkage of its area and volume in the second half of the 20th century. This change is due primarily to the diversion (for purposes of irrigation) of the riverine waters of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, which discharge into the Aral Sea and are its main sources of inflowing water. The sea's northern shore—high in some places, low in others—was indented by several large bays. The low-lying and irregular eastern shores were interrupted in the north by the huge delta of the Syr Darya and in the south were bordered by a wide tract of shallow water. The equally vast Amu Darya delta lay on the lake's southern shore, and along the lake's western periphery extended the almost unbroken eastern edge of the 820-foot- (250-metre-) high Ustyurt Plateau. Shrinkage of the Aral Sea, 1960--99.From about 1960 the Aral Sea's water level was systematically and drastically reduced because of the diversion of water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers for purposes of agricultural irrigation. As the Soviet government converted large acreages of pastures or untilled lands in Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Turkmenistan, and elsewhere into irrigated farmlands by using the waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, the amount of water from these rivers that reached the Aral Sea dropped accordingly. By the 1980s, during the summer months, the two great rivers virtually dried up before they reached the lake. The Aral Sea began to quickly shrink because of the evaporation of its now-unreplenished waters. By the late 1980s, the lake had lost more than half the volume of its water. The salt and mineral content of the lake rose drastically because of this, making the water unfit for drinking purposes and killing off the once-abundant supplies of sturgeon, carp, barbel, roach, and other fishes in the lake. The fishing industry along the Aral Sea was thus virtually destroyed. The ports of Aral in the northeast and Mŭynoq in the south were now many miles from the lake's shore. A partial depopulation of the areas along the lake's former shoreline ensued. The contraction of the Aral Sea also made the local climate noticeably harsher, with more extreme winter and summer temperatures. By 1989 the Aral Sea had receded to form two separate parts, the "Greater Sea" in the south and the "Lesser Sea" in the north, each of which had a salinity almost triple that of the sea in the 1950s. In the late 1990s an island in the Aral Sea, Vozrozhdenya, became the centre of environmental concern. This was of special concern because Vozrozhdenya had been a testing ground for Soviet biological weapons during the Cold War. In addition to testing done there on such agents as tularemia and the bubonic plague, hundreds of tons of live anthrax bacteria were buried on the island in the 1980s. In 1999 still-living anthrax spores were discovered on the site, and scientists feared that when the island was no longer surrounded by water, land vertebrates could carry anthrax to populated areas. Other environmental problems plagued the region as well. By the end of the century the Aral had receded into three separate lakes. The level of the sea had dropped to 125 feet (36 metres) above sea level, and the water volume was reduced by 75 percent of what it had been in 1960. Almost no water from the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya reached the sea, and, unless drastic action were taken, it seemed likely that the Aral Sea could disappear within 20 to 30 years, leaving a large desert in its place. The health costs to people living in the area were beginning to emerge. Hardest hit were the Karakalpaks, who live in the southern portion of the region. Exposed seabeds led to dust storms that blew across the region, carrying a toxic dust contaminated with salt, fertilizer, and pesticides. Health problems occurred at unusually high rates—from throat cancers to anemia and kidney diseases. Infant mortality in the region was among the highest in the world. |
 | Islam in Africa During the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (saw) a group of Muslims escaped Meccan persecution (615) by fleeing to Ethiopia, where the Negus gave them protection. The spread of Islam in Africa began in the 7th and 8th cent. with the Umayyads, who brought the religion to the Middle East and to the littoral of North Africa. Along the coast of Africa Islam spread among the Berbers, who joined the Muslim community and almost immediately drove north across the Mediterranean into Europe. In Morocco, Muslims founded the city of Fès (808), which soon thereafter gave refuge to Andalusian Muslims fleeing an uprising in Córdoba (see Idrisids). On the east coast of Africa, where Arab mariners had for many years journeyed to trade, Arabs founded permanent colonies on the offshore islands, especially on Zanzibar, in the 9th and 10th cent. From there Arab trade routes into the interior of Africa helped the slow acceptance of Islam and led to the development of Swahili culture and language. Prior to the 19th cent. the greatest gains made by Islam were in the lands immediately south of the Sahara. The Islamization of W Africa began when the ancient kingdom of Ghana (c.990) extended itself into the Sahara and the Islamic center at Sanhajah. Mansa Musa (1307--32) of Mali was among the first to make Islam the state religion. By the 16th cent. the empire of Mali and its successor-state Songhaj included several Saharan centers of trade and Muslim learning, such as Timbuktu. In the region of the E Sudan, Islamic penetration followed the route of the Nile. By about 1366, Makurra, the more northerly of the two Christian kingdoms of the E Sudan, became Islamic. The other kingdom, Aloa, was captured (c.1504) by the Muslims. In the 16th cent. the Somali conqueror Ahmad Gran unsuccessfully attempted to convert Ethiopia to Islam. In the late 18th and early 19th cent., Africa, like the rest of the Muslim world, was swept by a wave of religious reform. Militant reformers, such as the Fulani and the followers of Hajj Omar, greatly extended the area over which Islam held sway in W Africa. Usumanu dan Fodio (1809) founded the Sokoto caliphate, which was eventually incorporated under British rule into Nigeria. The famous Arab historian Ibn Khaldun says that the name Ifriqiya was given after Ifriqos bin Qais bin Saifi, one of the Kings of Yemen. To Al-Bakri, the boundries of Ifriqiya were Barga on the East and Tangier on the West, which means that in addition to the Africa proper of the Romans, it included Tripolitania, Numidia and Mauritania. Today, by the use of the word Ifiriqiya or Africa, the Arabs as well as non-Arabs mean the entire continent of Africa which includes North Africa (including the Maghrib), East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, and South Africa. It was significant that the first shelter of early Muslims was in Africa (Abyssinia, 615 CE). By the time Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) began his mission, the Egyptians and Syrians had partially severed their active link with the Roman Empire. The true factor of Islamization lies in the religion of Islam itself. Every Muslim has been asked to carry the message of the Prophet to others. The Prophetic Tradition says: "Preach even if it may be one verse." Wherever the Muslims went, they took their religion and culture with them. The Arabic language formed almost a part of their religion, as the Qur'an was in Arabic. There were long-distance trade routes, running from North to South. The Arab traders and business men and some quiet missionaries, who had dedicated their lives to the cause of Islam, carried the message of Islam wherever they travelled. It is also true that wherever the Muslim conquests took place a large number of Muslims chose to settle down in newer places. The period between 660-670 C.E., was remarkable for the expansion of Islam further into Africa along the Mediterranean coast. Morocco came under Islamic influence in the 8th century and the Berbers began to join the Muslim armies. Islam spread in North Africa with remarkable speed, and by the year 732 C.E., which marked the first centennial of Muhammed's death, his followers were the masters of an empire greater than that of Rome at its Zenith, an empire extending from the Bay of Biscay to the Indus and the confines of China and from the Aral Sea to the lower contracts of the Nile. The name of the Prophet, as Messenger of God along with the name of God [Allah] was being called out five times a day from thousands of minarets scattered all over North Africa, South-Western Europe, and Western and Central Asia. Islam is the largest religion in Africa with about 45 % of the population being Muslims, in contrast to 40 % being Christians and less than 15 % being non-religious or adherents of African traditional religions. Islam is still increasing in Africa as many Africans Bantu speakers embrace Islam especially in the central and eastern part of Africa. |
 | THE 16 TURKISH WORLD EMPIRES-A TURKISH HISTORY Vs.Pkk/Hpg The 16 Great Turkish Empires 1) The "GREAT HUN EMPIRE" - 204 B.C - 216 A.D Founder - Mete (Bagatir) Area - At the north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 2) The "WESTERN HUN EMPIRE" - 48 - 216 A.D Founder - Panu Area - The area over present Central Asia 3) The "EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE" - 275 - 454 A.D Founder - Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars (brothers) Area - Southern Russia, Romania, Northern Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, Southern & Central Germany; The area from eastern France to the Ural mountains; from northern Hungary to the Byzantine Empire; (Total Area - 4,000,000 Km 2) 4) The "WHITE HUN EMPIRE" - 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km 2) 5) The "GOKTURK EMPIRE" - 552 - 743 A.D Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen) Area - The inacessible valleys of the Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 6) The "AVAR EMPIRE" - 562 - 796 A.D Founder - Bayar Khan Area - The area between the Volga, Hungary and Bessarabia 7) The "HAZAR EMPIRE" - 602 - 1016 A.D Founder - There are no historical data as to the original founder, however, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf. Area - The Hazars who are believed to be an offshoot of the Gokturks migrated to the West and formed a state stretching from the Caucasian Mntns to the Danube and to the middle of and Southern Russia. 8) The "UYGUR EMPIRE" - 740 - 1335 A.D Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia. 9) The "KARAHAN" - 932 - 1212 A.D Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han Area - All the Trans-Oxus area including the area between the Issyk and Balkash Lakes 10) The "GAZNELI EMPIRE" - 962 - 1183 A.D Founder - Alptekin Area - The area from the Trans-Oxus to the Ganges River, and from the shores of the Caspian to the steppes of the Pamir. (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2) 11) The "SELCUK EMPIRE" - 1040 - 1157 A.D Founder - Seljuk Area - At the East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and the Tarim Derya; At the West, Aegean and the Mediterranean shores; At the North, Aral Lake, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and the Black Sea; At the South, the area including Arabia and the sea Omman. (Total Area - 10,000,000 Km 2) 12) The "HARZEMSHAH" - 1077 - 1231 A.D Founder - Kudrettin Mehmet (Harzemshah) Area - Persia, Southern Caucasia, Dagistan, Afghanistan and most of Central Asia. (Total Area - 5,000,000 Km 2) 13) The "GOLDEN HORDE" - 1224 - 1502 A.D Founder - Batur Han Area - Eastern Europe, the Western Ural Area, the Crimea and the area to the north of the Volga. 14) The "EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN" - 1369 - 1501 A.D Founder - Timur Gurgani Area - At the West, Balkans; At the North, Volga shores; At the South, Indian Ocean; At the East, Central Asia; 15) The "EMPIRE OF BABUR" - 1526 - 1858 A.D Founder - Babur Shah Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2) 16) The "OTTOMAN EMPIRE" - 1299 - 1922 A.D Founder - Osman Bey Area - Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, the Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, the Sudan,.....and, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea were for a time - Turkish Lakes. (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2) |
 | THE 16 TURKISH WORLD EMPIRES-TURANIAN HISTORY Vs.Pkk/Hpg The 16 Great Turkish Empires 1) The "GREAT HUN EMPIRE" - 204 B.C - 216 A.D Founder - Mete (Bagatir) Area - At the north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 2) The "WESTERN HUN EMPIRE" - 48 - 216 A.D Founder - Panu Area - The area over present Central Asia 3) The "EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE" - 275 - 454 A.D Founder - Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars (brothers) Area - Southern Russia, Romania, Northern Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, Southern & Central Germany; The area from eastern France to the Ural mountains; from northern Hungary to the Byzantine Empire; (Total Area - 4,000,000 Km 2) 4) The "WHITE HUN EMPIRE" - 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km 2) 5) The "GOKTURK EMPIRE" - 552 - 743 A.D Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen) Area - The inacessible valleys of the Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 6) The "AVAR EMPIRE" - 562 - 796 A.D Founder - Bayar Khan Area - The area between the Volga, Hungary and Bessarabia 7) The "HAZAR EMPIRE" - 602 - 1016 A.D Founder - There are no historical data as to the original founder, however, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf. Area - The Hazars who are believed to be an offshoot of the Gokturks migrated to the West and formed a state stretching from the Caucasian Mntns to the Danube and to the middle of and Southern Russia. 8) The "UYGUR EMPIRE" - 740 - 1335 A.D Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia. 9) The "KARAHAN" - 932 - 1212 A.D Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han Area - All the Trans-Oxus area including the area between the Issyk and Balkash Lakes 10) The "GAZNELI EMPIRE" - 962 - 1183 A.D Founder - Alptekin Area - The area from the Trans-Oxus to the Ganges River, and from the shores of the Caspian to the steppes of the Pamir. (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2) 11) The "SELCUK EMPIRE" - 1040 - 1157 A.D Founder - Seljuk Area - At the East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and the Tarim Derya; At the West, Aegean and the Mediterranean shores; At the North, Aral Lake, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and the Black Sea; At the South, the area including Arabia and the sea Omman. (Total Area - 10,000,000 Km 2) 12) The "HARZEMSHAH" - 1077 - 1231 A.D Founder - Kudrettin Mehmet (Harzemshah) Area - Persia, Southern Caucasia, Dagistan, Afghanistan and most of Central Asia. (Total Area - 5,000,000 Km 2) 13) The "GOLDEN HORDE" - 1224 - 1502 A.D Founder - Batur Han Area - Eastern Europe, the Western Ural Area, the Crimea and the area to the north of the Volga. 14) The "EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN" - 1369 - 1501 A.D Founder - Timur Gurgani Area - At the West, Balkans; At the North, Volga shores; At the South, Indian Ocean; At the East, Central Asia; 15) The "EMPIRE OF BABUR" - 1526 - 1858 A.D Founder - Babur Shah Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2) 16) The "OTTOMAN EMPIRE" - 1299 - 1922 A.D Founder - Osman Bey Area - Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, the Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, the Sudan,.....and, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea were for a time - Turkish Lakes. (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2) |
 | THE TURKISH HISTORY & CULTURE- REPUBLIK TÜRKEI -VS.PKK/HPG ++++THE 16 GREAT TURKISH EMPIRES++++ -7500 Years Worldpower and Turkish Culture- 1) The "GREAT HUN EMPIRE" - 204 B.C - 216 A.D Founder - Mete (Bagatir) Area - At the north, Siberia; south, Tibet - Kashmir; east, Pacific Ocean; west, Caspian Sea; (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 2) The "WESTERN HUN EMPIRE" - 48 - 216 A.D Founder - Panu Area - The area over present Central Asia 3) The "EUROPEAN HUN EMPIRE" - 275 - 454 A.D Founder - Muncuk, Oktar, Rua & Aybars (brothers) Area - Southern Russia, Romania, Northern Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Chekoslovakia, Southern & Central Germany; The area from eastern France to the Ural mountains; from northern Hungary to the Byzantine Empire; (Total Area - 4,000,000 Km 2) 4) The "WHITE HUN EMPIRE" - 420 - 552 A.D Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Area - Half of northern India, Afghanistan, parts of Turkistan (Total Area - 3,500,000 Km 2) 5) The "GOKTURK EMPIRE" - 552 - 743 A.D Founder - Bumin Khan (Tumen) Area - The inacessible valleys of the Altay Mountains (Ergenikon) (Total Area - 18,000,000 Km 2) 6) The "AVAR EMPIRE" - 562 - 796 A.D Founder - Bayar Khan Area - The area between the Volga, Hungary and Bessarabia 7) The "HAZAR EMPIRE" - 602 - 1016 A.D Founder - There are no historical data as to the original founder, however, its greatest ruler was Hakan Yusuf. Area - The Hazars who are believed to be an offshoot of the Gokturks migrated to the West and formed a state stretching from the Caucasian Mntns to the Danube and to the middle of and Southern Russia. 8) The "UYGUR EMPIRE" - 740 - 1335 A.D Founder - Kutlug Bilgekul Khan Area - Central Asia and Northern Mongolia. 9) The "KARAHAN" - 932 - 1212 A.D Founder - Saltuk Bugra Han Area - All the Trans-Oxus area including the area between the Issyk and Balkash Lakes 10) The "GAZNELI EMPIRE" - 962 - 1183 A.D Founder - Alptekin Area - The area from the Trans-Oxus to the Ganges River, and from the shores of the Caspian to the steppes of the Pamir. (Total Area - 4,700,000 Km 2) 11) The "SELCUK EMPIRE" - 1040 - 1157 A.D Founder - Seljuk Area - At the East, Balkash and Issyk Lakes and the Tarim Derya; At the West, Aegean and the Mediterranean shores; At the North, Aral Lake, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and the Black Sea; At the South, the area including Arabia and the sea Omman. (Total Area - 10,000,000 Km 2) 12) The "HARZEMSHAH" - 1077 - 1231 A.D Founder - Kudrettin Mehmet (Harzemshah) Area - Persia, Southern Caucasia, Dagistan, Afghanistan and most of Central Asia. (Total Area - 5,000,000 Km 2) 13) The "GOLDEN HORDE" - 1224 - 1502 A.D Founder - Batur Han Area - Eastern Europe, the Western Ural Area, the Crimea and the area to the north of the Volga. 14) The "EMPIRE OF TIMUR KHAN" - 1369 - 1501 A.D Founder - Timur Gurgani Area - At the West, Balkans; At the North, Volga shores; At the South, Indian Ocean; At the East, Central Asia; 15) The "EMPIRE OF BABUR" - 1526 - 1858 A.D Founder - Babur Shah Area - Afghanistan and India (Total Area - 2,700,000 Km 2) 16) The "OTTOMAN EMPIRE" - 1299 - 1922 A.D Founder - Osman Bey Area - Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Anatolia, Caucasia, the Crimea, Bessarabia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, the Sudan,.....and, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea were for a time - Turkish Lakes. (Total Area - 20,000,000 Km 2 ++Glorious Turkish emperors:King Atilla,Kubilay Khan,Temudjin,Cengiz Han(Ghengis Khan),Osman Bey,Fatih Sultan,M.Kemal Ataturk,And more!++ ---so Helena,Hans Peter,Johny,Igor and Kurdish Morons sit down!-- Fuck Pkk,Russia,China & Europe!The World belongs to the Turks! |
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