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EspañolSPENGLER (COLUMNIST)
'Spengler' (in full, 'Oswald Spengler') is the pen name of an anonymous Internet columnist published exclusively in Asia Times Online (ATol) since January 2000. He has written from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective but in a provocatively iconoclastic style, using aspects of Western history and culture to comment on current geopolitical events.
Articles by Spengler appeared in ATol only occasionally before October 2003; since then, they have appeared on a more or less weekly basis, usually on Monday morning Greenwich time. Summaries of all Spengler’s articles, with links to each of them, are accessible in reverse chronological order on The Complete Spengler page of ATol's website and in a categorization by subject on a reader-maintained reference thread on Spenglers Stammtisch, an independent reader-moderated discussion forum.
Spengler also has written numerous informal contributions to online forums on which his articles have been discussed, including: the “Spengler” section (and its archives) of ATol’s discussion forum, The Edge, from October 2004 to June 2006; an open-registration Spengler's Forum hosted by ATol and moderated by Spengler, since June 2006; and Spenglers Stammtisch since December 2006 (Application). Spengler’s surviving contributions to each of these discussion forums, in reverse chronological order, are publicly accessible via Links to Spengler's writings, a reference thread of Spenglers Stammtisch.[1]
Spengler’s analysis of contemporary geopolitical events revolves around the theme of Christianity’s encounter with paganism, which he also describes as the conflict between individual freedom and traditional national identities. Receiving repeated emphasis is the idea of immortality, which pagans seek to find in a particular time-bound culture.[2] Spengler finds this hope misplaced and refers repeatedly to European nationalism as an extension of paganism. Instead, Spengler believes that Christianity offers a hope of both individual immortality and a transnational collective identity that is potentially compatible with individual freedom and resistant to destruction by it.[3]
Spengler indicates that the West has declined culturally since the 17th century and now has lost its will to survive, largely because its Christianization was incomplete and failed to eradicate pagan loyalty to traditional nations and cultures that growing individual freedom has been destroying for centuries but to which post-Christian Europeans still cling emotionally.[4] This cultural decline underlies not only Europe’s nationalist wars but also the demographic contraction of contemporary Europe.[5]
Spengler holds up the United States of America as an alternative to the European model. According to Spengler, the United States is not a product of Western Civilization, but rather a Christian rejection of it, and has been spared the decline of the West by its distinctively Judeo-Christian, non-traditional, ethnically and culturally diverse character.[6]
The United States also serves as exemplar of the individual freedom that creatively destroys traditional cultures and nations, and against which they often react violently.[7]
Spengler treats Judaism as a symbiotic complement to Christianity. Jew-hatred, which springs from Gentiles’ envy of the immortality of a religiously covenantal nation, becomes rampant in post-Christian rejection of Christianity, to the fundamental truth of which the survival of the Jews bears inadvertent witness.[8]
Spengler contrasts Judaism and Christianity with Islam, which he claims is a traditional culture of which aggressive jihad is a core element, fundamentally distinct from Judeo-Christian religion and not easily reformed, and whose growing hostility to the West is a reaction to the threat posed to Islam by individual freedom.[9] He suggests this threat has engendered both a crisis of faith in the Islamic world and an incipient demographic contraction in parts of it.[10]
However, Spengler is not certain of Western success in the war against Islam. In particular, he maintains that such cultural and religious conflicts often cannot be resolved without a large amount of bloodshed,[11] and that horror of such vast bloodshed is a critical Western weakness in such conflicts.[12] Efforts to pursue stability or to perpetuate the status quo tend to be counter-productive in the long run. Instead, successful and ultimately humane statecraft in cultural and religious conflicts requires accepting and exploiting uncertainty and instability.[13] Similarly, democracy offers no solution to such conflicts, and its promotion of individual liberty, being inconsistent with the collective identity of a traditionalist culture, can either exacerbate traditionalist reaction or accelerate traditionalist collective suicide.[14]
Spengler has cited works and studies of philosophy, religion, history, economics, psychology, mathematics, music and art. He has cited material written in German, Spanish, and Italian, as well as English.
Writings and authors to which Spengler has referred often and favorably include Goethe’ s ''Faust'', [15]Rosenzweig,[16] the Bible,[17] Clausewitz,[18] and Kierkegaard.[19]
"What is my agenda? … It is to promote Judeo-Christian ecumenicism in the support of traditional moral values and the resolve to defend the West against its enemies … But it is also to inculcate the habit of mind of accepting uncertainty. That is, if you will, the Clausewitzian side."
-- Spengler, 23 May 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of ATol’ s "The Edge."[20]
"The basis of my forecasts is … a religious-existential approach to analyzing the motives of the protagonists, contrasted with a reality check (demographics and economics), and an effort to synthesize the response. A spiritual rather than a positivist approach to global politics has some predictive power."
-- Spengler, 14 July 2006 posting on the ATol-hosted "Spengler’ s Forum."[21]
Spengler has indicated repeatedly that he is a male of middle to advanced age.[22] He is not known to have made public his nationality, ethnicity, religious affiliation, class background, formal education, marital or family status, occupation or work history.[23]
Spengler has characterized his namesake, the German philosopher of history Oswald Spengler (1880 - 1936), as “an unspeakable racist” who believed “that man was a ‘beast of prey.’”[24] He has written that his choice of pen name “is ironic rather than semiotic,”[25] although it “reflects the original Spengler's conclusions about the West,”[26] namely that it is in decline. He has claimed to “have no sympathy for cyclical or ‘biological’ theories of history of the sort that Oswald Spengler promulgated,”[27] and not to share the original Spengler’s historical pessimism:[28] “If I were not an optimist at heart, I would not compose these essays.”[29]
As of February 2007, a web search for "Spengler" and "Asia Times" yielded 88,100 references on Google, or 66,800 excluding initially undisplayed references.
As of March 2007, Marketleap’ s link popularity check service showed that major search engines contained more than 41,300 links to The Complete Spengler page of ATol’ s website, excluding links to specific articles by Spengler listed on that webpage.
★ The Complete Spengler (Spengler’s articles in reverse chronological order)
★ Spengler essays by subject
★ Links to Spengler's writings (including Spengler’s forum postings)
1. However, the ATOL-hosted Spengler's Forum crashed with loss of all prior content on May 25, 2007, as is described on that forum's thread titled Forum status update.
2. Internet stocks and the failure of youth culture (ATol, 31 August 2001: “All cultures exist to ward off the presentiment of death”), Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, a review of The Star of Redemption by Franz Rosenzweig (ATol, 21 November 2005)
3. Christianity and creative destruction (ATol, 13 October 2004), Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, a review of The Star of Redemption by Franz Rosenzweig (ATol, 21 November 2005).
4. Why Europe chooses extinction (ATol, 8 April 2003), Mel Gibson's lethal religion (ATol, 9 March 2004), The Dead Peoples' Society (ATol, 15 Feb.2005). For similar articles, see the Western culture and civilization category of the Spengler essays by subject thread of Spengler's Forum.
5. Faith, fertility and American dominance, a review of ''The Empty Cradle'' by Phillip Longman (ATol, 8 September 2004), Death by secularism: some statistical evidence (ATol, 2 August 2005), Why nations die (ATol, 16 August 2005).
6. The meaning of life (ATol, 17 March 2004: "America itself is not a product of Western Civilization, but the result of extremist rejection of Western Civilization by English Puritan separatists, who chose the Hebrew over the Greek aspect[ of Western Civilization] "), Spengler replies to readers (ATol, 6 October 2004: "America is by its nature Christian; it is the ''Ecclesia'', those who are called out from among the nations to become a new Israel"), Why is good dumb? (ATol, 21 June 2005: "As the only nation with no ethnicity, America is the most Christian, and indeed the last Christian nation in the industrial world as a practical matter"). See also Mahathir is right: Jews do rule the world (ATol, 28 October 2003), Why Americans can’ t laugh at American culture (ATol, 16 December 2003: "America … has no culture of its own" [ which is] "both a blessing and a curse"), What is American culture? (ATol, 18 November 2003), and What makes the U.S. a Christian nation (ATol, 29 November 2004),
7. Why Islam baffles America (ATol, 16 April 2004: "America by its nature disrupts traditional order. It is … the agency of creative destruction"), Mideast: Lessons from classical warfare (7 November 2006: "The United States is a global avalanche of creative destruction that rips apart the bindings of traditional life").
8. What the Jews won’ t tell you (ATol, 4 November 2003), The pope, the musicians and the Jews (ATol, 10 March 2005), You don’ t need to be apocolyptic, but it helps, a review of ''Standing with Israel'' by David Brog (20 June 2006).
9. Why Islam baffles America (ATol, 16 April 2004), The assassin’ s master sermon (ATol, 16 November 2004: "Traditional society is the locus of the vast majority of the world’ s billion Muslims. … Radical Islam stems from despair in the face of cultural death; precisely for that reason it bespeaks a ghastly indifference toward individual death"), Muslim anguish and western hypocrisy (ATol, 23 November 2004), Spengler replies to readers (ATol, 8 June 2005: "I consider the whole ’ Islamic Reformation’ project an exercise in futility"), Iran: the living fossils’ vengeance (28 June 2005: "Islam … promises to impose the system of traditional life upon the world."), Jihad, the Lord’ s Supper, and eternal life (18 November 2006).
10. The demographics of radical Islam (ATol, 23 August 2005), Crisis of faith in the Muslim world - Part 1: Statistical evidence (ATol, 1 November 2005), Crisis of faith in the Muslim world - Part 2: The Islamist response (ATol, 8 November 2005).
11. In defense of genocide (ATol, 4 January 2001), More killing, please! (ATol, 11 June 2003), Happy Birthday, Abe - pass the blood (ATOL, 9 February 2004), Military destiny and madness in Iran (ATol, 6 June 2006), The Middle East is hopeless, but not serious (6 February 2007).
12. Sir John Keegan is wrong: radical Islam could win (ATol, 12 October 2001: "The grand vulnerability of the Western mind is horror."), Horror and humiliation in Fallujah (ATol, 27 April 2004), Jimmy Carter’ s heart of dorkiness (ATol, 27 January 2007: "Horror is the ultimate weapon of the Muslim world against the West.")
13. Geopolitics in the light of option theory (ATol, 26 January 2002); How I learned to stop worrying and love chaos (ATol, 13 March 2006); Faith and risk in the cold war (ATol, 22 January 2007).
14. They made a democracy and called it peace (ATol, 7 March 2005), The beast that slouches toward democracy (ATol, 15 March 2005), Fight a democracy, kill the people (ATol, 4 July 2006). For similar articles, see the Political philosophy category of the Spengler essays by subject thread of Spengler’ s Forum.
15. The devil’ s sourdough and the decline of nations (ATol, 20 February 2006), Harry Potter and the decline of the West (ATol, 20 July 2005: "Goethe’ s Faust I have long considered the definitive masterwork of Western literature…"); Are Americans good enough to be Americans? (ATol, 6 April 2004: "Goethe’ s tragedy remains the great modern epic."), Sir John Keegan is wrong: radical Islam could win (ATol, 12 October 2001).
16. Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, review of ''The Star of Redemption'' by Franz Rosenzweig (AToL, 22 November 2005: "Read Franz Rosenzweig … for the 100-and-a-score essays I have published in this space were an attempt to put fragments of his thinking before the English-speaking public."), Oil on the flames of civilizational war, review of ''Franz Rosenzweig, Ausgewählte Schriften zum Islam ''(ATol, 2 December 2003).
17. The devil’ s sourdough and the decline of nations, ATol, 20 February 2006. "The world … cannot do without the Bible," 8 March 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "retracted." "My view is the Biblical one, which is that God’ s love and Grace are exogenous to the universe, and inexplicable in natural terms," 6 September 2006 posting on "Spengler’ s Forum," page 1 of discussion thread titled Spengler’ s American Idol.
18. Santa Clausewitz, a minor Chinese god (ATol, 21 December 2004), Ronald Reagan’ s creative destruction , (ATol, 8 June 2004).
19. Socrates the destroyer (ATol, 25 May 2004); "I identify with Kierkegaard more than with any other modern thinker," 20 April 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "Rosenzweig and Heidegger -- seen it, Spengler?"
20. On page 4 of discussion thread titled "By popular demand ...."
21. On page 2 of discussion thread titled "Puppies!!!."
22. ''E.g.'', "The feminine point of view amounts to what we otherwise call paranoia," Women as priests? Women never forgive anything! (ATol, 27 April 2005). "I came to Rosenzweig late in life and kicked myself for all the wasted years," 29 May 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "Prof. Norbert Samuelson on Rosenzweig."
23. Speculation about the identity of living pseudonymous authors is inconsistent with Wikipedia policy regarding articles on living persons, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons . That Wiki policy enjoins a "presumption in favor of privacy," and states in part:
24. They made a democracy and called in peace (ATol, 8 March 2005).
25. When even the Pope has to whisper (ATol, 10 January 2006).
26. 24 December 2004 posting on the archives of the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 5 of discussion thread titled "Muslim anguish and Western hypocrisy."
27. 19 June 2006 posting on "Spengler’ s Forum," page 1 of discussion thread titled "If you enjoy reading Spengler ...."; see also 22 April 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "’ Spengler’ on Spengler
28. "Unlike my namesake, I am not pessimistic about civilizations in general. I am pessimistic about some and optimistic about others." How I learned to stop worrying and love chaos (ATol, 14 March 2006).
29. 29 June 2006 posting on on "Spengler’ s Forum," page 2 of discussion thread titled "Optimism is a sin."
| Contents |
| Writings |
| Recurring themes |
| Intellectual Background and Sources |
| Agenda and Method |
| Anonymity and Pen Name |
| Online References |
| References and Links |
| Footnotes |
Writings
Articles by Spengler appeared in ATol only occasionally before October 2003; since then, they have appeared on a more or less weekly basis, usually on Monday morning Greenwich time. Summaries of all Spengler’s articles, with links to each of them, are accessible in reverse chronological order on The Complete Spengler page of ATol's website and in a categorization by subject on a reader-maintained reference thread on Spenglers Stammtisch, an independent reader-moderated discussion forum.
Spengler also has written numerous informal contributions to online forums on which his articles have been discussed, including: the “Spengler” section (and its archives) of ATol’s discussion forum, The Edge, from October 2004 to June 2006; an open-registration Spengler's Forum hosted by ATol and moderated by Spengler, since June 2006; and Spenglers Stammtisch since December 2006 (Application). Spengler’s surviving contributions to each of these discussion forums, in reverse chronological order, are publicly accessible via Links to Spengler's writings, a reference thread of Spenglers Stammtisch.[1]
Recurring themes
Spengler’s analysis of contemporary geopolitical events revolves around the theme of Christianity’s encounter with paganism, which he also describes as the conflict between individual freedom and traditional national identities. Receiving repeated emphasis is the idea of immortality, which pagans seek to find in a particular time-bound culture.[2] Spengler finds this hope misplaced and refers repeatedly to European nationalism as an extension of paganism. Instead, Spengler believes that Christianity offers a hope of both individual immortality and a transnational collective identity that is potentially compatible with individual freedom and resistant to destruction by it.[3]
Spengler indicates that the West has declined culturally since the 17th century and now has lost its will to survive, largely because its Christianization was incomplete and failed to eradicate pagan loyalty to traditional nations and cultures that growing individual freedom has been destroying for centuries but to which post-Christian Europeans still cling emotionally.[4] This cultural decline underlies not only Europe’s nationalist wars but also the demographic contraction of contemporary Europe.[5]
Spengler holds up the United States of America as an alternative to the European model. According to Spengler, the United States is not a product of Western Civilization, but rather a Christian rejection of it, and has been spared the decline of the West by its distinctively Judeo-Christian, non-traditional, ethnically and culturally diverse character.[6]
The United States also serves as exemplar of the individual freedom that creatively destroys traditional cultures and nations, and against which they often react violently.[7]
Spengler treats Judaism as a symbiotic complement to Christianity. Jew-hatred, which springs from Gentiles’ envy of the immortality of a religiously covenantal nation, becomes rampant in post-Christian rejection of Christianity, to the fundamental truth of which the survival of the Jews bears inadvertent witness.[8]
Spengler contrasts Judaism and Christianity with Islam, which he claims is a traditional culture of which aggressive jihad is a core element, fundamentally distinct from Judeo-Christian religion and not easily reformed, and whose growing hostility to the West is a reaction to the threat posed to Islam by individual freedom.[9] He suggests this threat has engendered both a crisis of faith in the Islamic world and an incipient demographic contraction in parts of it.[10]
However, Spengler is not certain of Western success in the war against Islam. In particular, he maintains that such cultural and religious conflicts often cannot be resolved without a large amount of bloodshed,[11] and that horror of such vast bloodshed is a critical Western weakness in such conflicts.[12] Efforts to pursue stability or to perpetuate the status quo tend to be counter-productive in the long run. Instead, successful and ultimately humane statecraft in cultural and religious conflicts requires accepting and exploiting uncertainty and instability.[13] Similarly, democracy offers no solution to such conflicts, and its promotion of individual liberty, being inconsistent with the collective identity of a traditionalist culture, can either exacerbate traditionalist reaction or accelerate traditionalist collective suicide.[14]
Intellectual Background and Sources
Spengler has cited works and studies of philosophy, religion, history, economics, psychology, mathematics, music and art. He has cited material written in German, Spanish, and Italian, as well as English.
Writings and authors to which Spengler has referred often and favorably include Goethe
Agenda and Method
"What is my agenda? … It is to promote Judeo-Christian ecumenicism in the support of traditional moral values and the resolve to defend the West against its enemies … But it is also to inculcate the habit of mind of accepting uncertainty. That is, if you will, the Clausewitzian side."
-- Spengler, 23 May 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of ATol
"The basis of my forecasts is … a religious-existential approach to analyzing the motives of the protagonists, contrasted with a reality check (demographics and economics), and an effort to synthesize the response. A spiritual rather than a positivist approach to global politics has some predictive power."
-- Spengler, 14 July 2006 posting on the ATol-hosted "Spengler
Anonymity and Pen Name
Spengler has indicated repeatedly that he is a male of middle to advanced age.[22] He is not known to have made public his nationality, ethnicity, religious affiliation, class background, formal education, marital or family status, occupation or work history.[23]
Spengler has characterized his namesake, the German philosopher of history Oswald Spengler (1880 - 1936), as “an unspeakable racist” who believed “that man was a ‘beast of prey.’”[24] He has written that his choice of pen name “is ironic rather than semiotic,”[25] although it “reflects the original Spengler's conclusions about the West,”[26] namely that it is in decline. He has claimed to “have no sympathy for cyclical or ‘biological’ theories of history of the sort that Oswald Spengler promulgated,”[27] and not to share the original Spengler’s historical pessimism:[28] “If I were not an optimist at heart, I would not compose these essays.”[29]
Online References
As of February 2007, a web search for "Spengler" and "Asia Times" yielded 88,100 references on Google, or 66,800 excluding initially undisplayed references.
As of March 2007, Marketleap
References and Links
★ The Complete Spengler (Spengler’s articles in reverse chronological order)
★ Spengler essays by subject
★ Links to Spengler's writings (including Spengler’s forum postings)
Footnotes
1. However, the ATOL-hosted Spengler's Forum crashed with loss of all prior content on May 25, 2007, as is described on that forum's thread titled Forum status update.
2. Internet stocks and the failure of youth culture (ATol, 31 August 2001: “All cultures exist to ward off the presentiment of death”), Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, a review of The Star of Redemption by Franz Rosenzweig (ATol, 21 November 2005)
3. Christianity and creative destruction (ATol, 13 October 2004), Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, a review of The Star of Redemption by Franz Rosenzweig (ATol, 21 November 2005).
4. Why Europe chooses extinction (ATol, 8 April 2003), Mel Gibson's lethal religion (ATol, 9 March 2004), The Dead Peoples' Society (ATol, 15 Feb.2005). For similar articles, see the Western culture and civilization category of the Spengler essays by subject thread of Spengler's Forum.
5. Faith, fertility and American dominance, a review of ''The Empty Cradle'' by Phillip Longman (ATol, 8 September 2004), Death by secularism: some statistical evidence (ATol, 2 August 2005), Why nations die (ATol, 16 August 2005).
6. The meaning of life (ATol, 17 March 2004: "America itself is not a product of Western Civilization, but the result of extremist rejection of Western Civilization by English Puritan separatists, who chose the Hebrew over the Greek aspect
7. Why Islam baffles America (ATol, 16 April 2004: "America by its nature disrupts traditional order. It is … the agency of creative destruction"), Mideast: Lessons from classical warfare (7 November 2006: "The United States is a global avalanche of creative destruction that rips apart the bindings of traditional life").
8. What the Jews won
9. Why Islam baffles America (ATol, 16 April 2004), The assassin
10. The demographics of radical Islam (ATol, 23 August 2005), Crisis of faith in the Muslim world - Part 1: Statistical evidence (ATol, 1 November 2005), Crisis of faith in the Muslim world - Part 2: The Islamist response (ATol, 8 November 2005).
11. In defense of genocide (ATol, 4 January 2001), More killing, please! (ATol, 11 June 2003), Happy Birthday, Abe - pass the blood (ATOL, 9 February 2004), Military destiny and madness in Iran (ATol, 6 June 2006), The Middle East is hopeless, but not serious (6 February 2007).
12. Sir John Keegan is wrong: radical Islam could win (ATol, 12 October 2001: "The grand vulnerability of the Western mind is horror."), Horror and humiliation in Fallujah (ATol, 27 April 2004), Jimmy Carter
13. Geopolitics in the light of option theory (ATol, 26 January 2002); How I learned to stop worrying and love chaos (ATol, 13 March 2006); Faith and risk in the cold war (ATol, 22 January 2007).
14. They made a democracy and called it peace (ATol, 7 March 2005), The beast that slouches toward democracy (ATol, 15 March 2005), Fight a democracy, kill the people (ATol, 4 July 2006). For similar articles, see the Political philosophy category of the Spengler essays by subject thread of Spengler
15. The devil
16. Indispensable handbook for global theopolitics, review of ''The Star of Redemption'' by Franz Rosenzweig (AToL, 22 November 2005: "Read Franz Rosenzweig … for the 100-and-a-score essays I have published in this space were an attempt to put fragments of his thinking before the English-speaking public."), Oil on the flames of civilizational war, review of ''Franz Rosenzweig, Ausgewählte Schriften zum Islam ''(ATol, 2 December 2003).
17. The devil
18. Santa Clausewitz, a minor Chinese god (ATol, 21 December 2004), Ronald Reagan
19. Socrates the destroyer (ATol, 25 May 2004); "I identify with Kierkegaard more than with any other modern thinker," 20 April 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "Rosenzweig and Heidegger -- seen it, Spengler?"
20. On page 4 of discussion thread titled "By popular demand ...."
21. On page 2 of discussion thread titled "Puppies!!!."
22. ''E.g.'', "The feminine point of view amounts to what we otherwise call paranoia," Women as priests? Women never forgive anything! (ATol, 27 April 2005). "I came to Rosenzweig late in life and kicked myself for all the wasted years," 29 May 2006 posting on the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 1 of discussion thread titled "Prof. Norbert Samuelson on Rosenzweig."
23. Speculation about the identity of living pseudonymous authors is inconsistent with Wikipedia policy regarding articles on living persons, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons . That Wiki policy enjoins a "presumption in favor of privacy," and states in part:
Editors should remove any contentious material about living persons that is unsourced, relies upon sources that do not meet standards specified in , or is a conjectural interpretation of a source (see ). Where the material is derogatory and unsourced or poorly sourced, the three-revert rule does not apply. These principles apply to biographical material about living persons found anywhere in Wikipedia, including user and talk pages. Administrators may enforce the removal of such material with page protection and blocks. ... Jimmy Wales has said it is better to have no information at all than to include speculation.
24. They made a democracy and called in peace (ATol, 8 March 2005).
25. When even the Pope has to whisper (ATol, 10 January 2006).
26. 24 December 2004 posting on the archives of the "Spengler" section of "The Edge," page 5 of discussion thread titled "Muslim anguish and Western hypocrisy."
27. 19 June 2006 posting on "Spengler
28. "Unlike my namesake, I am not pessimistic about civilizations in general. I am pessimistic about some and optimistic about others." How I learned to stop worrying and love chaos (ATol, 14 March 2006).
29. 29 June 2006 posting on on "Spengler
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