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EspañolAMATEUR WRESTLING
(Redirected from Sport wrestling)
'Amateur wrestling' is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. There are two ''international wrestling styles'' performed in the Olympic Games under the supervision of FILA (Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées or International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles): Freestyle and Greco-Roman. Beach wrestling will be added for 2008. Freestyle is possibly derived from the English Lancashire style. A similar style, commonly called Collegiate (also known as Scholastic or Folkstyle), is practiced in colleges and universities, secondary schools, middle schools, and younger age groups in the United States. Where the style is not specified, this article refers to the international styles played on a mat.
Freestyle and Greco-Roman differ in what holds are permitted; in Greco-Roman, the wrestlers are permitted to hold and attack only above the waist. In both Greco-Roman and freestyle, points can be scored the following ways:
★ 'Takedowns': A wrestler gaining control over his opponent from a neutral position.
★ 'Reversals': A wrestler gaining control over his opponent from a defensive position.
★ 'Exposure' or the 'Danger Position': A wrestler exposing his opponent's back to the mat for several seconds, also awarded if one's back is to the mat but the wrestler is not pinned.
★ 'Penalty Points': Various infractions (striking the opponent, acting with brutality or intent to injure, using illegal holds, etc.). (Under the 2004-2005 changes to the international styles, a wrestler whose opponent takes an injury time-out receives one point unless the injured wrestler is bleeding.) Any wrestler stepping out of bounds while standing in the neutral position during a match is penalized by giving his opponent a point.
In 2004, FILA radically changed the format and scoring of the international styles. Part of this involved eliminating two ways of scoring which are possible from the par terre, or 'on the mat,' position.
★ 'Escapes': A wrestler getting from a defensive position to a neutral position.
★ 'Lifting': A wrestler successfully lifting an opponent in the defensive position and exposing his back.
In the International styles, the format is now three two-minute periods. A wrestler wins the match when he has won two out of three periods. For example, if one competitor were to win the first period 1-0 and the second period 1-0, the match would be over. However, if the other competitor were to win the second period, then a third and deciding period would result. Only a fall or disqualification terminates the match; all other modes of victory result only in period termination.
One side effect of this format is that it is possible for the losing wrestler to outscore the winner. For example, periods may be scored 3-2, 0-4, 1-0, leading to a total score of 4-6 but a win for the wrestler scoring fewer points.
In collegiate wrestling, the periods are different. A college match consists of one three-minute period, followed by two two-minute periods, with an overtime round if necessary. A high school match typically consists of three two-minute periods, with multiple overtimes possible if necessary. Under the standard rules for collegiate wrestling, ties are not possible; this rule is sometimes modified for young wrestlers.
A match can be won in the following ways:
★ 'Win by Fall': A fall, also known as a pin, occurs when one wrestler holds both his opponents' shoulders on the mat simultaneously.[1]
★ 'Win by Technical Fall': If one wrestler gains a six-point lead over his opponent at any point, the current period is declared over, and he is the winner of that period.[1]
★ 'Win by Decision': If neither wrestler achieves either type of fall, the one who has gained more points during the match (or period internationally) is declared the winner. If the wrestlers have gained the same number of points, then it is ruled by the judges through certain criteria in the international styles. In collegiate and folkstyle wrestling, an overtime system will result to decide the winner.[1]
★ 'Win by Injury': If one wrestler is injured and unable to continue, the other wrestler is declared the winner. This is also referred to as a 'medical forfeit' or 'injury default'. The term also encompasses situations where wrestlers become injured, take too many injury time-outs or cannot stop bleeding. If a wrestler is injured by his opponent's illegal maneuver and cannot continue, the wrestler at fault is disqualified.[1]
★ 'Win by Disqualification': If a wrestler is assessed three 'Cautions' for breaking the rules, he is disqualified. Under other circumstances, such as flagrant brutality, the match may be ended immediately and the wrestler removed from the tournament.[1]
In addition to 'fall', 'decision', 'injury', and 'disqualification', collegiate wrestling differs on some points from the international styles.
★ 'Win by Fall': A pin or fall (when a wrestler holds his opponent's shoulders or shoulder blades (scapulae) to the mat) in collegiate wrestling must be held for two full seconds for high school wrestlers or one full second for college wrestlers[6]. A victory by pin is worth six team points in a dual meet.[6]
★ 'Win by Technical Fall': If, at any break in action, one wrestler leads the other by 15 points and a pinning situation is not imminent, the match ends.[6] The winning team is then awarded five team points if the winner received points for a near fall or four team points if the wrestler did not score near fall points..[6]
★ 'Win By Major Decision': In collegiate (scholastic and folkstyle) wrestling, a decision in which the winner outscores his opponent by eight or more points is a "major decision" and is rewarded with an additional team point.[6]
★ 'Win By Decision': After the three wrestling periods have expired and the winning wrestler has a winning difference of one to seven points, the wresler is given a "decision" and the team is awarded three team points.[6]
★ 'Win By Default': If a wrestler cannot continue wrestling for any reason during the course of the match, his opponent wins by 'default'[6], worth six team points.[6] If the reason was because of illness or injury on the part of the loser, then his opponent wins by 'medical forfeit'[6], also worth six team points[6].
★ 'Win By Forfeit': If one wrestler fails to appear on the mat at the start of the match for some reason, and the other wrestler appears on the mat, the one wrestler on the mat at the start of the match is automatically declared the winner.[6] The winning team is then awarded six team points.[6]
★ 'Win By Disqualification': For flagrant misconduct or for a certain number of penalties assessed, a wrestler is disqualified from the match, and his opponent is declared the winner.[6] This victory is worth six team points.[6] Rules for how penalties and disqualifications are determined vary somewhat in collegiate (scholastic or folkstyle) wrestling from the international styles.
Amateur wrestling is a positionally-based form of grappling, and thus generally prohibits the following:
★ 'Biting'
★ 'Pinching' and 'poking' with the fingers, toes, or nails, including fish-hooking the nose or mouth
★ 'Gouging' or intentionally 'scratching' the opponent – eye-gouges especially are grounds for disqualification and banned status in most amateur wrestling communities
★ 'Strikes' using hands, fists, elbows, feet, knees, or head
★ 'Joint locks', including armlocks, leglocks, spinal locks, wristlocks and small joint manipulation.
★ 'Chokeholds', 'strangling', 'suffocating', or 'smothering
★ 'Spiking', or lifting and slamming the opponent head-first into the mat (though other forms of slamming are generally allowed in the international styles; in collegiate, slamming ''per se'' is illegal)
★ 'Grasping or Holding' an opponent's genitals
★ Using a 'figure-four' leg lock (one knee is bent at a 90º (degree) angle and placed behind the other knee) of the torso or the head in the neutral position (it is, however, legal to figure-four the head if both wrestlers are not in the neutral position; this rule exists primarily to prevent people from using a figure-four lock of the head to prevent a 'shooting' takedown, as it is very dangerous in that circumstance)
★ Most types of wrestling also discourage or prohibit the use of one's own or the opponent's clothing for grasping or performing any type of hold.
No modern sport allows biting, finger-poking, eye-gouging, or genital shots. But many other grappling-based sports permit some or all of the other tactics listed above, including shoot wrestling, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts, and catch wrestling.
While there is not much equipment that a wrestler wears it is highly specialized. A wrestling singlet is a one-piece, tight-fitting, colored, lycra uniform. The uniform is tight-fitting so as not to get grasped accidentally by the opponent and allows the referee to see each wrestler's body clearly when awarding points or a pin. Women wrestlers wear a higher cut singlet with a sports-bra underneath.
Wrestling shoes are light, flexible, thin-soled, ankle-high sneakers that allow maximum speed and traction on the mat without giving up ankle support. The current rules call for laces (if any) to be covered so they do not come untied during competition.
In American high school and college wrestling especially (although under current FILA rules, it is optionable[1]), headgear is mandatorily used[6] to protect the ears from cauliflower ear and other injuries. Headgear is made from molded plastic polymer or vinyl coated energy absorbing foam over a rigid hard liner and strapped to the head tightly.
Wrestling is conducted on a padded mat that must have excellent shock absorption, tear resistance, and compression qualities. Most mats are made of PVC rubber nitrile foam. Recent advances in technology have brought about new mats made using closed cell, cross-linked polyethylene foam covered in vinyl backed with non-woven polyester.
The countries with the leading wrestlers in the Olympic Games and World Championships are Iran, the United States, Russia (and some of the former Soviet Union republics, especially Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan), Bulgaria, Turkey, Hungary, Cuba, Japan, South and North Korea, Germany, and historically Sweden and Finland.
In the United States currently there is a decline in men's wrestling programs in colleges and universities that some attribute to Title IX. It is believed by some that when schools cannot add enough opportunities for women they choose to scrap their wrestling programs (other programs that have a primary target of men, such as golf and men's swimming, are believed to be similarly affected). This has caused controversy in recent years.
Women's amateur wrestling (a modified form of freestyle) is gaining popularity around the world, and has recently been added as an Olympic sport.
In some countries, people engage in simulated wrestling matches as a performance ("sports entertainment"). See professional wrestling.
★ Amateur wrestling in Australia
★ Amateur wrestling in Europe
★ Amaresu (Japan)
★ Amateur wrestling in the United States
★ Freestyle wrestling
★ Greco-Roman wrestling
★ Collegiate wrestling
★ Wrestling weight classes
★ List of famous amateur wrestlers
1. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
2. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
3. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
4. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
5. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
6. 2008 Wrestling Rules
7. 2008 Wrestling Rules
8. 2008 Wrestling Rules
9. 2008 Wrestling Rules
10. 2008 Wrestling Rules
11. 2008 Wrestling Rules
12. 2008 Wrestling Rules
13. 2008 Wrestling Rules
14. 2008 Wrestling Rules
15. 2008 Wrestling Rules
16. 2008 Wrestling Rules
17. 2008 Wrestling Rules
18. 2008 Wrestling Rules
19. 2008 Wrestling Rules
20. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
21. 2008 Wrestling Rules
★ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA)
★ TheMat.com - The Official Site of USA Wrestling
★ The Wrestling Talk
FILA ''Greatest Wrestler of 20th Century'' (Greco-Roman) Alexander Karelin throws Olympian Jeff Blatnick with his "Karelin Lift"
Women's wrestling
Andrell Durden (top) and Edward Harris grapple for position during the All-Marine Wrestle Offs.
Two US Air Force members wrestling
'Amateur wrestling' is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. There are two ''international wrestling styles'' performed in the Olympic Games under the supervision of FILA (Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées or International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles): Freestyle and Greco-Roman. Beach wrestling will be added for 2008. Freestyle is possibly derived from the English Lancashire style. A similar style, commonly called Collegiate (also known as Scholastic or Folkstyle), is practiced in colleges and universities, secondary schools, middle schools, and younger age groups in the United States. Where the style is not specified, this article refers to the international styles played on a mat.
Scoring
Freestyle and Greco-Roman differ in what holds are permitted; in Greco-Roman, the wrestlers are permitted to hold and attack only above the waist. In both Greco-Roman and freestyle, points can be scored the following ways:
★ 'Takedowns': A wrestler gaining control over his opponent from a neutral position.
★ 'Reversals': A wrestler gaining control over his opponent from a defensive position.
★ 'Exposure' or the 'Danger Position': A wrestler exposing his opponent's back to the mat for several seconds, also awarded if one's back is to the mat but the wrestler is not pinned.
★ 'Penalty Points': Various infractions (striking the opponent, acting with brutality or intent to injure, using illegal holds, etc.). (Under the 2004-2005 changes to the international styles, a wrestler whose opponent takes an injury time-out receives one point unless the injured wrestler is bleeding.) Any wrestler stepping out of bounds while standing in the neutral position during a match is penalized by giving his opponent a point.
Scores no longer rewarded in Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestling
In 2004, FILA radically changed the format and scoring of the international styles. Part of this involved eliminating two ways of scoring which are possible from the par terre, or 'on the mat,' position.
★ 'Escapes': A wrestler getting from a defensive position to a neutral position.
★ 'Lifting': A wrestler successfully lifting an opponent in the defensive position and exposing his back.
Period Format
In the International styles, the format is now three two-minute periods. A wrestler wins the match when he has won two out of three periods. For example, if one competitor were to win the first period 1-0 and the second period 1-0, the match would be over. However, if the other competitor were to win the second period, then a third and deciding period would result. Only a fall or disqualification terminates the match; all other modes of victory result only in period termination.
One side effect of this format is that it is possible for the losing wrestler to outscore the winner. For example, periods may be scored 3-2, 0-4, 1-0, leading to a total score of 4-6 but a win for the wrestler scoring fewer points.
In collegiate wrestling, the periods are different. A college match consists of one three-minute period, followed by two two-minute periods, with an overtime round if necessary. A high school match typically consists of three two-minute periods, with multiple overtimes possible if necessary. Under the standard rules for collegiate wrestling, ties are not possible; this rule is sometimes modified for young wrestlers.
Victory Conditions in the International Styles
A match can be won in the following ways:
★ 'Win by Fall': A fall, also known as a pin, occurs when one wrestler holds both his opponents' shoulders on the mat simultaneously.[1]
★ 'Win by Technical Fall': If one wrestler gains a six-point lead over his opponent at any point, the current period is declared over, and he is the winner of that period.[1]
★ 'Win by Decision': If neither wrestler achieves either type of fall, the one who has gained more points during the match (or period internationally) is declared the winner. If the wrestlers have gained the same number of points, then it is ruled by the judges through certain criteria in the international styles. In collegiate and folkstyle wrestling, an overtime system will result to decide the winner.[1]
★ 'Win by Injury': If one wrestler is injured and unable to continue, the other wrestler is declared the winner. This is also referred to as a 'medical forfeit' or 'injury default'. The term also encompasses situations where wrestlers become injured, take too many injury time-outs or cannot stop bleeding. If a wrestler is injured by his opponent's illegal maneuver and cannot continue, the wrestler at fault is disqualified.[1]
★ 'Win by Disqualification': If a wrestler is assessed three 'Cautions' for breaking the rules, he is disqualified. Under other circumstances, such as flagrant brutality, the match may be ended immediately and the wrestler removed from the tournament.[1]
Victory Conditions in Collegiate Wrestling
In addition to 'fall', 'decision', 'injury', and 'disqualification', collegiate wrestling differs on some points from the international styles.
★ 'Win by Fall': A pin or fall (when a wrestler holds his opponent's shoulders or shoulder blades (scapulae) to the mat) in collegiate wrestling must be held for two full seconds for high school wrestlers or one full second for college wrestlers[6]. A victory by pin is worth six team points in a dual meet.[6]
★ 'Win by Technical Fall': If, at any break in action, one wrestler leads the other by 15 points and a pinning situation is not imminent, the match ends.[6] The winning team is then awarded five team points if the winner received points for a near fall or four team points if the wrestler did not score near fall points..[6]
★ 'Win By Major Decision': In collegiate (scholastic and folkstyle) wrestling, a decision in which the winner outscores his opponent by eight or more points is a "major decision" and is rewarded with an additional team point.[6]
★ 'Win By Decision': After the three wrestling periods have expired and the winning wrestler has a winning difference of one to seven points, the wresler is given a "decision" and the team is awarded three team points.[6]
★ 'Win By Default': If a wrestler cannot continue wrestling for any reason during the course of the match, his opponent wins by 'default'[6], worth six team points.[6] If the reason was because of illness or injury on the part of the loser, then his opponent wins by 'medical forfeit'[6], also worth six team points[6].
★ 'Win By Forfeit': If one wrestler fails to appear on the mat at the start of the match for some reason, and the other wrestler appears on the mat, the one wrestler on the mat at the start of the match is automatically declared the winner.[6] The winning team is then awarded six team points.[6]
★ 'Win By Disqualification': For flagrant misconduct or for a certain number of penalties assessed, a wrestler is disqualified from the match, and his opponent is declared the winner.[6] This victory is worth six team points.[6] Rules for how penalties and disqualifications are determined vary somewhat in collegiate (scholastic or folkstyle) wrestling from the international styles.
Illegal moves
Amateur wrestling is a positionally-based form of grappling, and thus generally prohibits the following:
★ 'Biting'
★ 'Pinching' and 'poking' with the fingers, toes, or nails, including fish-hooking the nose or mouth
★ 'Gouging' or intentionally 'scratching' the opponent – eye-gouges especially are grounds for disqualification and banned status in most amateur wrestling communities
★ 'Strikes' using hands, fists, elbows, feet, knees, or head
★ 'Joint locks', including armlocks, leglocks, spinal locks, wristlocks and small joint manipulation.
★ 'Chokeholds', 'strangling', 'suffocating', or 'smothering
★ 'Spiking', or lifting and slamming the opponent head-first into the mat (though other forms of slamming are generally allowed in the international styles; in collegiate, slamming ''per se'' is illegal)
★ 'Grasping or Holding' an opponent's genitals
★ Using a 'figure-four' leg lock (one knee is bent at a 90º (degree) angle and placed behind the other knee) of the torso or the head in the neutral position (it is, however, legal to figure-four the head if both wrestlers are not in the neutral position; this rule exists primarily to prevent people from using a figure-four lock of the head to prevent a 'shooting' takedown, as it is very dangerous in that circumstance)
★ Most types of wrestling also discourage or prohibit the use of one's own or the opponent's clothing for grasping or performing any type of hold.
No modern sport allows biting, finger-poking, eye-gouging, or genital shots. But many other grappling-based sports permit some or all of the other tactics listed above, including shoot wrestling, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, mixed martial arts, and catch wrestling.
Equipment
Two college wrestlers in the United States with headgear competing in collegiate (or folkstyle) wrestling.
While there is not much equipment that a wrestler wears it is highly specialized. A wrestling singlet is a one-piece, tight-fitting, colored, lycra uniform. The uniform is tight-fitting so as not to get grasped accidentally by the opponent and allows the referee to see each wrestler's body clearly when awarding points or a pin. Women wrestlers wear a higher cut singlet with a sports-bra underneath.
Wrestling shoes are light, flexible, thin-soled, ankle-high sneakers that allow maximum speed and traction on the mat without giving up ankle support. The current rules call for laces (if any) to be covered so they do not come untied during competition.
In American high school and college wrestling especially (although under current FILA rules, it is optionable[1]), headgear is mandatorily used[6] to protect the ears from cauliflower ear and other injuries. Headgear is made from molded plastic polymer or vinyl coated energy absorbing foam over a rigid hard liner and strapped to the head tightly.
Wrestling is conducted on a padded mat that must have excellent shock absorption, tear resistance, and compression qualities. Most mats are made of PVC rubber nitrile foam. Recent advances in technology have brought about new mats made using closed cell, cross-linked polyethylene foam covered in vinyl backed with non-woven polyester.
World participation
The countries with the leading wrestlers in the Olympic Games and World Championships are Iran, the United States, Russia (and some of the former Soviet Union republics, especially Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan), Bulgaria, Turkey, Hungary, Cuba, Japan, South and North Korea, Germany, and historically Sweden and Finland.
In the United States currently there is a decline in men's wrestling programs in colleges and universities that some attribute to Title IX. It is believed by some that when schools cannot add enough opportunities for women they choose to scrap their wrestling programs (other programs that have a primary target of men, such as golf and men's swimming, are believed to be similarly affected). This has caused controversy in recent years.
Women's amateur wrestling (a modified form of freestyle) is gaining popularity around the world, and has recently been added as an Olympic sport.
In some countries, people engage in simulated wrestling matches as a performance ("sports entertainment"). See professional wrestling.
★ Amateur wrestling in Australia
★ Amateur wrestling in Europe
★ Amaresu (Japan)
★ Amateur wrestling in the United States
See also
★ Freestyle wrestling
★ Greco-Roman wrestling
★ Collegiate wrestling
★ Wrestling weight classes
★ List of famous amateur wrestlers
Notes
1. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
2. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
3. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
4. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
5. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
6. 2008 Wrestling Rules
7. 2008 Wrestling Rules
8. 2008 Wrestling Rules
9. 2008 Wrestling Rules
10. 2008 Wrestling Rules
11. 2008 Wrestling Rules
12. 2008 Wrestling Rules
13. 2008 Wrestling Rules
14. 2008 Wrestling Rules
15. 2008 Wrestling Rules
16. 2008 Wrestling Rules
17. 2008 Wrestling Rules
18. 2008 Wrestling Rules
19. 2008 Wrestling Rules
20. International Wrestling Rules: Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Women's Wrestling
21. 2008 Wrestling Rules
External links
★ International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA)
★ TheMat.com - The Official Site of USA Wrestling
★ The Wrestling Talk
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