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EspañolSAINT ANTHONY FALLS
(Redirected from St. Anthony Falls)
'Saint Anthony Falls', or the 'Falls of Saint Anthony', located near downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, was the only natural major waterfall on the Upper Mississippi River. The natural falls was replaced by a concrete overflow spillway (also called an "apron") after it partially collapsed in 1869. Later, in the 1950s and 1960s, a series of dams were constructed to extend navigation to points upstream.[2]
The so-called Lower Saint Anthony Falls is not part of the historic site: it is merely a second lock that was built just downstream of what is now officially referred to as Upper Saint Anthony Falls.[3] These locks were built as part of the Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Navigation Project.
The indigenous people who lived in their vicinity called the falls by various names. The Ojibwe term was Kakabikah (''Gakaabikaa'', "waterfall over a cliff").[4] and the Dakota used Minirara (curling water) and Owahmenah (falling water). Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls In 1680, the falls became known to the rest of the world when they were observed by Father Louis Hennepin, a Catholic friar of Belgian birth, A History of Minneapolis who also brought the existence of Niagara Falls to the world's attention. Hennepin named Saint Anthony Falls after his patron saint, Anthony of Padua. Later explorers include Jonathan Carver and Zebulon Montgomery Pike. The region around the falls was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the 'Saint Anthony Falls Historic District' in 1971.[5][6]
Geologists say that the falls first appeared roughly 10,000 years ago several miles downstream at the confluence of the glacial River Warren (at present-day Ft. Snelling). Estimates are that the falls were about 180 feet high when the River Warren Falls receded past the confluence of the Mississippi River and the glacial River Warren. Over the succeeding 10,000 years, the falls moved upstream to its present location, breaking off the limestone cap in chunks as it receded. Tributaries such as Minnehaha Creek begot their own waterfalls as the Mississippi River valley was cut into the landscape.
From its origins near Fort Snelling, St. Anthony Falls relocated upstream at a rate of about 4 feet per year until it reached its present location in the early 1800s. When Father Louis Hennepin documented the falls he estimated the falls' height to be 50 or 60 feet. Later explorers described it as being in the range of 16 to 20 feet high. The discrepancy may have been due to scope, as the current total drop in river level over the series of dams is 76 ft (23 m).
The geological formation of the area consisted of a hard, thin layer of limestone overlaying a soft sandstone sub-surface. These layers were the result of an Ordovician Period sea which covered east-central Minnesota 500 million years ago. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT The water churning at the bottom of the falls ate away at the sandstone, and after enough support had been removed, large blocks of the limestone would fall off. This process had been happening naturally since 8000 BC, with the falls having receded up from the Fort Snelling area to their location in the 1850s.
The first private land claim at the falls was made by Franklin Steele in 1838 — though he didn't obtain financing for development until 1847, in the form of $12,000 for a 9/10 stake in the property. On May 18, 1848 president Polk approved the claims made in St. Anthony, and Steele was able to build his dam on the east side of the river above the Falls, blocking the east channel. The dam extended diagonally into the river 700 feet, was 16 feet high, and was secured to the limestone riverbed. Its thickness tapered from 40 wide at its base to 12 feet wide at the top. Steele dispatched logging crews to the Crow Wing River in December 1847 to supply pine for the his sawmill, and by September 1, 1848 sawing commenced using two up-down saws. He was able to sell the lumber readily, supplying construction projects in the booming town. St. Anthony Falls:Timber, Flour, and Electricity The new community at the Falls attracted entrepreneurs from New England, many of whom had experience in lumber and milling. He had hired Ard Godfrey to help build and run the first commercial sawmill at the Falls. Godfrey knew the most efficient ways to use natural resources, like the falls, and the great pine forests, to make lumber products. 1838: Franklin Steele claims land at the Falls Godfrey built the first home in St. Anthony, Steele had the town platted in 1849, and it incorporated in 1855. History of the Minneapolis Riverfront District and vicinity [7]
By 1854, 300 squatters occupied the west bank of the river, and in 1855 Congress recognized the squatters' right to purchase the land they had claimed. The west side quickly developed scores of new mills and consortiums. They built a dam diagonally into the river to the north, which, along with Steele's dam created the inverted V-shape, still apparent today. Steele created the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company in 1856 with three New York financiers. The company struggled for several years, due to poor relations with the financiers, a depression, and the Civil War. In 1868 the firm reorganized with new officers including John Pillsbury, Richard and Samuel Chute, Sumner Farnham, and Frederick Butterfield.
As Minneapolis (and its former neighbor across the river, St. Anthony) developed, the water power at the falls became a source of power for several industries. Water power was used by sawmills, textile mills, and flour mills. Millers on the Minneapolis side formed a consortium to extract power by diverting upper-level water into waterwheel-equipped vertical shafts (driven through the limestone bedrock into the soft, underlying sandstone) and then through horizontal tunnels to the falls' lower level. These shafts and tunnels weakened the limestone and its sandstone foundation, accelerating the falls' upriver erosion to 26 feet per year between 1857 and 1868. The falls quickly approached the edge of their limestone cap; once the limestone had completely eroded away, the falls would degenerate into sandstone rapids unsuitable for waterpower. The mills on the St. Anthony (east) side of the river were less-well organized harnessing the power, and therefore industry developed at a slower pace on that side.
Main articles: Hennepin Island tunnel
The early dams built to harness the waterpower exposed the limestone to freezing and thawing forces, narrowed the channel, and increased the damage from floods. A report in 1868 found that only eleven hundred feet of the limestone remained upstream, and if it were eroded away, the falls would turn into a rapids that would no longer be useful for waterpower.[8] Meanwhile, the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company approved a plan for the firm of William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam to build a tunnel under Hennepin and Nicollet Islands that would share the waterpower. This plan was met with disaster on October 5, 1869, when the limestone cap was breached. The leak turned into a torrent of water coming out the tunnel. The water blasted Hennepin Island, causing a 150-foot chunk to fall off into the river. Believing that the mills and all the other industries around the falls would be ruined, hundreds of people rushed to view the impending disaster. Groups of volunteers started shoring up the gap by throwing trees and timber into the river, but that was ineffective. They then built a huge raft of timbers from the milling operations on Nicollet Island. This worked briefly, but also proved ineffective. A number of workers worked for months to build a dam that would funnel water away from the tunnel. The next year, an engineer from Lowell, Massachusetts recommended completing a wooden apron, sealing the tunnel, and building low dams above the falls to avoid exposing the limestone to the weather. This work was assisted by the federal government, and was eventually completed in 1884. The federal government spent $615,000 on this effort, while the two cities spent $334,500.[9]
St. Anthony Falls was the upper limit of commercial navigation on the Mississippi until two dams and a series of locks were built between 1948 and 1963 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The locks make commercial navigation possible above Minneapolis but, since the locks in Minneapolis are smaller than most of the locks on the river, the practical limit for many commercial tows is further downriver. Few barges go past St. Paul. Completed in 1963, the 'upper St. Anthony Falls dam' is a horseshoe-shaped hydro-electric dam 93 feet (28 m) in height. The upper pool has a normal capacity of 3,150 acre feet (3,885,000 m³) and a normal level of 799 feet (244 m) above sea level. The navigation channel required alteration of the historic Stone Arch Bridge, which now has a metal truss section to allow ships to pass below.
Completed in 1956, the 'lower St. Anthony Falls dam' is a gravity-type hydro-electric dam 60 feet (18 m) in height, consisting of a 275 foot (84 m) long concrete spillway with 4 tainter gates. The lower pool (sometimes called the intermediate pool) has a normal capacity of 375 acre-feet (463,000 m³) and a normal level of 750 feet (229 m) above sea level.
The pool below the lower dam has a normal level of 725 feet (221 m) above sea level.
The upper and lower locks are each 56 feet (17 m) wide by 400 feet (122 m) long.
The current around the spillway/falls is often swift and dangerous. In 1991, a small boat drifted too close and fell over one part of the dam. Two people onboard were killed, and two others had to be rescued by helicopter. Rescues at the site are usually much less dramatic, but continue to happen occasionally.
★ List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District
★ Saint Anthony Main shopping area
1. National Register Information System
2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District: Upper St. Anthony Falls
3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District: Lower St. Anthony Falls
4. Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
5.
Minneapolis' official promotional site for the riverfront district
6. Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls - an article on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website covering the history and geology of St. Anthony Falls.
7. Old St. Anthony
8. The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis, , Lucile M., Kane, Minnesota Historical Society, ,
9. Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District, , Shannon M., Pennefeather, Minnesota Historical Society, ,
'Saint Anthony Falls', or the 'Falls of Saint Anthony', located near downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, was the only natural major waterfall on the Upper Mississippi River. The natural falls was replaced by a concrete overflow spillway (also called an "apron") after it partially collapsed in 1869. Later, in the 1950s and 1960s, a series of dams were constructed to extend navigation to points upstream.[2]
The so-called Lower Saint Anthony Falls is not part of the historic site: it is merely a second lock that was built just downstream of what is now officially referred to as Upper Saint Anthony Falls.[3] These locks were built as part of the Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Navigation Project.
| Contents |
| History |
| Geology |
| Industry |
| The 1869 collapse of the Hennepin Island tunnel |
| Locks and dams |
| See also |
| References |
History
The indigenous people who lived in their vicinity called the falls by various names. The Ojibwe term was Kakabikah (''Gakaabikaa'', "waterfall over a cliff").[4] and the Dakota used Minirara (curling water) and Owahmenah (falling water). Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls In 1680, the falls became known to the rest of the world when they were observed by Father Louis Hennepin, a Catholic friar of Belgian birth, A History of Minneapolis who also brought the existence of Niagara Falls to the world's attention. Hennepin named Saint Anthony Falls after his patron saint, Anthony of Padua. Later explorers include Jonathan Carver and Zebulon Montgomery Pike. The region around the falls was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the 'Saint Anthony Falls Historic District' in 1971.[5][6]
Geology
Sandstone layered under limestone
Plaque describing portaging
Geologists say that the falls first appeared roughly 10,000 years ago several miles downstream at the confluence of the glacial River Warren (at present-day Ft. Snelling). Estimates are that the falls were about 180 feet high when the River Warren Falls receded past the confluence of the Mississippi River and the glacial River Warren. Over the succeeding 10,000 years, the falls moved upstream to its present location, breaking off the limestone cap in chunks as it receded. Tributaries such as Minnehaha Creek begot their own waterfalls as the Mississippi River valley was cut into the landscape.
From its origins near Fort Snelling, St. Anthony Falls relocated upstream at a rate of about 4 feet per year until it reached its present location in the early 1800s. When Father Louis Hennepin documented the falls he estimated the falls' height to be 50 or 60 feet. Later explorers described it as being in the range of 16 to 20 feet high. The discrepancy may have been due to scope, as the current total drop in river level over the series of dams is 76 ft (23 m).
The geological formation of the area consisted of a hard, thin layer of limestone overlaying a soft sandstone sub-surface. These layers were the result of an Ordovician Period sea which covered east-central Minnesota 500 million years ago. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT The water churning at the bottom of the falls ate away at the sandstone, and after enough support had been removed, large blocks of the limestone would fall off. This process had been happening naturally since 8000 BC, with the falls having receded up from the Fort Snelling area to their location in the 1850s.
Industry
A diagram showing the recession of the falls between 1680 and 1887.
The falls in the early 1900s
The first private land claim at the falls was made by Franklin Steele in 1838 — though he didn't obtain financing for development until 1847, in the form of $12,000 for a 9/10 stake in the property. On May 18, 1848 president Polk approved the claims made in St. Anthony, and Steele was able to build his dam on the east side of the river above the Falls, blocking the east channel. The dam extended diagonally into the river 700 feet, was 16 feet high, and was secured to the limestone riverbed. Its thickness tapered from 40 wide at its base to 12 feet wide at the top. Steele dispatched logging crews to the Crow Wing River in December 1847 to supply pine for the his sawmill, and by September 1, 1848 sawing commenced using two up-down saws. He was able to sell the lumber readily, supplying construction projects in the booming town. St. Anthony Falls:Timber, Flour, and Electricity The new community at the Falls attracted entrepreneurs from New England, many of whom had experience in lumber and milling. He had hired Ard Godfrey to help build and run the first commercial sawmill at the Falls. Godfrey knew the most efficient ways to use natural resources, like the falls, and the great pine forests, to make lumber products. 1838: Franklin Steele claims land at the Falls Godfrey built the first home in St. Anthony, Steele had the town platted in 1849, and it incorporated in 1855. History of the Minneapolis Riverfront District and vicinity [7]
By 1854, 300 squatters occupied the west bank of the river, and in 1855 Congress recognized the squatters' right to purchase the land they had claimed. The west side quickly developed scores of new mills and consortiums. They built a dam diagonally into the river to the north, which, along with Steele's dam created the inverted V-shape, still apparent today. Steele created the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company in 1856 with three New York financiers. The company struggled for several years, due to poor relations with the financiers, a depression, and the Civil War. In 1868 the firm reorganized with new officers including John Pillsbury, Richard and Samuel Chute, Sumner Farnham, and Frederick Butterfield.
As Minneapolis (and its former neighbor across the river, St. Anthony) developed, the water power at the falls became a source of power for several industries. Water power was used by sawmills, textile mills, and flour mills. Millers on the Minneapolis side formed a consortium to extract power by diverting upper-level water into waterwheel-equipped vertical shafts (driven through the limestone bedrock into the soft, underlying sandstone) and then through horizontal tunnels to the falls' lower level. These shafts and tunnels weakened the limestone and its sandstone foundation, accelerating the falls' upriver erosion to 26 feet per year between 1857 and 1868. The falls quickly approached the edge of their limestone cap; once the limestone had completely eroded away, the falls would degenerate into sandstone rapids unsuitable for waterpower. The mills on the St. Anthony (east) side of the river were less-well organized harnessing the power, and therefore industry developed at a slower pace on that side.
The 1869 collapse of the Hennepin Island tunnel
Main articles: Hennepin Island tunnel
The early dams built to harness the waterpower exposed the limestone to freezing and thawing forces, narrowed the channel, and increased the damage from floods. A report in 1868 found that only eleven hundred feet of the limestone remained upstream, and if it were eroded away, the falls would turn into a rapids that would no longer be useful for waterpower.[8] Meanwhile, the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company approved a plan for the firm of William W. Eastman and John L. Merriam to build a tunnel under Hennepin and Nicollet Islands that would share the waterpower. This plan was met with disaster on October 5, 1869, when the limestone cap was breached. The leak turned into a torrent of water coming out the tunnel. The water blasted Hennepin Island, causing a 150-foot chunk to fall off into the river. Believing that the mills and all the other industries around the falls would be ruined, hundreds of people rushed to view the impending disaster. Groups of volunteers started shoring up the gap by throwing trees and timber into the river, but that was ineffective. They then built a huge raft of timbers from the milling operations on Nicollet Island. This worked briefly, but also proved ineffective. A number of workers worked for months to build a dam that would funnel water away from the tunnel. The next year, an engineer from Lowell, Massachusetts recommended completing a wooden apron, sealing the tunnel, and building low dams above the falls to avoid exposing the limestone to the weather. This work was assisted by the federal government, and was eventually completed in 1884. The federal government spent $615,000 on this effort, while the two cities spent $334,500.[9]
Locks and dams
The concrete apron over St. Anthony Falls is engineered to produce the pronounced hydraulic jump evident in this photo.
St. Anthony Falls was the upper limit of commercial navigation on the Mississippi until two dams and a series of locks were built between 1948 and 1963 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The locks make commercial navigation possible above Minneapolis but, since the locks in Minneapolis are smaller than most of the locks on the river, the practical limit for many commercial tows is further downriver. Few barges go past St. Paul. Completed in 1963, the 'upper St. Anthony Falls dam' is a horseshoe-shaped hydro-electric dam 93 feet (28 m) in height. The upper pool has a normal capacity of 3,150 acre feet (3,885,000 m³) and a normal level of 799 feet (244 m) above sea level. The navigation channel required alteration of the historic Stone Arch Bridge, which now has a metal truss section to allow ships to pass below.
Completed in 1956, the 'lower St. Anthony Falls dam' is a gravity-type hydro-electric dam 60 feet (18 m) in height, consisting of a 275 foot (84 m) long concrete spillway with 4 tainter gates. The lower pool (sometimes called the intermediate pool) has a normal capacity of 375 acre-feet (463,000 m³) and a normal level of 750 feet (229 m) above sea level.
The pool below the lower dam has a normal level of 725 feet (221 m) above sea level.
The upper and lower locks are each 56 feet (17 m) wide by 400 feet (122 m) long.
The current around the spillway/falls is often swift and dangerous. In 1991, a small boat drifted too close and fell over one part of the dam. Two people onboard were killed, and two others had to be rescued by helicopter. Rescues at the site are usually much less dramatic, but continue to happen occasionally.
See also
★ List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District
★ Saint Anthony Main shopping area
References
1. National Register Information System
2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District: Upper St. Anthony Falls
3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers St. Paul District: Lower St. Anthony Falls
4. Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
5.
Minneapolis' official promotional site for the riverfront district
6. Engineering the Falls: The Corps Role at St. Anthony Falls - an article on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website covering the history and geology of St. Anthony Falls.
7. Old St. Anthony
8. The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis, , Lucile M., Kane, Minnesota Historical Society, ,
9. Mill City: A Visual History of the Minneapolis Mill District, , Shannon M., Pennefeather, Minnesota Historical Society, ,
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