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'State police' are a type of sub-national territorial police force, particularly in Australia and the United States. Some other countries have analogous police forces, such as the provincial police in some Canadian provinces, while in other places, the same responsibilities are held by national police forces.
Australia is unique in that each State has its own police force, namely the New South Wales Police Force (Australia's largest and most high profile police force), the Victoria Police, the Queensland Police, the Northern Territory Police, the Tasmania Police, the South Australian Police and the Western Australian Police. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the state forces to have police the geographic areas within their respective states. Australia does have a national police force, namely the Australian Federal Police but these officers look at transnational issues or crimes against the Commonwealth of Australia.
Prior to Federation each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, however these were largely amalgamated well before Federation.
In the United States, 'state police' are a police body unique to each U.S. state, having statewide authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. In general, they perform functions outside the jurisdiction of the county sheriff, such as enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways, overseeing the security of the state capitol complex, protecting the governor, training new officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy, providing technological and scientific support services, and helping to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force activity in serious or complicated cases in those states that grant full police powers statewide. A general trend has been to bring all of these agencies under a state Department of Public Safety. Additionally they may be serve under different state departments, such as the Highway Patrol under the state Department of Transportation. Some states have both a state police and a highway patrol, such as Arkansas and New Hampshire.
The first state police emerged in the U.S. following the anthracite mine strike of 1902 in Pennsylvania. The passage of legislation did not provoke controversy because it was quietly rushed through the mine-owner dominated legislature, but the strike-breaking role of the new police elicited strong opposition from organized labor, who likened them to the repressive Russian cossacks under the tsar.[1] President Theodore Roosevelt, himself a former New York City Chief of Police, noted that the Pennsylvania State Police were intended to replace the infamous Coal and Iron Police, the private company police used to counter unionism:
The formation of the next state police force in the United States in 1917 was amidst controversy and public debate, and the legislation creating it passed by only one vote.[1] Proponents of a proposal to establish the New York State Police depicted state police as the policemen-soldiers of an impartial state in labor disputes, and saw in them "no ''gendarmerie'', no ''carabinieri''," intimating that labor's opposition was "un-American."[4] Instead, they were to be more like the Northwest Mounted Police of Canada or the trooper police of Australia, both of which had a much more respectable reputation than the maligned forces evoked by trade unionists. Outside of Pennsylvania, the new state police were also established to free up the National Guard from strikebreaking duties, which was extensive in the latter 1800s and early decades of the twentieth-century.
The strikebreaking demands on the new state police decreased over time and their mandate modernized with the creation of the inter-state highway system and proliferation of the automobile. While the early "state troopers," as the name implies, were mounted troops, by mid-century they were fully motorized police forces.
Twenty-three U.S. states actually call their state police by that term. These forces are fully empowered law enforcement agencies with statewide jurisdiction, which conduct patrols and respond to calls for service and perform all the other aforementioned duties. The State Police may be the name of the entire agency or it may fall under a Department of Public Safety. These states are: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.
The Alaska State Police was renamed Alaska State Troopers in 1967.
The California State Police (CSP), a security police agency, was merged into the California Highway Patrol in 1995.
===Highway Patrol===
In other states the state police are known by different names. However, most have the same jurisdiction over the entire state as the agencies that are simply called "State Police". The rankings of the highway patrol may be trooper or officer. The names are usually historical and do not necessarily describe the agency's function or jurisdiction. They may exist as part of or separate from the state police:
★ ''State Highway Patrol'' (Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio);
★ ''Highway Patrol'' (Alabama, California, Florida, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming),
★ ''State Patrol'' (Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa, Washington, Wisconsin);
★ ''Highway Police'' in Arkansas.
★ State Bureaus of Investigation (SBI) - the state's detectives.
★ State Bureau of Narcotics - the state-level counter-part to the Drug Enforcement Administration.
★ Department of Public Safety (DPS) exist in 30 states (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Vermont), many of which contain the State Police and in some cases the Highway Patrol.
★
★ Hawaii where the State of Hawaii Sheriff's Office , part of the Hawaii Department of Public Safety, serves as the state-wide law enforcement agency.
★ Motor Carrier Enforcement - another organization with many various titles and may be part of the actual State Police or Highway Patrol. Many belong the their state's Department of Transportation. These agencies conduct vehicle inspections and enforce the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP) as mandated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). They conduct safety inspections of commercial motor vehicles (primarily trucks and buses), inspects highway shipments of hazardous materials, and performs compliance reviews (safety performance audits) on motor carriers. The DPS adopts and enforces driver and vehicle safety regulations and hazardous materials regulations as part of this program. Both the the Arkansas and the New Hampshire Higway Patrols are motor carrier enforcement agencies.
★ Marine Patrol - The state water police.
★ State Park Police - New Jersey and New York.
The Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador have provincial police forces, which are roughly analogous to U.S. state police forces. The policing responsibilities of the other provinces are contracted to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Several communities/nationalities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to "State Police" or "Community Police", like Ertzaintza in Euskadi and Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalonia.
Each state in Brazil has a ''Polícia Militar'', and a Policia Civil--despite the somewhat misleading name they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as state police SBI.
1. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
2. Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
3. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
4. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
★ PoliceLink.com
| Contents |
| Australia |
| United States |
| History |
| State Police |
| Other State Police agencies |
| Sub-national territorial police forces in other countries |
| References |
| External links |
Australia
Australia is unique in that each State has its own police force, namely the New South Wales Police Force (Australia's largest and most high profile police force), the Victoria Police, the Queensland Police, the Northern Territory Police, the Tasmania Police, the South Australian Police and the Western Australian Police. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the state forces to have police the geographic areas within their respective states. Australia does have a national police force, namely the Australian Federal Police but these officers look at transnational issues or crimes against the Commonwealth of Australia.
Prior to Federation each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, however these were largely amalgamated well before Federation.
United States
In the United States, 'state police' are a police body unique to each U.S. state, having statewide authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. In general, they perform functions outside the jurisdiction of the county sheriff, such as enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways, overseeing the security of the state capitol complex, protecting the governor, training new officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy, providing technological and scientific support services, and helping to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force activity in serious or complicated cases in those states that grant full police powers statewide. A general trend has been to bring all of these agencies under a state Department of Public Safety. Additionally they may be serve under different state departments, such as the Highway Patrol under the state Department of Transportation. Some states have both a state police and a highway patrol, such as Arkansas and New Hampshire.
History
The first state police emerged in the U.S. following the anthracite mine strike of 1902 in Pennsylvania. The passage of legislation did not provoke controversy because it was quietly rushed through the mine-owner dominated legislature, but the strike-breaking role of the new police elicited strong opposition from organized labor, who likened them to the repressive Russian cossacks under the tsar.[1] President Theodore Roosevelt, himself a former New York City Chief of Police, noted that the Pennsylvania State Police were intended to replace the infamous Coal and Iron Police, the private company police used to counter unionism:
"When the laboring masses rocked in mortal combat with the vested interest, the State stepped in to prove her impartial justice by selling her authority into the vested interests' hands! ... whenever the miners elected to go out on strike ... they invariably found the power of the State bought, paid for, and fighting as a partisan on their employers' side. Nor was there any attempt made to do this monstrous thing under mask of decency."[2]Roosevelt's assertions notwithstanding, the Iron and Coal Police continued to operate in increasing numbers into the 1930s.
The formation of the next state police force in the United States in 1917 was amidst controversy and public debate, and the legislation creating it passed by only one vote.[1] Proponents of a proposal to establish the New York State Police depicted state police as the policemen-soldiers of an impartial state in labor disputes, and saw in them "no ''gendarmerie'', no ''carabinieri''," intimating that labor's opposition was "un-American."[4] Instead, they were to be more like the Northwest Mounted Police of Canada or the trooper police of Australia, both of which had a much more respectable reputation than the maligned forces evoked by trade unionists. Outside of Pennsylvania, the new state police were also established to free up the National Guard from strikebreaking duties, which was extensive in the latter 1800s and early decades of the twentieth-century.
The strikebreaking demands on the new state police decreased over time and their mandate modernized with the creation of the inter-state highway system and proliferation of the automobile. While the early "state troopers," as the name implies, were mounted troops, by mid-century they were fully motorized police forces.
State Police
Twenty-three U.S. states actually call their state police by that term. These forces are fully empowered law enforcement agencies with statewide jurisdiction, which conduct patrols and respond to calls for service and perform all the other aforementioned duties. The State Police may be the name of the entire agency or it may fall under a Department of Public Safety. These states are: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.
The Alaska State Police was renamed Alaska State Troopers in 1967.
The California State Police (CSP), a security police agency, was merged into the California Highway Patrol in 1995.
===Highway Patrol===
In other states the state police are known by different names. However, most have the same jurisdiction over the entire state as the agencies that are simply called "State Police". The rankings of the highway patrol may be trooper or officer. The names are usually historical and do not necessarily describe the agency's function or jurisdiction. They may exist as part of or separate from the state police:
★ ''State Highway Patrol'' (Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio);
★ ''Highway Patrol'' (Alabama, California, Florida, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming),
★ ''State Patrol'' (Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska, Iowa, Washington, Wisconsin);
★ ''Highway Police'' in Arkansas.
Other State Police agencies
★ State Bureaus of Investigation (SBI) - the state's detectives.
★ State Bureau of Narcotics - the state-level counter-part to the Drug Enforcement Administration.
★ Department of Public Safety (DPS) exist in 30 states (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Vermont), many of which contain the State Police and in some cases the Highway Patrol.
★
★ Hawaii where the State of Hawaii Sheriff's Office , part of the Hawaii Department of Public Safety, serves as the state-wide law enforcement agency.
★ Motor Carrier Enforcement - another organization with many various titles and may be part of the actual State Police or Highway Patrol. Many belong the their state's Department of Transportation. These agencies conduct vehicle inspections and enforce the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP) as mandated by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). They conduct safety inspections of commercial motor vehicles (primarily trucks and buses), inspects highway shipments of hazardous materials, and performs compliance reviews (safety performance audits) on motor carriers. The DPS adopts and enforces driver and vehicle safety regulations and hazardous materials regulations as part of this program. Both the the Arkansas and the New Hampshire Higway Patrols are motor carrier enforcement agencies.
★ Marine Patrol - The state water police.
★ State Park Police - New Jersey and New York.
Sub-national territorial police forces in other countries
The Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador have provincial police forces, which are roughly analogous to U.S. state police forces. The policing responsibilities of the other provinces are contracted to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Several communities/nationalities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to "State Police" or "Community Police", like Ertzaintza in Euskadi and Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalonia.
Each state in Brazil has a ''Polícia Militar'', and a Policia Civil--despite the somewhat misleading name they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as state police SBI.
References
1. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
2. Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
3. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
4. From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State, , Gerda W., Ray, Journal of Social History,
External links
★ PoliceLink.com
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