STYLE GUIDE
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An "Identity Standards Manual" page — for the graphic design branch of corporate identity design and branding.
Publishing house 'style guides' outline standards for design and writing for a specific publication or organization. Some focus on graphic design, covering such topics as typography and white space. Web site style guides focus on a publication's visual and technical aspects, prose style, best usage, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and fairness.
Some modern style guides are for the general public, tending to focus on language over visual presentation. Although style guides do not directly address a writer's voice, some writers think them too restrictive. Like language, many style guides change with time; for example, the stylebook of the Associated Press is updated yearly.
Academia and publishing
Publishers' style guides establish house rules for language usages, such as spelling, italics, and punctuation; consistency is the major purpose of these style guides. They are rulebooks for writers, ensuring consistent language. Authors are asked or required to use a style guide in preparing their work for publication; copy editors are charged with enforcing the publishing house's style.
University style guides are particularly rigorous in the preferred source citation style; their use is required of scholars submitting research articles to academic journals.
General interest
The general public is the audience for some style guides; these may adopt the approaches of publishing houses and newspapers. Others, such as ''Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd edition)'', report how language is practiced in a given area and outline how phrases, punctuation, and grammar are actually used. Since they are for the general public, they cannot require one form of a word or phrase instead of another, though they may make strong recommendations; anyone interested in writing in a standard form of language may use such style guides.
To have an idea of how this approach is used, consider what Robert Burchfield, and observers, have stated about ''Fowler's''. On the one hand, Burchfield states, "Linguistic correctness is perhaps the dominant theme of this book", but he also states, "I believe that 'stark preachments' belong to an earlier age of comment on English usage". Indeed, John Updike, writing in ''The New Yorker'' magazine, said: "To Burchfield, the English language is a battlefield upon which he functions as a non-combatant observer."
Specialized guides
Some organizations other than the aforementioned ones produce style guides for either internal or external use. For example, communications and public relations departments of business and nonprofit organizations have style guides for their publications (newsletters, news releases, Web sites), and organizations advocating for social minorities establish what they believe to be fair and correct language treatment of their audiences.
Graphic design style guides
Many publications (notably newspapers) use graphic design style guides to demonstrate the preferred layout and formatting of a published page. They often are extremely detailed in specifying, for example, which fonts and colours to use. Such guides allow a large design team to produce visually consistent work for the organization.
Examples of style guides
International standards
Several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations. These are often used as elements of and refined in more specialized style guides that are specific to a subject, region or organization. Some examples are:
★ ISO 8 — Presentation of periodicals ★ ISO 18 — Contents lists of periodicals ★ ISO 31 — Quantities & units ★ ISO 214 — Abstracts for publication & documentation ★ ISO 215 — Presentation of contributions to periodicals & other serials ★ ISO 690 — Bibliographic references — Content, form & structure ★ ISO 832 — Bibliographic references — Abbreviations of typical words | ★ ISO 999 — Index of a publication ★ ISO 1086 — Title leaves of a book ★ ISO 2145 — Numbering of divisions & subdivisions in written documents ★ ISO 5966 — Presentation of scientific & technical reports ★ ISO 6357 — Spine titles on books & other publications ★ ISO 7144 — Presentation of theses & similar documents ★ ISO 9241 — Ergonomics of Human System Interaction ★ — Draft European Standard for Translation Services Annex D (informative) |
Canada
'Newspapers'
★ ''CP Stylebook'': Guide to newspaper style in Canada maintained by the Canadian Press. ISBN 0920009387.
★ ''The Globe and Mail Style Book'': Originally created to help writers and editors at the Globe and Mail present clear, accurate, and concise stories. ISBN 0771056850
United Kingdom
'General' ★ R.W. Burchfield; Fowler's Modern English Usage (Third edition); Clarendon Press; ISBN 0-19-861021-1 (revised 3rd edition, hardcover, 2004) (original Fowler's Modern English Usage by Fowler) ★ ''The King's English'' by the Fowler brothers, Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler... ★ ''The Oxford Style Manual'': The 2003 work combines ''The Oxford Guide to Style'' and ''The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors'' with the latter concentrating on common problems. ★ ''Plain Words'' by Sir Ernest Gowers ★ ''Usage and Abusage'' by Eric Partridge | 'Journalism' ★ ''The BBC News Style Guide'': pdf format, from the British Broadcasting Corporation ★ ''The Economist Style Guide'': from The Economist (United Kingdom) ★ ''The Guardian Style Guide'': from ''The Guardian'' (United Kingdom) ★ ''The Times Style and Usage Guide'': from ''The Times'' (United Kingdom) |
United States
In the United States, the two most widely-used style guides are the Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press stylebook. Most newspapers base their styles upon the Associated Press, but also have their own style guides for local terms and individual preferences. ''The Elements of Style'', by Strunk and White, is considered a classic style guide for the general public, and remains a popular book in high schools and college bookstores. Bill Walsh, in "Lapsing into a Comma" and at his Web site, The Slot, addresses contemporary conundrums such as nonstandard orthography in names, as in "Yahoo!" for the Internet portal. As of 2000, Walsh's popular The Curmudgeon's Stylebook is no longer on-line.
'General' ★ ''The Chicago Manual of Style'': mostly publishing conventions; ranks high in sales figures by Amazon ★ ''The Elements of Style'' by Strunk and White, United States ★ ''Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words'' by Bill Bryson 'Books and general interest' ★ ''The Chicago Manual of Style''; University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-10403-6 (15th edition, hardcover, 2003). Margaret Mahan wrote the preface, but is not credited as editor. ★ ''The Classics of Style''; The American Academic Press; ISBN 0-9787282-0-3, 2006. This book contains writing guidance from Strunk, Emerson, Whitman, Poe, and other writers. 'Web sites' ★ Janice Walker and Todd Taylor ''The Columbia Guide to Online Style''; Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-10789-7 (paperback, 1998) and ISBN 0-231-10788-9 (hardback, 1998) ★ Holwerda, T. ''OSNews Style Guide: Rules and Guidelines for Publishing and Participating on OSNews''; OSNews (2007) | 'Newspapers' ★ ''AP Stylebook'': self-indexed; the foremost guide to newspaper style in the United States maintained by the Associated Press. ★ ''The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, revised edition. Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly. New York: Times Books, 1999. ISBN 0-8129-6388-1. Self-indexed. ★ Wall Street Journal style guide 'Government' ★ ''GPO Style Manual'' 'Law' ★ ''The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation'', published by the Harvard Law Review Association in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review , the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale Law Journal. |
Academic
★ ''ACS Style Guide'': style for scientific papers published in journals of the American Chemical Society
★ ''American Medical Association Manual of Style'': style for medical papers published in journals of the American Medical Association
★ ''APA style'': academic style for the social sciences by the American Psychological Association
★ ''American Sociological Association Style Guide'': academic style for the social sciences by the American Sociological Association
★ ''Geoscience Reporting Guidelines'': style and guidelines for writers & editors of geoscience reports (industry, academic etc)
★ ''Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers'': style for scientific papers published by the Council of Science Editors, a group formerly known as the Council of Biology Editors
★ ''The Lancet: Formatting guidelines for electronic submission of revised manuscripts'' Formatting requirements for ''The Lancet''; academic style for research and other articles for submission.
★ ''MHRA Style Guide'': academic style for the arts and humanities published by the Modern Humanities Research Association; available for free download (see article); based in the United Kingdom
★ ''MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers'': academic style for the arts and humanities by the Modern Language Association of America
★ ''The Style Manual for Political Science'': academic style used by many American political science journals, published by the American Political Science Association.
★ "Turabian": popular name for a widely used academic style guide based on the ''Chicago Manual''
★ ''Words into Type'': publishing conventions, less scholarly, more accessible than the ''Chicago Manual''
★ ''Nature'' - Formatting Guide (Word-file)
★ ''Advances in Physics'' - Style Guide (Adobe pdf)
For a summary and comparison of academic style guides, see Style Manuals and Writing Guides by the CSULA University Library.
Computer industry (software and hardware)
★ ''Read Me First! A Style Guide for the Computer Industry''; Sun Technical Publications/Prentice Hall; ISBN 0-13-142899-3 (2nd edition, 2003). Provides comprehensive guidelines for documenting computer products, from writing about web sites to legal guidelines, from writing for an international audience, to developing a documentation department.
★ ''Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications''; Microsoft Press; ISBN 0-7356-1746-5 (3rd Bk&CD edition, 2003). Provides a style standard for technical documentation, including: use of terminology; conventions, procedure, and design treatments; and punctuation and grammar usage.
Graphic design style guides
★ An (unfinished) example of a newspaper's style guide is that of The Spokesman-Review of Spokane, Washington - MG Redesign prepared this guide when it consulted on a 2006 redesign of the newspaper.
See also
★ The Elements of Style ★ English writing style ★ Diction ★ Disputed usage ★ | ★ Grammar from a linguistic perspective. ★ Prescription and description ★ Punctuation ★ Spelling |
External links
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
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