SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR

'Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar' (Tamil: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்)
(IPA: [ˌtʃʌn.dɹʌ.ˈʃe(ɪ).kɑɹ])
(October 19, 1910, Lahore, British India, now in Pakistan, – August 21, 1995, Chicago, Illinois, United States)^[2] was an American astrophysicist born in British India into a Tamil Brahmin family.^[3] He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with William Alfred Fowler) for his theoretical work on the structure and evolution of stars.
Chandrasekhar served on the University of Chicago faculty from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1953.

Contents

Early life and education

Career

Nobel prize

Legacy

Awards

Notes

References

External links

Early life and education

Chandrasekhar was the third of ten children born to Sita Ayyar (née Balakrishnan) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar, a senior officer in the Indian Audits and Accounts Department, who was posted in Lahore as the Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways. Chandrasekhar's mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits and had translated Henrik Ibsen's ''A Doll House'' into Tamil. His father was an accomplished Carnatic music violinist who had authored several books on musicology. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Nobel-prize winning physicist C. V. Raman.
Chandrasekhar attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, Madras, British India during the years 1922-25. Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College from 1925 to 1930, obtaining his bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he became a research student of Professor R. H. Fowler, and was admitted to Trinity College. On the advice of Prof. P. A. M. Dirac, Chandrasekhar spent a year at the ''Institut for Teoretisk Fysik'' in Copenhagen, where he met Prof. Niels Bohr.
In the summer of 1933, Chandrasekhar was awarded his Ph.D. degree at Cambridge, and the following October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933-37. During this time, he formed friendships with Sir Arthur Eddington and Professor E. A. Milne.
In September 1936, Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy, who he had met as a fellow student at Presidency College, Madras, and who was a year junior to him. In his Nobel autobiography, Chandrasekhar wrote, "Lalitha's patient understanding, support, and encouragement have been the central facts of my life."

Career

The following year (January 1937), Chandrasekhar was recruited to the University of Chicago faculty as Assistant Professor by Dr. Otto Struve and President Robert Maynard Hutchins. He was to remain at the university for his entire career, becoming Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in 1952 and attaining emeritus status in 1985.
During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratories at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of ballistics; for example, two reports from 1943 were titled, ''On the decay of plane shock waves'' and ''The normal reflection of a blast wave''.''Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar'' Biography. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. February 2005.
Chandrasekhar developed a style of working continuously in one specific area of astrophysics for a number of years; consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He studied stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently focused on stellar dynamics from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the theory of radiative transfer and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, but also general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of black holes, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding gravitational waves.
During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project which was devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir Isaac Newton's ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' using the language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book ''Newton's Principia for the Common Reader'', published in 1995.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar died of heart failure in Chicago in 1995, and was survived by his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar. In the ''Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society of London'', R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again."^[4]

Nobel prize

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars, though he was upset that the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing this as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. It is not certain if the Nobel selection committee was at least remotely influenced in formulating this citation by the early criticisms of Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, another distinguished astrophysicist of his time and a senior to him. His lifetime's achievement may be glimpsed in the footnotes to his Nobel lecture.

Legacy

Chandrasekhar's most famous success was the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit. The limit describes the maximum mass (~1.44 solar masses) of a white dwarf star, or equivalently, the minimum mass for which a star will ultimately collapse into a neutron star or black hole (following a supernova). The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar while on a ship from India to Cambridge, England, where he was to study under the eminent astrophysicist, Sir Ralph Howard Fowler. When Chandrasekhar first proposed his ideas, he was opposed by the British physicist Arthur Eddington, and this may have played a part in his decision to move to the University of Chicago in the United States.
In 1999, NASA named the third of its four "Great Observatories'" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and deployed by Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' on July 23, 1999. The name Chandrasekhar is one of the appellations of Shiva meaning "holder of the moon" in Sanskrit and is a common Tamil name.
The Chandrasekhar number, an important dimensionless number of magnetohydrodynamics, is named after him.
The asteroid 1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar.

Awards

★ Fellow of the Royal Society (1944)

★ Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1949)

★ Bruce Medal (1952)

★ Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1953)

★ National Medal of Science award by President Lyndon Johnson (1967)

★ Henry Draper Medal (1971)

★ Nobel Prize in Physics (1983)

★ Copley Medal, the highest honour, of the Royal Society (1984)

Notes

1. Vishveshwara, S. 2000. ''Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections'', ''Current Science'', 78(8):1025-1033.
2. Bio-Chandrasekhar
3. Chandrasekhar, S. 1983. ''Autobiography'' Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.
4. Tayler, R. J. 1996. "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar", ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London'' 42:81-94.

References

;Books written by Chandrasekhar :

★ An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure, , S., Chandrasekhar, Dover, 1958, ISBN 0-486-60413-6

★ Principles of Stellar Dynamics, , S., Chandrasekhar, Dover, 2005, ISBN 0-486-44273-X

★ Radiative Transfer, , S., Chandrasekhar, Dover, 1960, ISBN 0-486-60590-6

★ Plasma Physics, , S., Chandrasekhar, The University of Chicago Press, 1975, ISBN 0-226-10084-7

★ Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, , S., Chandrasekhar, Dover, 1981, ISBN 0-486-64071-X

★ Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium, , S., Chandrasekhar, Dover, 1987, ISBN 0-486-65258-0

★ The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes, , S., Chandrasekhar, Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-850370-9

★ Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science, , S., Chandrasekhar, The University of Chicago Press, 1990, ISBN 0-226-10087-1

★ Newton's Principia for the Common Reader, , S., Chandrasekhar, Clarendon Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-851744-0
;Books about Chandrasekhar and his work :

★ Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes, , Arthur I., Miller, Houghton Mifflin, 2005, ISBN 0-618-34151-X

★ From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar, , G. (ed.), Srinivasan, The University of Chicago Press, 1997, ISBN 0-226-76996-8

★ Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar, , Kameshwar C., Wali, The University of Chicago Press, 1991, ISBN 0-226-87054-5

★ Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend - Chandra Remembered, , Kameshwar C. (ed.), Wali, imperial College Press, 1997, ISBN 1-86094-038-2

External links

★ National Academy of Sciences biography

★ Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar

★ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

★ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

★ Subramaniam Chandrashekhar

★ Bruce Medal page

★ Awarding of Bruce Medal: PASP '64' (1952) 55
;Obituaries

★ BAAS '28' (1996) 1448

★ Obs '116' (1996) 121 comment

★ PASP '109' (1997) 73

★ QJRAS '37' (1996) 261