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EspañolSUMATRAN RHINOCEROS
(Redirected from Sumatran rhinoceros)
The 'Sumatran Rhinoceros', ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' is the smallest extant rhinoceros species, as well as the one with the most fur, which allows it to survive at very high altitudes in Borneo and Sumatra. Due to habitat loss and poaching, its numbers have declined and it is one of the world's rarest mammals. The Sumatran Rhinoceros is the last surviving species in the same group as the extinct Woolly Rhinoceros.
The Sumatran Rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous distribution as far north as Myanmar and eastern India; however poaching has made it extinct in Thailand and Vietnam, while it has not been seen in Cambodia, Laos or Myanmar for many years. They currently are found primarily in Sumatra and Borneo.
Thomas C. Jerdon noted the range and abundance of the species in 1874:
Females become sexually mature at the age of 4-6 years, while males become sexually mature at 10 years old. Females only come into estrus when a male is nearby. The gestation period is around 400 days and the calf is weaned at 16-18 months and stays with the mother for 2-3 years. The birth interval for this species is 3-4 years.
Sumatran Rhinoceroses were once quite numerous throughout southeast Asia. Now only an estimated 300 individuals remain, almost all in Sundaland. It is critically endangered due to destruction of its rainforest habitat and illegal and unchecked poaching. In the past decade its population has dropped 50%. Most remaining habitat is in inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia, where the government has shown no inclination to discourage clearing of rhino habitat for the benefit of the timber industry.
Poaching of Sumatran Rhinoceros, though less of a problem than with African Rhinoceros (at least in terms of number of animals killed), is particularly insidious because dealers who stock Sumatran Rhinoceros horn (whose price is unknown but is probably at least $200 per gram), know that once the species becomes extinct, the price of its horn will likely dramatically increase.
Attempts to replenish the population by breeding them in captivity have proved difficult. However, there have been three recent births of Sumatran Rhinoceros calves, and all three to the same mother and father named "Emi" and "Ipuh" at the Cincinnati Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio:
★ A male calf, named "Andalas", in September 2001 [1], which has since been returned to the Indonesian government and the island of Sumatra to take part in further breeding programs [2];
★ A female calf, named "Suci", on July 30, 2004 [3], which continues to remain with its parents in Cincinnati;
★ And the newest addition, a second male calf named "Harapan" or "Harry", on April 29, 2007 [4].
★ (In the Malaysian language, 'Andalas', mean sprouting or healty plant, 'Suci', means pure, and 'Harapan', means hope.)
There are three subspecies:
★ 'Eastern Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni'' Once common throughout Borneo. Now only 50 indiviuals remain and all live in Sabah, Borneo. There are unconfirmed reports of animals surviving in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Logging and illegal poaching are responsible for its demise.
★ 'Western Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis'' Only 300 animals are alive, mostly in Sumatra. The main threats against them are habitat loss and illegal poaching. There is a slight genetic difference between the Western and Eastern Sumatran Rhinos.
★ 'Northern Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis'' Once it roamed in India and Bangledesh but now are believed extinct. However unconfirmed reports suggest that there may be a very small population still surviving in Myanmar.
The rarest and most extensive footage of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in its natural habitat, can be found in the 47min Asia Geographic documentary produced by James Reynolds and Mike Cabarles featuring 7 Sumatran Rhinos in West Malaysia and 2 in Sepilok, Sabah. NHNZ showed about one minute of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian based cameraman Alain Compost, in their 2001 documentary ''The Forgotten Rhino'', which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos. The BBC's Natural History Unit also showed some Sumatran rhino in their 2003 documentary ''The Natural World:Indonesia Fire Islands''.
On April 24, 2007 it was announced that in the jungles of Malaysian Borneo cameras had captured night time footage of a Sumatran rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The rhino in the two-minute footage is a rare Bornean subspecies of which only 25 to 50 are believed to be left on the island scientists estimate, mostly found in the dense interior jungles of Sabah, a state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Although found in a commercial forest where logging is commonplace the video will be used to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone. This is the first-ever footage that shows the elusive Borneo rhino's natural behaviour in the wild. [5]
★ Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A1bcd, C2a v2.3)
★ Rabinowitz, Alan (June 1995) "Helping a Species Go Extinct: The Sumatran Rhino in Borneo" ''Conservation Biology'' 9(3): pp. 482-488
★ Khan, M.K.M. 1986. 'Asian Rhinoceros Action Plan'. IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group Gland, Switzerland.
★ Vidyadaran MK, Rozyati TH, Richard XM, Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT. 1992. The cervical vertebrae of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis). Malayan Nature Journal 46:53-63.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT, Suri MSM. 1990. The husbandry and veterinary care of captive Sumatran rhinoceros at Zoo Melaka. Malayan Nature Journal 44: 1-19.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Vidyadran MK, Abdullah MT, Rozyati TH, Peng BT. 1990. Observation on the skeleton of the Sumatran rhinoceros. Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia 2(1): 59-61.
★ Abdullah MT, Zainal-Zahari Z, Shukor MD, Norliah B, Zainun AB. 1987. Notes on the birth of a Sumatran rhinoceros at Malacca Zoo. J. Wildlife and Parks 6:39-42.
★ Flynn RW, Abdullah MT. 1983. Distribution and number of Sumatran rhinoceros in the Endau-Rompin region of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 36: 219-247.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT, and Mohd Samsuddin MS. 1990. Precopulatory behaviour in Sumatran rhinoceros at Zoo Melaka. Proceeding of the Third Conference of Southeast Asia Zoos, Bogor.
★ Zainuddin ZZ, Abdullah MT, Suri MSM, and Marid-Hassan ARK. 1990. Milk composition of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Veterinary Association of Malaysia. pp 121-122.
★ Richard XM, Zainuddin ZZ, Vidyadran MK, and Abdullah MT. 1990. Some aspects on the behaviour of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Veterinary Association of Malaysia. pp 118-120
★ Zainuddin ZZ, Sheikh-Omar AR, and Abdullah MT. 1989. Severe necrotizing enteritis in a Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). First Congress of the Veterinary Association of Malaysia.
★ Abdullah MT, Zainuddin ZZ, and Suri MSM. 1989. A review of the Sumatran rhinoceros conservation programme and assessment of management alternatives for the future. In Proceedings of the International Conference on National Parks and Protected areas. Kuala Lumpur, pp 191-205.
★ Abdullah MT and Abidin ZZ. 1986. Konservasi hidupan liar di Malaysia. Seminar Zoologi Kebangsaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
★ Abdullah MT. 1977. Hutan kita akan pupus menjelang 1990. Utusan Malaysia 25 Oktober 1997.
★ Abdullah MT. 1977. Maka runtuhlah satu lagi keagungan kita. Utusan Malaysia. 24 Oktober 1977.
★ Watch rare video footage of Borneo Rhino in the wild
★ www.thelittlestrhino.com - Watch free clips of the rarest and most extensive footage of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in its natural habitat.
★ www.asiageographic.com has a documentary film on the Sumatran Rhinoceros with free preview clips
★ Watch a baby Sumatran rhino live on a webcam from Cincinnati Zoo
★ IUCN Red List
★ Information on the Sumatran Rhino from the International Rhino Foundation
★ Sumatran rhino tracks spark hopes BBC
★ Sumatran Rhino Breeding Program
★ Anatomy
★ Genetics
★ IRF Asian Rhino Specialist Group
★ Extinction
★ Spark of hope
★ Captivity
★ Asian Rhino Foundation
★ Animal info
★ Ultimate Ungulate
★ Blue Planet
★ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative
★ [6]
★ A Sumatran rhino's last chance for love
The 'Sumatran Rhinoceros', ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'' is the smallest extant rhinoceros species, as well as the one with the most fur, which allows it to survive at very high altitudes in Borneo and Sumatra. Due to habitat loss and poaching, its numbers have declined and it is one of the world's rarest mammals. The Sumatran Rhinoceros is the last surviving species in the same group as the extinct Woolly Rhinoceros.
| Contents |
| Range |
| Reproduction |
| Population & Threats |
| Subspecies |
| Sumatran Rhino on Television |
| References |
| Video Clips |
| External links |
Range
The Sumatran Rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous distribution as far north as Myanmar and eastern India; however poaching has made it extinct in Thailand and Vietnam, while it has not been seen in Cambodia, Laos or Myanmar for many years. They currently are found primarily in Sumatra and Borneo.
Thomas C. Jerdon noted the range and abundance of the species in 1874:
Reproduction
Females become sexually mature at the age of 4-6 years, while males become sexually mature at 10 years old. Females only come into estrus when a male is nearby. The gestation period is around 400 days and the calf is weaned at 16-18 months and stays with the mother for 2-3 years. The birth interval for this species is 3-4 years.
Population & Threats
Sumatran Rhinoceros in Bronx Zoo
Sumatran Rhinoceroses were once quite numerous throughout southeast Asia. Now only an estimated 300 individuals remain, almost all in Sundaland. It is critically endangered due to destruction of its rainforest habitat and illegal and unchecked poaching. In the past decade its population has dropped 50%. Most remaining habitat is in inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia, where the government has shown no inclination to discourage clearing of rhino habitat for the benefit of the timber industry.
Poaching of Sumatran Rhinoceros, though less of a problem than with African Rhinoceros (at least in terms of number of animals killed), is particularly insidious because dealers who stock Sumatran Rhinoceros horn (whose price is unknown but is probably at least $200 per gram), know that once the species becomes extinct, the price of its horn will likely dramatically increase.
Attempts to replenish the population by breeding them in captivity have proved difficult. However, there have been three recent births of Sumatran Rhinoceros calves, and all three to the same mother and father named "Emi" and "Ipuh" at the Cincinnati Zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio:
★ A male calf, named "Andalas", in September 2001 [1], which has since been returned to the Indonesian government and the island of Sumatra to take part in further breeding programs [2];
★ A female calf, named "Suci", on July 30, 2004 [3], which continues to remain with its parents in Cincinnati;
★ And the newest addition, a second male calf named "Harapan" or "Harry", on April 29, 2007 [4].
★ (In the Malaysian language, 'Andalas', mean sprouting or healty plant, 'Suci', means pure, and 'Harapan', means hope.)
Subspecies
There are three subspecies:
★ 'Eastern Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni'' Once common throughout Borneo. Now only 50 indiviuals remain and all live in Sabah, Borneo. There are unconfirmed reports of animals surviving in Sarawak and Kalimantan. Logging and illegal poaching are responsible for its demise.
★ 'Western Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis'' Only 300 animals are alive, mostly in Sumatra. The main threats against them are habitat loss and illegal poaching. There is a slight genetic difference between the Western and Eastern Sumatran Rhinos.
★ 'Northern Sumatran Rhinoceros,' ''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis'' Once it roamed in India and Bangledesh but now are believed extinct. However unconfirmed reports suggest that there may be a very small population still surviving in Myanmar.
Sumatran Rhino on Television
The rarest and most extensive footage of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in its natural habitat, can be found in the 47min Asia Geographic documentary produced by James Reynolds and Mike Cabarles featuring 7 Sumatran Rhinos in West Malaysia and 2 in Sepilok, Sabah. NHNZ showed about one minute of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian based cameraman Alain Compost, in their 2001 documentary ''The Forgotten Rhino'', which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos. The BBC's Natural History Unit also showed some Sumatran rhino in their 2003 documentary ''The Natural World:Indonesia Fire Islands''.
On April 24, 2007 it was announced that in the jungles of Malaysian Borneo cameras had captured night time footage of a Sumatran rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The rhino in the two-minute footage is a rare Bornean subspecies of which only 25 to 50 are believed to be left on the island scientists estimate, mostly found in the dense interior jungles of Sabah, a state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Although found in a commercial forest where logging is commonplace the video will be used to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone. This is the first-ever footage that shows the elusive Borneo rhino's natural behaviour in the wild. [5]
References
★ Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A1bcd, C2a v2.3)
★ Rabinowitz, Alan (June 1995) "Helping a Species Go Extinct: The Sumatran Rhino in Borneo" ''Conservation Biology'' 9(3): pp. 482-488
★ Khan, M.K.M. 1986. 'Asian Rhinoceros Action Plan'. IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group Gland, Switzerland.
★ Vidyadaran MK, Rozyati TH, Richard XM, Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT. 1992. The cervical vertebrae of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis). Malayan Nature Journal 46:53-63.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT, Suri MSM. 1990. The husbandry and veterinary care of captive Sumatran rhinoceros at Zoo Melaka. Malayan Nature Journal 44: 1-19.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Vidyadran MK, Abdullah MT, Rozyati TH, Peng BT. 1990. Observation on the skeleton of the Sumatran rhinoceros. Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia 2(1): 59-61.
★ Abdullah MT, Zainal-Zahari Z, Shukor MD, Norliah B, Zainun AB. 1987. Notes on the birth of a Sumatran rhinoceros at Malacca Zoo. J. Wildlife and Parks 6:39-42.
★ Flynn RW, Abdullah MT. 1983. Distribution and number of Sumatran rhinoceros in the Endau-Rompin region of Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 36: 219-247.
★ Zainal-Zahari Z, Abdullah MT, and Mohd Samsuddin MS. 1990. Precopulatory behaviour in Sumatran rhinoceros at Zoo Melaka. Proceeding of the Third Conference of Southeast Asia Zoos, Bogor.
★ Zainuddin ZZ, Abdullah MT, Suri MSM, and Marid-Hassan ARK. 1990. Milk composition of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Veterinary Association of Malaysia. pp 121-122.
★ Richard XM, Zainuddin ZZ, Vidyadran MK, and Abdullah MT. 1990. Some aspects on the behaviour of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Veterinary Association of Malaysia. pp 118-120
★ Zainuddin ZZ, Sheikh-Omar AR, and Abdullah MT. 1989. Severe necrotizing enteritis in a Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). First Congress of the Veterinary Association of Malaysia.
★ Abdullah MT, Zainuddin ZZ, and Suri MSM. 1989. A review of the Sumatran rhinoceros conservation programme and assessment of management alternatives for the future. In Proceedings of the International Conference on National Parks and Protected areas. Kuala Lumpur, pp 191-205.
★ Abdullah MT and Abidin ZZ. 1986. Konservasi hidupan liar di Malaysia. Seminar Zoologi Kebangsaan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
★ Abdullah MT. 1977. Hutan kita akan pupus menjelang 1990. Utusan Malaysia 25 Oktober 1997.
★ Abdullah MT. 1977. Maka runtuhlah satu lagi keagungan kita. Utusan Malaysia. 24 Oktober 1977.
Video Clips
★ Watch rare video footage of Borneo Rhino in the wild
★ www.thelittlestrhino.com - Watch free clips of the rarest and most extensive footage of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in its natural habitat.
★ www.asiageographic.com has a documentary film on the Sumatran Rhinoceros with free preview clips
★ Watch a baby Sumatran rhino live on a webcam from Cincinnati Zoo
External links
★ IUCN Red List
★ Information on the Sumatran Rhino from the International Rhino Foundation
★ Sumatran rhino tracks spark hopes BBC
★ Sumatran Rhino Breeding Program
★ Anatomy
★ Genetics
★ IRF Asian Rhino Specialist Group
★ Extinction
★ Spark of hope
★ Captivity
★ Asian Rhino Foundation
★ Animal info
★ Ultimate Ungulate
★ Blue Planet
★ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative
★ [6]
★ A Sumatran rhino's last chance for love
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