:''For the abstract strategy board game, see
Surakarta (game).''
'Surakarta' (its formal name; locally it is referred to as 'Solo') is an
Indonesian city of approximately 500,000 people located in
Central Java. It is some 65
km (40
miles) northeast of
Yogyakarta, and 100 km (60 miles) southeast of
Semarang. The city was a center of power during the
18th century Mataram Sultanate. It is also at times called Soerakarta.
[1]
Name
The local inhabitants are more familiar with and use the name of "Solo" or "Sala" for the city, rather than "Surakarta". "Surakarta" is however used in formal and official contexts. The city has similar name with neighboring district of "Kartasura", which the preceded capital of Mataram located.
Geography
The eastern part of the town is bordered by
Bengawan Solo River, the longest river on Java. The river is the inspiration for the song ''
Bengawan Solo'', a 1940s composition by
Gesang Martohartono which became famous throughout much of Asia.
Government
The royal head of Surakarta has the title
Susuhunan.
Subdistricts
Surakarta is divided into 5
subdistricts (''kecamatan''):
Banjarsari,
Jebres,
Laweyan,
Pasar Kliwon, and
Serengan.
Important Places
There are 2 major markets in the city, namely Pasar Klewer and Pasar Gede.
Pasar Klewer is famous as the biggest textile market in the region.
Pasar Klewer and Gapura Kraton (Klewer Textile Market and Kraton Gate)
History
This is the older of the two royal cities in Central Java (the other is Yogyakarta), and its ruling family can lay claim to being the rightful heirs to the Mataram dynasty. Like Yogya, Solo has two royal palaces and a number of museums, yet its tourist industry is nowhere near as developed. The city's main source of income is from
textiles, and Solo has the biggest
batik market on Java. Solo also makes an ideal base from which to visit the home of
Java Man at Sangiran, as well as the intriguing temples
Candi Ceto and
Candi Sukuh.
Founding The Dynasty
A series of wars and clashes between the Adipati (dukes) followed the death of the last Sultan of
Demak Bintoro, the first Islamic kingdom in
Java. One of the prominent powerful dukes was
Jaka Tingkir, son-in-law of the late sultan. After defeating the last opponent duke of Jipang-Panola,
Jaka Tingkir aka. Sultan
Hadiwijaya claimed the throne and moved the capital to the city of Pajang, located about 8 miles from the present-day Surakarta. His adopted son,
Sutawijaya, formed a conspiracy and killed him with the favour of an assassin. Then, he ascended the throne and once again, moved the capital to
Mataram in the present-day province of Jogjakarta, and a new dynasty was founded. It was such an irony to find out that Sutawijaya was the man of the battle which fought against the duke of Jipang-Panola and killed the duke, gained the victory for Pajang.
Pakubuwono II
Up until 1744, Solo was little more than a quiet backwater village, 10km east of
Kartasura, the contemporary capital of the Mataram kingdom. But in that year the Mataram susuhunan (king), Pakubuwono II, backed the Chinese against the Dutch, and the court at Kartasura was sacked as a result.
Pakubuwono II searched for a more auspicious spot to rebuild his capital, and in 1745 the entire court was dismantled and transported in a great procession to Surakarta, on the banks of the Kali (River) Solo. It was said that the place he chose to be the new palace was sited on a small lake. It was also said by the "babad" or official record of court historians that the lake was drained by the favor of the mythical queen of the southern sea, Nyi Roro Kidul.
However, the decline continued, and in 1757, after the kingdom of Mataram was divided into the Surakarta Sunanate (northern court) and the Jogjakarta Sultanate (southern court), another rival royal house of
Mangkunegoro was established by
Raden Mas Said aka. Pangeran Samber Nyowo (The Slayer Prince) right in the centre of Solo. It marked the success of Dutch policies in
East Indies, which were known as "divide et impera" (divide and conquer).
Mataram held so much influence in
Java, yet it remained nothing more than falling under the Dutch's hands.
Thereafter, Solo's royal houses wisely avoided fighting and instead threw their energies into the arts, developing a highly sophisticated and graceful court culture. The
gamelan pavilions became the new theatres of war, with each city competing to produce the more refined court culture.
Wayang Kulit and
Wayang Wong are some theatrical arts still performed today.
Pakubuwono X
Perhaps the most significant ruler of the twentieth century, was
Pakubuwono X. His relationship with the Dutch, and his large family, and his popularity contributed to perhaps the largest funeral procession that ever occurred in Solo. He had contributed large expenditure on the Royal Graveyard at
Imogiri in the main sections of the graveyard, as well as towards the new section that he was buried in. In the era just prior to independence Surakarta had European, Chinese and Arab quarters.
Struggle for Independence
After hearing the
proclamation of Indonesian Independence, both
Mangkunegara VII and
Pakubuwono IX declared Surakarta a part of Republic of Indonesia (RI). Because of this support, President
Soekarno declared Surakarta as Daerah Istimewa Surakarta (DIS)/"Surakarta Special Region".
In
October 1945, an anti-"swapraja" (anti-feudalism/anti-monarchy) movement was established in Surakarta. One of the leaders of this movement was
Tan Malaka, a member of the
Indonesian Communist Party. This organization wanted to abolish all feudal kingdoms in Surakarta, the Surakarta special region (DIS), and replace all regents in Surakarta. The key debate was whether the end of Dutch rule should bring a total change in the government, or whether the ancient and historic institutions, giving the people a link to pre-colonial times, should be retained.
October 17,
1945, KRMH
Sosrodiningrat, the vizier of
Mangkunegara kingdom was kidnapped and murdered by communists. The new vizier, KRMT
Yudonagoro and 9 other officials from Kepatihan were also kidnapped and murdered by the same movement in
March of
1946.
In 1946, the capital of Republic of Indonesia (RI) was moved to the nearby city of Yogyakarta.
On
June 16, 1946, the DIS was abolished replaced with regency (''kabupaten'') of Surakarta. This event is commemorated as the birthday of the city of Surakarta. This only has administrative and not civic significance.
On June 26, 1946,
Prime Minister of Indonesia Sutan Syahrir was kidnapped by a rebel movement led by Major General
Soedarsono, the commander of 3rd division.
President Soekarno (more often called Sukarno) was angry at this kidnapping and on
July 1, 1946, 14 civilian leaders of this movement, including Tan Malaka was arrested by Indonesian police.
On
July 2, 1946, the rebel leaders were freed from Wirogunan prison by rebel troops, led by Maj. Gen. Soedarsono.
President Soekarno asked the local military commander in Surakarta, Lieutenant Colonel
Soeharto (later becoming President Soeharto [oten spelled Suharto]) to arrest Major General Soedarsono and the rebel group. Lt. Col. Soeharto refused to follow this command unless it was given directly by the Military Chief of Staff, General
Soedirman. President Soekarno was angry at this rejection of his authority to give direct commands to all levels of the military, and called Lt. Col. Soeharto a stubborn ("koppig") officer.
Lt. Col. Soeharto pretended that he supported the rebellion and persuaded Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and his group to stay at his Head Quarters at Wiyoro, Surakarta for their own safety. Later that night he persuaded Maj. Gen. Soedarsono to meet President Soekarno at his palace on the next morning. Lt. Col. Soeharto secretly informed the presidential guard troops about Maj. Gen. Soedarsono plan on the next morning.
On
July 3, 1946, Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and his group was arrested by the presidential guard troops near the palace. PM Syahrir was released unharmed. Several months later, Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and his group were pardoned and released from prison.
Later this rebellion was called the "failed July 3, 1946 coup". This event is mentioned in President Soeharto's
autobiography published in
1988.
From 1945 to 1948, the Dutch re-occupied various regions in Java. The remaining area of Republic Indonesia were in Yogyakarta, Surakarta and surrounding areas.
In
December 1948, the Dutch attacked and occupied the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. The Indonesian army led by General Soedirman started a
guerrilla war from surrounding areas. The Dutch said that RI was destroyed and no longer existed.
To disprove this claim, the Indonesian army conducted large scale raids into the cities of Jogyakarta and Surakarta called "
Serangan Oemoem". The Indonesian troops managed to beat the Dutch troops and occupy the city for several hours. The leader of the raid to Yogyakarta was Lt. Col. Soeharto. The leader of a similar raid on Surakarta on August 7, 1949 was Lt. Col.
Slamet Riyadi.
To commemorate this event, the main street on the city of Surakarta is renamed as "Brigadier General Slamet Riyadi Street".
Independence
By 1950 Surakarta had a population of 165,484
[2] In 1950 Surakarta, or Solo, was a trade center for such agricultural products as rice, rubber, corn, indigo, cassava and sugar. It also had seen the development of some industries. These included tanning, textiles and machinery. Also
batik making was a common activity.
1960s troubles
From
October 1965 to
1966, there was a large scale chaos in Central Java, because of an abortive coup by a rebel group called "
Dewan Revolusi" or
G30S.
Recent Developments
In the early 1980s,
Abubakar Basyir and
Husein Al Habshi established
Pesantren Ngruki, an Islamic school in Surakarta. Their views are considered by some to be extreme and hard line, a threat to the pluralistic and democratic nature of Indonesian society.
In 1984-1985, an extreme Muslim group with connections to the Ngruki school began plotting ciolent actions. They planned to attack foreign tourists in the nearby Borobudur temple and on the island of
Bali. However the bomb at Borobudur exploded prematurely early in the morning, and no one was hurt. The bomb sent to Bali exploded prematurely on the "Pemudi" bus on the way from Surakarta to Bali.
In 1985, Basyir and Habshi were arrested by the police. They were sentenced to several years in prison. They appealed the sentence and during the appeal process, Basyir managed to escape to
Malaysia and stayed there for 14 years. In Malaysia, Basyir and Sungkar established the "
Jihad Islam" (JI) organization.
In
May 1998, there was a large scale riot in Surakarta, because of oil price hikes. A mob ransacked and burned the office of the Surakarta mayor and other nearby government buildings. The destroyed buildings have since been rebuilt.
In 1999, Basyir returned to Indonesia and established an Islamist group called
Majelis Mujahiddin Indonesia (MMI) in Surakarta. This group often conducts sweeps against foreign tourists from the
USA, the
UK,
Denmark, and
Italy in Surakarta.
From 2002 to 2005, terrorists related to the JI group were blamed for bomb attacks against foreign tourist in various areas in Indonesia. Some believe most JI terrorists are alumni of "Pesantren Ngruki" in Surakarta. However since most of these Islamist radicals are still at large it is hard to say what their full history is.
Local dialect
Although people in Central Java use the same language named ''boso Jowo'' (
Javanese), they have special characteristics which differentiate from which region they come. For example, for the word "cold" (''dingin'' in Indonesian, especially for weather), people in Surakarta use the word ''adem'', but people in Semarang use the word ''atis''. The Javanese language of Surakarta and Yogyakarta is used as the standard for all Javanese speakers throughout the nation. However it should be born in mind that Indonisias official language is not Javanese, so this languge is of less importance than its number of native speakers would suggest.
Cuisine
Some of the local foods include Nasi Liwet, Nasi Timlo, and Serabi.
References
★ Miksic, John (general ed.), et al. (2006) ''Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java'' (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore ISBN 981-261-226-2
★ Soeharto, G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. "Ucapan, Pikiran dan Tindakan Saya". 1988. PT Citra Lamtoro Gung.
External links
★
Military History Centre - "Serangan Oemoem" (August 7, 1949).
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