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EspañolSYMPHONY NO. 94 (HAYDN)
The 'Symphony No. 94' in G major (Hoboken 1/94) is the second of the so-called twelve London symphonies (numbers 93-104) written by Joseph Haydn. It is usually called by its nickname, the 'Surprise Symphony'. The work is among the most popular of Haydn's symphonies and is frequently performed and recorded.
Haydn's music contains many jokes, and the 'Surprise' Symphony includes probably the most famous of all: a sudden loud chord in the theme of the variation-form second movement after a tranquil opening. The music then returns to its original quiet dynamic, as if nothing had happened, and the ensuing variations do not repeat the joke.
Haydn wrote the symphony in 1791 in London for a concert series he gave during the first of his two visits to England (1791-1792). The premiere took place on March 27, 1792, with Haydn leading the orchestra seated at a fortepiano.
As with Haydn's England visits in general, the premiere was greatly successful. One reviewer wrote that the symphony was "equal to the happiest of this great Master's conceptions." In his feeble old age Haydn remembered the premiere with nostalgia, recounting to his biographer Griesinger:
:...''it was my wish to surprise the public with something new, and to make a debut in a brilliant manner, in order not to be outdone by my pupil Pleyel''[ who was leading a rival series of concerts] ...''the first Allegro of my Symphony was received with countless bravos, but the enthusiasm reached its highest point in the Andante with the kettledrum stroke. Ancora, ancora! sounded from every throat, and even Pleyel complimented me on my idea.''
Toward the end of his active career Haydn wove the theme of the second movement into an aria of his oratorio ''The Seasons'' (1801), in which the bass soloist depicts a plowman whistling Haydn's tune as he works.
The Surprise Symphony is scored for a Classical-era orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and the usual string section consisting of first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.
In recent decades performances of the work on historical instruments have become popular.
A typical performance of the Surprise Symphony lasts about 23 minutes.
Like all of Haydn's "London" symphonies, the work is in four movements, marked as follows:
===Adagio - vivace assai===
A lyrical 3/4 introduction precedes a highly rhythmic main section in 6/8 time. As with much of Haydn's work, the first movement is written in so-called "monothematic" sonata form; that is, the movement to the dominant key in the exposition is not marked by a "second theme".
===Andante===
This is the surprise movement, a theme and variations in 2/4 time and the subdominant key of C major. The theme is in two eight-bar sections, each repeated. Haydn sets up the surprise, which occurs at the end of the repeat of the first section, by making the repeat ''pianissimo'' with pizzicato in the lower strings.
Four variations of the theme follow, starting with embellishment in sixteenth notes by the first violins, moving to a stormy variation in C minor with trumpets and timpani, then solos for the first oboist and flautist, and concluding with a ''forte'' lyrical repeat in triplets.
In the coda section, the opening notes are stated once more, this time reharmonized with gently dissonant diminished seventh chords over a tonic pedal.
Listen to the "Surprise" Movement
===Menuetto: Allegro molto===
A minuet and trio, in ternary form. The key returns to G major. The tempo marking marks the historical shift away from the old minuet and toward the scherzo; by the time of his last quartets Haydn had started to mark his minuets ''presto''.
===Finale: Allegro molto===
A characteristically rhythmically propulsive Haydn finale. Formally, the movement is an example of sonata rondo form, the opening bars appearing both at the beginning and in the middle of the development section. The stirring coda emphasizes the timpani.
★ List of symphonies by name
| Contents |
| Nickname (the Surprise) |
| Composition and premiere |
| Instrumentation |
| Movements |
| See also |
Nickname (the Surprise)
Haydn's music contains many jokes, and the 'Surprise' Symphony includes probably the most famous of all: a sudden loud chord in the theme of the variation-form second movement after a tranquil opening. The music then returns to its original quiet dynamic, as if nothing had happened, and the ensuing variations do not repeat the joke.
Composition and premiere
Haydn wrote the symphony in 1791 in London for a concert series he gave during the first of his two visits to England (1791-1792). The premiere took place on March 27, 1792, with Haydn leading the orchestra seated at a fortepiano.
As with Haydn's England visits in general, the premiere was greatly successful. One reviewer wrote that the symphony was "equal to the happiest of this great Master's conceptions." In his feeble old age Haydn remembered the premiere with nostalgia, recounting to his biographer Griesinger:
:...''it was my wish to surprise the public with something new, and to make a debut in a brilliant manner, in order not to be outdone by my pupil Pleyel''
Toward the end of his active career Haydn wove the theme of the second movement into an aria of his oratorio ''The Seasons'' (1801), in which the bass soloist depicts a plowman whistling Haydn's tune as he works.
Instrumentation
The Surprise Symphony is scored for a Classical-era orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and the usual string section consisting of first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.
In recent decades performances of the work on historical instruments have become popular.
A typical performance of the Surprise Symphony lasts about 23 minutes.
Movements
Like all of Haydn's "London" symphonies, the work is in four movements, marked as follows:
===Adagio - vivace assai===
A lyrical 3/4 introduction precedes a highly rhythmic main section in 6/8 time. As with much of Haydn's work, the first movement is written in so-called "monothematic" sonata form; that is, the movement to the dominant key in the exposition is not marked by a "second theme".
===Andante===
This is the surprise movement, a theme and variations in 2/4 time and the subdominant key of C major. The theme is in two eight-bar sections, each repeated. Haydn sets up the surprise, which occurs at the end of the repeat of the first section, by making the repeat ''pianissimo'' with pizzicato in the lower strings.
Four variations of the theme follow, starting with embellishment in sixteenth notes by the first violins, moving to a stormy variation in C minor with trumpets and timpani, then solos for the first oboist and flautist, and concluding with a ''forte'' lyrical repeat in triplets.
In the coda section, the opening notes are stated once more, this time reharmonized with gently dissonant diminished seventh chords over a tonic pedal.
Listen to the "Surprise" Movement
===Menuetto: Allegro molto===
A minuet and trio, in ternary form. The key returns to G major. The tempo marking marks the historical shift away from the old minuet and toward the scherzo; by the time of his last quartets Haydn had started to mark his minuets ''presto''.
===Finale: Allegro molto===
A characteristically rhythmically propulsive Haydn finale. Formally, the movement is an example of sonata rondo form, the opening bars appearing both at the beginning and in the middle of the development section. The stirring coda emphasizes the timpani.
See also
★ List of symphonies by name
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