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EspañolTARPAN
: ''For the truck manufacturer see Tarpan (car)''
: ''For the plane see PZL M-4 Tarpan''
The 'Tarpan', ''Equus ferus ferus'', was the Eurasian wild horse. The last specimen of this species died in captivity in Ukraine in 1918 or 1919.
Polish farmers often crossed the tarpan with their domestic horses. The result was a small horse breed, the Konik. Such animals, as the Konik, and also the Sorraia Horse preserved in Portugal, are now being used to breed back the Tarpan, and to fill in the niche that was left vacant by their extinction in the wild. The Hucul pony living in the Carpathian mountains is arguably the most direct descendant of the Tarpan.
The name ''Tarpan'' is from a Turkic language (Kyrgyz or Kazakh) name for the horse,[1] with an original meaning "speeding forward". Based on the size range of the Konik, Tarpan horses are estimated to have had heights of between about 12 and 13.1 hh (122–135 cm) at the withers.
The Tarpan was first described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1774; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the region of Bobrovsk, near Voronezh. In 1784 Pieter Boddaert named the species ''Equus ferus'', referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name ''Equus gmelini'' in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym.
It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named ''Equus caballus'' by Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the Tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the Tarpan ought to be named ''E. caballus'', or if considered a subspecies, ''E. caballus ferus''. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used ''E. ferus'' for the Tarpan to avoid confusion with its domesticated cousins.
In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming ''E. ferus'' for the Tarpan. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild Tarpan should use ''Equus ferus caballus''; the name ''Equus caballus'' remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species. [2]
There have been attempts to recreate the Tarpan by breeding individuals who closely resemble the phenotype of the original animal. Two examples are the Konik horses of the Netherlands and the Heck horse of Germany. While genetically not the same animal as the original Tarpan, their outward appearance and manner is similar.
★ Equid Specialist Group 1996. Equus ferus. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 December 2005.
1. Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Tarpan; Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary - Tarpan
2. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84. [1].
★ Przewalski's Horse
★ Domestication of the horse
★ List of extinct animals of Europe
★ Žemaitukas
★ The Spanish Tarpan [2]
★ The Spanish Tarpan in North America [3]
★ American "tarpan"
★ North American Tarpan Association
★ Resurrecting a "prehistoric" horse This article describes how Tarpan-style horses are now bred on the Genesis Equines ranch in central Oregon, USA.
★ The Extinction Website - Tarpan - Equus ferus ferus
★ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus ferus
: ''For the plane see PZL M-4 Tarpan''
The 'Tarpan', ''Equus ferus ferus'', was the Eurasian wild horse. The last specimen of this species died in captivity in Ukraine in 1918 or 1919.
Polish farmers often crossed the tarpan with their domestic horses. The result was a small horse breed, the Konik. Such animals, as the Konik, and also the Sorraia Horse preserved in Portugal, are now being used to breed back the Tarpan, and to fill in the niche that was left vacant by their extinction in the wild. The Hucul pony living in the Carpathian mountains is arguably the most direct descendant of the Tarpan.
The name ''Tarpan'' is from a Turkic language (Kyrgyz or Kazakh) name for the horse,[1] with an original meaning "speeding forward". Based on the size range of the Konik, Tarpan horses are estimated to have had heights of between about 12 and 13.1 hh (122–135 cm) at the withers.
| Contents |
| Taxonomic history |
| "Bred back" horses |
| References |
| See also |
| External links |
Taxonomic history
The Tarpan was first described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1774; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the region of Bobrovsk, near Voronezh. In 1784 Pieter Boddaert named the species ''Equus ferus'', referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name, Otto Antonius published the name ''Equus gmelini'' in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a junior objective synonym.
It is now thought that the domesticated horse, named ''Equus caballus'' by Linnaeus in 1758, is descended from the Tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the Tarpan ought to be named ''E. caballus'', or if considered a subspecies, ''E. caballus ferus''. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used ''E. ferus'' for the Tarpan to avoid confusion with its domesticated cousins.
In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming ''E. ferus'' for the Tarpan. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild Tarpan should use ''Equus ferus caballus''; the name ''Equus caballus'' remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species. [2]
"Bred back" horses
There have been attempts to recreate the Tarpan by breeding individuals who closely resemble the phenotype of the original animal. Two examples are the Konik horses of the Netherlands and the Heck horse of Germany. While genetically not the same animal as the original Tarpan, their outward appearance and manner is similar.
References
★ Equid Specialist Group 1996. Equus ferus. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 24 December 2005.
1. Merriam-Webster Unabridged - Tarpan; Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary - Tarpan
2. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Bull.Zool.Nomencl., 60:81-84. [1].
See also
★ Przewalski's Horse
★ Domestication of the horse
★ List of extinct animals of Europe
★ Žemaitukas
External links
★ The Spanish Tarpan [2]
★ The Spanish Tarpan in North America [3]
★ American "tarpan"
★ North American Tarpan Association
★ Resurrecting a "prehistoric" horse This article describes how Tarpan-style horses are now bred on the Genesis Equines ranch in central Oregon, USA.
★ The Extinction Website - Tarpan - Equus ferus ferus
★ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Equus ferus
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