TED BUNDY

'Theodore Robert 'Ted' Bundy ' (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) is one of the most infamous serial killers in U.S. history. Bundy raped and murdered scores of young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, Bundy eventually confessed to 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Typically, Bundy would rape then murder his victims by bludgeoning, and sometimes by strangulation. He also engaged in necrophilia.
In stark contrast to the brutality of his crimes, Bundy was frequently described as educated and charming. His friends and acquaintances would remember him as a handsome and articulate young man.

Contents

Early life

College Years

First wave of murders

Second wave of murders

Arrest, first trial, and escapes

Bundy's final rampage: Florida

Conviction and execution

Modus operandi and victim profiles

Pathology

Victims

1974

1975

1978

Film and television

References and further reading

Notes

External links

Early life

Ted Bundy was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 24, 1946, at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers. The identity of his father remains a mystery. Bundy's birth certificate lists a "Lloyd Marshall",^[1] while Bundy's mother, Louise, would later tell of being seduced by a war veteran named "Jack Worthington". Bundy's adopted family did not believe this story, however, and expressed suspicion about Louise's violent, abusive father, Samuel Cowell.^[2] To avoid social stigma, Bundy's grandparents claimed him as their son, giving him their last name; he grew up believing his mother to be his older sister. He was said to idolize his grandfather, despite his reported short temper and violent attacks, especially against his long-suffering wife. Sources differ as to exactly when Bundy discovered the truth of his parentage. Bundy biographers Stephen Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth state that he learned Louise was actually his mother while he was in high school.^[3] True crime writer Ann Rule states that it was around 1969, shortly following a traumatic breakup with his first love.^[4]
For the first few years of his life, Bundy and his mother lived in Philadelphia with his maternal grandparents. In 1950, Bundy and his "sister" moved to live with relatives in Tacoma, Washington where Louise had her son's last name inexplicably changed from Cowell to Nelson.^[5] In 1951, one year after their move, Louise met Johnny Culpepper Bundy at an adult singles night held at Tacoma's First Methodist Church.^[6] A Navy veteran and cook at a local Veterans Administration hospital, Bundy was eligible and lonely, much like single mother Louise. In May of that year, Johnny and Louise were married and soon thereafter Johnny willingly adopted Ted, legally changing his last name to "Bundy".
In time, the Bundy family grew to add four more children, whom the young Bundy spent much of his time babysitting. Johnny Bundy tried to include him in camping trips and other father-son activities, but the boy remained emotionally detached from his stepfather. In Bundy's mind, he felt more like a Cowell than a Bundy and saw Johnny and the rest of the Bundy clan as beneath him. He became increasingly uncomfortable around his stepfather and made it clear that he preferred to be alone.^[7] Bundy was a good student at Woodrow Wilson High School, and was active in a local Methodist church, serving as vice-president of the Methodist Youth Fellowship. He was involved with a local troop of the Boy Scouts.
Socially, Bundy remained shy and introverted throughout some of his high school and early college years. He would later say that he "hit a wall" in high school and that he was unable to understand social behavior, stunting his social development.^[8] He maintained a facade of social activity, but he had no natural sense of how to get along with other people: "I didn't know what made things tick. I didn't know what made people want to be friends. I didn't know what made people attractive to one another. I didn't know what underlay social interactions."^[9]
Years later, while on Florida's death row, Bundy would describe a part of himself that, from a young age, was fascinated by images of sex and violence as "the entity". He worked hard to keep this side of him well hidden during his youth. Before he was even out of high school, however, Bundy was a compulsive thief, a shoplifter, and on his way to becoming an amateur criminal.^[10] To support his love of skiing, Bundy stole skis and equipment and forged ski-lift tickets.^[11] He was arrested twice as a juvenile, though these records were later .

College Years

In 1965, Bundy graduated from Tacoma's Woodrow Wilson High School; awarded a scholarship by the University of Puget Sound, he started there that fall, taking courses in psychology and Asian studies. After just two semesters at UPS, he decided to transfer to Seattle's University of Washington.
While a college student, Bundy worked as a grocery bagger and shelf-stocker at a Seattle Safeway store on Queen Anne Hill, as well as other odd jobs. As part of his course of studies in psychology, he would later work as a night-shift volunteer at Seattle's Suicide Hot Line, a suicide crisis center that served the greater Seattle metropolitan and suburban areas. It was there that he met and worked alongside former Seattle policewoman and fledgling crime writer Ann Rule. Familiar with Bundy and his crimes from a personal standpoint, Rule would later write the most famous biography of Bundy and his crimes, ''The Stranger Beside Me''.^[12]
He began a relationship with fellow college student Stephanie Brooks (a pseudonym), whom he met while enrolled at the UW in 1967. Following her 1968 graduation and return to her family home in California, Stephanie ended the relationship. Fed up with what she described as Bundy's immaturity and lack of ambition, she separated from him. It is believed this separation may have played a significant role in Bundy's later psychosexual development. It was at this time that Rule states Bundy decided to pay a visit to Burlington, Vermont, the place of his birth. During this visit, Rule believes, he made a fateful visit to the local records clerk in Burlington and finally uncovered the truth of his parentage. Although it is unclear what impact this discovery had on him emotionally, it is clear that following his return from Vermont he began to treat Johnny Bundy with more obvious disdain.^[4]
After his discovery, Bundy became a more focused and dominant character. He re-enrolled at the University of Washington, this time with a major in psychology. Bundy became an honors student and was well liked by his professors.^[14] In 1969, he started dating Elizabeth Kloepfer, a divorced secretary with a daughter who fell deeply in love with him.^[15] They would continue dating for over six years, until he went to prison for kidnapping in 1976.
Bundy graduated in 1972 from the University of Washington with a degree in psychology,^[16] and soon afterward, he began working for the state Republican Party, which included a close relationship with Gov. Daniel J. Evans^[17]. While on a business trip to California in the summer of 1973, Bundy came back into Stephanie's life with a new look and attitude; this time as a serious, dedicated professional who had been accepted to law school. Bundy continued to date Meg as well, and neither woman was aware the other existed. Bundy courted Stephanie throughout the rest of the year, and she happily accepted his proposal of marriage. Two weeks later, however, he unceremoniously dumped her, refusing to return her phone calls. He would later dismiss the proposal and break-up as part of a challenge he undertook, saying, "I just wanted to prove to myself that I could have her." It was a few weeks after this breakup that Bundy began a murderous rampage in Washington state.^[18][19]

First wave of murders

Many Bundy experts, including Rule and former King County detective Robert D. Keppel, believe Bundy may have started killing as far back as his early teens. Ann Marie Burr, an eight-year-old girl from Tacoma, vanished from her home one summer night in 1961, when Bundy was 14 years old. When asked about Burr's disappearance by Keppel shortly before his execution, Bundy denied killing her.^[20] During a discussion with his lawyer the day before his execution, Bundy said that he made his first attempt to kidnap a woman in 1969,^[21] and implied that his first actual murder was sometime during the 1972-73 time frame.^[22] His earliest known and confirmed murders were committed in 1974, when he was 27.
Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974, Bundy entered the basement bedroom of 18-year-old Joni Lenz (pseudonym), a dancer and student at the University of Washington. Bundy bludgeoned her with a metal rod from her bed frame while she slept, and sexually assaulted her with a speculum.^[23] Lenz was found the next morning by her roommates in a coma and lying in a pool of her own blood. She survived the attack, but suffered permanent brain damage and was unable to continue in her aspirations as a dancer.
Bundy's next victim was Lynda Ann Healy, another University of Washington student. On the night of January 31, 1974, Bundy broke into Healy's room, knocked her unconscious, dressed her in jeans and a shirt, wrapped her in a bed sheet, and carried her away. On March 12, 1974 in Olympia, Bundy kidnapped and murdered Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year old student at The Evergreen State College. She was last seen walking to an on-campus jazz concert. On April 17, Susan Rancourt disappeared from the campus of Central Washington State College in Ellensburg. Later, two different CWSC co-eds would recount meeting a man with his arm in a cast — one that night, one three nights earlier — who asked for their help to carry a load of books to his Volkswagen Beetle.^[24][25][26] Next was Kathy Parks, last seen on the campus of Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon on May 6. (Oregon State is approximately 250 miles away from the scene of the Washington murders. Consequently, detectives for some time were unsure if they should class Parks with the other disappearances.) Brenda Ball was never seen again after leaving The Flame Tavern in Burien, Washington on June 1. Bundy then murdered Georgeann Hawkins, a student at the University of Washington and a member of Kappa Alpha Theta, an on-campus sorority. In the early morning hours of June 11, 1974, she walked through an alley from her boyfriend's dormitory residence to her sorority house. Hawkins was never seen again. Witnesses later reported seeing a man with a leg cast struggling to carry a briefcase in the area that night.^[27] One co-ed reported that the man had asked her help in carrying the briefcase to his car, a Volkswagen Beetle.^[28]
Bundy's Washington killing spree culminated on July 14 with the abduction in broad daylight of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah, Washington. Eight different people that day told the police about the handsome young man with his left arm in a sling who called himself "Ted". Five of them were women that "Ted" asked for help unloading a sailboat from his Volkswagen Beetle. One of them went with "Ted" as far as his car, where there was no sailboat, before declining to accompany him further. Three more witnesses testified to seeing him approach Janice Ott with the story about the sailboat, and to seeing Ott walk away from the beach in his company. She was never seen alive again.^[29] Naslund disappeared without a trace four hours later.
King County detectives were able to get a description both of the suspect and his car. Some witnesses told investigators that the "Ted" they encountered spoke with a clipped, Canadian-like accent. Soon fliers were up all over the Seattle area. After seeing the police sketch and description of the Lake Sammamish suspect in both of the local newspapers and on television news reports, Bundy's girlfriend Meg, one of his psychology professors at the UW, and former co-worker Ann Rule^[30] all reported him as a possible suspect.^[31] The police, receiving up to 200 tips per day,^[32] did not pay any special attention to a tip about a clean-cut law student.
The fragmented remains of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund were discovered on September 7, off Interstate 90 near Issaquah, one mile from the park.^[33] Along with the women's remains was found an extra femur bone and vertebrae, which Bundy shortly before his execution would identify as that of Georgeann Hawkins.^[34] Between March 1 and March 3, 1975, the skulls and jawbones (and no other skeletal remains) of Healy, Rancourt, Parks and Ball were found on Taylor Mountain just east of Issaquah.^[35] Because Ball was not a college student and had disappeared from a bar rather than a campus, investigators had not initially believed her to be one of the "Ted" victims. Later, they would discover that she had been seen dancing at the Flame on the night of her disappearance with a man that matched the "Ted" description, including the sling on his arm.^[36] Years later Bundy claimed that he had also dumped Donna Manson's body there, but no trace of her has ever been found.
The remains of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund were subsequently lost when the King County Medical Examiner's Office was relocated. Their families sued King County, and they received a settlement of $112,000 per family.^[37]

Second wave of murders

That autumn, Bundy moved to Utah to attend law school in Salt Lake City, where he resumed killing in October. Nancy Wilcox disappeared from Holladay, near Salt Lake City, on October 2. Wilcox was last seen riding in a Volkswagen Beetle.^[38] On October 18, Bundy murdered Melissa Smith, the 17-year-old daughter of Midvale police chief Louis Smith. Bundy raped, sodomized, and strangled her. Her body was found nine days later. Next was Laura Aime, also 17, who disappeared when she left a Halloween party in Lehi, Utah on October 31, 1974. Her remains were found nearly a month later by hikers on Thanksgiving Day, on the banks of a river in American Fork Canyon. She was found naked, beaten beyond recognition, sodomized, and strangled with her own sock.
In Murray, Utah, on November 8, 1974, Carol DaRonch narrowly escaped with her life. Claiming to be Officer Roseland of the Murray Police Department, Bundy approached DaRonch at the Fashion Place Mall, told her someone had tried to break into her car, and asked her to accompany him to the police station. She got into his car (but refused his instruction to buckle her seat belt), and they drove for a short period before Bundy suddenly pulled to the shoulder and attempted to slap a pair of handcuffs on her. In the struggle, he fastened both loops to the same wrist. Bundy then whipped out his crowbar, but DaRonch caught it in the air just before it would have cracked her skull. She then got the door open and tumbled out onto the highway, thus escaping from her would-be killer.^[39]
About an hour later, a strange man showed up at Viewmont High School in Bountiful, Utah, where the drama club was putting on a play. He approached the drama teacher and then a student, asking both to come out to the parking lot to identify a car. Both declined. The drama teacher saw him again shortly before the end of the play, this time breathing hard, with his hair mussed and his shirt untucked. Another student would see the man lurking in the rear of the auditorium. Debby Kent, a 17-year-old Viewmont High student, left the play at intermission to go and pick up her brother, and was never seen again. ^[40] Later, investigators found a small key in the parking lot outside Viewmont High. It unlocked the handcuffs taken off of Carol DaRonch.^[41]
In 1975, while still attending law school at the University of Utah, Bundy shifted his crimes to Colorado. On January 12, Caryn Campbell disappeared from the Wildwood Inn at Snowmass, Colorado, where she had been vacationing with her fiancé and his children. She vanished somewhere in a span of fifty feet between the elevator doors and her room. Her body was found on February 17.^[42] Next, Vail ski instructor Julie Cunningham disappeared on March 15, and Denise Oliverson on April 6. While in prison, Bundy confessed to Colorado investigators that he used crutches to approach Cunningham, after asking her to help him carry some ski boots to his car. At the car, Bundy clubbed her with his crowbar and immobilized her with handcuffs, later strangling her in a crime highly similar to the Georgeann Hawkins murder.^[43]
Lynette Culver went missing in Pocatello, Idaho on May 6 from the grounds of her junior high school. While on Death Row, Bundy later confessed that he kidnapped Culver and had taken the girl to a room he had rented at a nearby Holiday Inn. After raping her, he stated that he had drowned her in the motel room bathtub and later dumped her body in a river. After his return to Utah, Susan Curtis vanished on June 28. (Bundy confessed to the Curtis murder minutes before his execution.)^[44] The bodies of Cunningham, Culver, Curtis, and Oliverson have never been recovered.
Meanwhile, back in Washington, investigators were attempting to prioritize their enormous list of suspects. In an innovative use of technology for 1975, they used computers to cross-check different likely lists of suspects (classmates of Lynda Healy, owners of Volkswagens, etc.) against each other, and then identify suspects who turned up on more than one list. "Theodore Robert Bundy" was one of 25 people who turned up on four separate lists, and his case file was second on the To Be Investigated pile when the call came from Utah of an arrest.^[45]

Arrest, first trial, and escapes

Bundy was arrested on August 16, 1975, in Salt Lake City, for failure to stop for a police officer. A search of his car revealed a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, an icepick, and other items that were thought by the police to be burglary tools. Bundy remained cool during questioning, explaining that he needed the mask for skiing and had found the handcuffs in a dumpster.^[46] Utah detective Jerry Thompson connected Bundy and his Volkswagen to the DaRonch kidnapping and the missing girls, and searched his apartment. The search uncovered a brochure of Colorado ski resorts, with a check mark by the Wildwood Inn where Caryn Campbell had disappeared.^[47] After searching his apartment, the police brought Bundy in for a lineup before DaRonch and the Bountiful witnesses. They identified him as "Officer Roseland" and as the man lurking about the night Debby Kent disappeared. Following a week-long trial, Bundy was convicted of DaRonch's kidnapping on March 1, 1976 and was sentenced to 15 years in Utah State Prison. Colorado authorities were pursuing murder charges, however, and Bundy was extradited there to stand trial.
On June 7, 1977, in preparation for a hearing in the Caryn Campbell murder trial, Bundy was taken to the Pitkin County courthouse in Aspen. During a court recess, he was allowed to visit the courthouse's law library, where he jumped out of the building from a second-story window and escaped. In the minutes following his escape, Bundy at first ran and then strolled casually through the small town toward Aspen Mountain.^[48] He made it all the way to the top of Aspen Mountain without being detected, but then lost his sense of direction and wandered around the mountain, missing two trails that led down off the mountain to his intended destination, the town of Crested Butte. At one point, he came face-to-face with a gun-toting citizen who was one of the searchers scouring Aspen Mountain for Ted Bundy, but was able to talk his way out of danger. On June 13, Bundy stole a car he found on the mountain. He drove back into Aspen and could have got away, but two police deputies noticed the Cadillac with dimmed headlights weaving in and out of its lane and pulled Bundy over. He was recognized and brought back to prison after having been on the lam for six days.^[49]
Upon arrest, Bundy was placed in the smaller Glenwood Springs jail, rather than being taken back to Aspen. Somehow he had acquired a hacksaw blade and $500 in cash; he later claimed the blade came from another prison inmate. He sawed through the welds fixing a small metal plate in the ceiling and, after dieting down still further, was able to fit through the hole and access the crawl space above. An informant in the prison told guards that he'd heard Bundy moving around the ceiling, but no one checked it out.^[50] When Bundy's Aspen trial judge ruled on December 23 that the Caryn Campbell murder trial would start on January 9, 1978,^[51] and changed the venue to Colorado Springs, Bundy realized that he had to make his escape before he was transferred out of the Glenwood Springs jail. On the night of December 30, 1977, Bundy dressed warmly and packed books and files under his blanket to make it look like he was sleeping. He wriggled through the hole and up into the crawlspace. Bundy crawled over to a spot directly above the jailer's linen closet — the jailer and his wife were out for the evening — dropped down into the jailer's apartment, and walked out the door.^[52]
Bundy was free, but he was on foot in the middle of a bitterly cold, snowy Colorado night. He stole a broken-down MG, but it stalled out in the mountains. Bundy was stuck on the side of Interstate 70 in the middle of the night in a blizzard, but another driver gave him a ride into Vail. From there he caught a bus to Denver and boarded the 8:55 a.m. flight to Chicago. The Glenwood Springs jail guards did not notice Bundy was gone until noon on Dec. 31, 17 hours after his escape, by which time Bundy was already in Chicago.^[53]

Bundy's final rampage: Florida

Bundy then caught an Amtrak train to Ann Arbor, Michigan where he got a room at the YMCA. On January 2, he went to an Ann Arbor bar and watched his beloved University of Washington Huskies beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl.^[54] He later stole a car in Ann Arbor, which he abandoned in Atlanta, Georgia before boarding a bus for Tallahassee, Florida, where he arrived on January 8. There, he rented a room at a boarding house under the alias of "Chris Hagen" and committed numerous petty crimes including shoplifting, purse snatching, and auto theft. He stole a student ID card that belonged to a Kenneth Misner and sent away for copies of Misner's Social Security card and birth certificate.^[55]
Just one week after Bundy's arrival in Tallahassee, in the early hours of Super Bowl Sunday on January 15, 1978, two and a half years of repressed homicidal violence erupted. Bundy entered the Florida State University Chi Omega sorority house at approximately 3 a.m. and killed two sleeping women, Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman. Levy and Bowman were bludgeoned and strangled, and Levy was also sexually assaulted. Bowman's brain was visible through a hole in her skull. Two other Chi Omegas, Karen Chandler and Kathy Kleiner, were bludgeoned in their sleep and severely injured. The entire episode took no more than half an hour. After leaving the Chi Omega house, Bundy broke into another home a few blocks away, clubbing and severely injuring FSU student Cheryl Thomas.^[56]
On February 9, 1978, Bundy traveled to Lake City, Florida. While there, he abducted, raped, and murdered 12-year-old Kimberly Leach, throwing her body under a small pig shed. She would be his final victim. On February 12, Bundy stole yet another Volkswagen Beetle and left Tallahassee for good, heading west across the Florida panhandle. On Feb. 15, 1978, shortly after 1 a.m., Bundy was stopped by Pensacola police officer David Lee. When the officer called in a check of the license plate, the vehicle came up as stolen. Bundy then scuffled with the officer before he was finally subdued. As Lee took the unknown suspect to jail, Bundy said "I wish you had killed me."^[57] At his booking Bundy gave the police the name Ken Misner (and presented stolen identification for Misner), but a positive fingerprint identification was made by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement early the next day. He was immediately transported to Tallahassee and subsequently charged with the Tallahassee and Lake City murders. He was later taken to Miami to stand trial for the Chi Omega murders.

Conviction and execution

Bundy went to trial for the Chi Omega murders in June of 1979 with Dade County Circuit Court Judge Edward D. Cowart presiding. Despite having five court-appointed lawyers, he insisted on acting as his own attorney and even cross-examined witnesses, including the police officer who had discovered Margaret Bowman's body.
Two pieces of evidence proved crucial. First, Chi-Omega member Nita Neary, getting back to the house very late after a date, saw Bundy as he left, and identified him in court.^[58] Second, during his homicidal frenzy, Bundy bit Lisa Levy in her left buttock, leaving obvious bite marks. Police took plaster casts of Bundy's teeth and a forensics expert matched them to the photographs of Levy's wound.^[59] Bundy was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death. After confirming the sentence, Judge Cowart gave him the verdict:
:''"It is ordered that you be put to death by a current of electricity, that current be passed through your body until you are dead. Take care of yourself, young man. I say that to you sincerely; take care of yourself, please. It is an utter tragedy for this court to see such a total waste of humanity as I've experienced in this courtroom. You're an intelligent young man. You'd have made a good lawyer, and I would have loved to have you practice in front of me, but you went another way, partner. Take care of yourself. I don't feel any animosity toward you. I want you to know that. Once again, take care of yourself."''
After the Chi Omega trial, Bundy was tried for the Kimberly Leach murder in 1980. He was again convicted on all counts, principally due to fibers found in his van that matched Leach's clothing^[60] and an eyewitness that saw him leading Leach away from the school,^[61] and sentenced to death. During the Kimberly Leach trial, Bundy married former coworker Carole Ann Boone in the courtroom while questioning her on the stand.^[62] Following numerous conjugal visits between Bundy and his new wife, Boone gave birth to a girl she named "Tina" in October 1982.^[63] Eventually, however, Boone moved away, divorced Bundy, and changed her last name and that of her daughter. Their current whereabouts are unknown.
While awaiting execution in Raiford Prison, Bundy was housed in the cell next to serial killer Ottis Toole, the suspected murderer of Adam Walsh.^[64] Bundy was often visited by Special Agent William Hagmaier of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Sciences Unit. Bundy would come to confide in Hagmaier, going so far as to call him his best friend. Eventually, Bundy confessed to Hagmaier many details of the murders that had until then been unknown or unconfirmed. In October 1984, Bundy contacted former King County homicide detective Bob Keppel and offered to assist in the ongoing search for the Green River Killer by providing his own insights and analysis.^[65] Keppel and Green River Task Force detective Dave Reichert traveled to Florida's death row to interview Bundy. Both detectives later stated that these interviews were of little actual help in the investigation; they provided far greater insight into Bundy's own mind, and were primarily pursued in the hope of learning the details of unsolved murders that Bundy was suspected of committing but had never been charged with.
Bundy contacted Keppel again in 1988. With his appeals exhausted (Bundy had beaten previous death warrants for March 4, July 2, and November 18, 1986),^[66][67][68] and execution imminent, Bundy confessed to eight official unsolved murders in Washington State, for which he was the prime suspect. Bundy told Keppel that there were actually five bodies left on Taylor Mountain, not four as they had originally thought. Bundy said that the fifth body was that of Donna Manson, the Evergreen State College student missing since 1974.^[69] Bundy confessed in detail to the murder of Georgeann Hawkins, describing how he lured her to his car, clubbed her with a tire iron that he'd stashed on the ground under his car, drove away with a semi-conscious Hawkins in the car with him, and later raped and strangled her.^[70]
After the interview, Keppel reported that he had been shocked in speaking with Bundy, and that he was the kind of man who was "born to kill." Keppel stated:
:"He described the Issaquah crime scene'' (where Janice Ott, Denise Naslund, and Georgeann Hawkins had been left) ''and it was almost like he was just there. Like he was seeing everything. He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there. He is just totally consumed with murder all the time."^[71]
Bundy had hoped that he could use the revelations and partial confessions to get another stay of execution or possibly commute his sentence to life imprisonment. At one point, a legal advocate working for Bundy asked many of the families of the victims to fax letters to Florida Governor Robert Martinez and ask mercy for Bundy in order to find out where the remains of their loved ones were. To a person, all the families refused.^[72] Keppel and others reported that Bundy gave scant detail about his crimes during his confessions, and promised to reveal more and other body dump sites if he were given "more time." The ploy failed and Bundy was executed on schedule.
The night before Bundy was executed, he gave a television interview to James Dobson, head of the evangelical Christian organization Focus on the Family. During the interview, Bundy made repeated claims as to the pornographic "roots" of his crimes. He stated that, while pornography didn't cause him to commit murder, the consumption of violent pornography helped "shape and mold" his violence into "behavior too terrible to describe." He alleged that he felt that violence in the media, "particularly sexualized violence," sent boys "down the road to being Ted Bundys". In the same interview, Bundy stated:
:''"You are going to kill me, and that will protect society from me. But out there are many, many more people who are addicted to pornography, and you are doing nothing about that."''^[73]
According to Hagmaier, Bundy contemplated suicide in the days leading up to his execution, but eventually decided against it.
At 7:06 a.m. local time on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was executed in the electric chair. His last words were, "I'd like you to give my love to my family and friends." Then, more than 2,000 volts were applied across his body for less than two minutes. He was pronounced dead at 7:16 a.m.

Modus operandi and victim profiles

When discussing serial murder with Keppel, Bundy said that serial killers change their habits with time and circumstance.^[74] This proved true of Bundy himself. For example, Bundy entered into the homes of his first two known victims, Joni Lenz and Lynda Healy, but would not attack a victim in her home again until the night of the Chi Omega murders, shortly before his final arrest.
Nevertheless, he did have a modus operandi that held true for most of his criminal career. He would approach a potential victim in a public place, even in daylight or in a crowd, as when he abducted Ott and Naslund at Lake Sammamish or when he kidnapped Leach from her school. Bundy had various ways of gaining a victim's trust. Sometimes, he would feign injury, wearing his arm in a sling or wearing a fake cast, as in the murders of Hawkins, Rancourt, Ott, Naslund, and Cunningham. At other times Bundy would impersonate an authority figure; he pretended to be a policeman when approaching Carol DaRonch. The day before he killed Kimberly Leach, Bundy approached another young Florida girl pretending to be "Richard Burton, Fire Department," but left hurriedly after her older brother arrived.^[75]
Bundy had a remarkable advantage as his facial features were attractive, yet not especially memorable. In later years, he would often be described as chameleon-like,^[76][77] able to look totally different by making only minor adjustments to his appearance, e.g., growing a beard or changing his hairstyle.
All of Bundy's victims were white females and most were of middle class background. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25. Many were college students. In her book, Rule notes that most of Bundy's victims had long straight hair parted in the middle — just like Stephanie Brooks, the woman to whom Bundy was engaged in 1973. Rule speculates that Bundy's resentment towards his first girlfriend was a motivating factor in his string of murders.^[78]
After luring a victim to his car, Bundy would hit her in the head with a crowbar he had placed underneath his Volkswagen or hidden inside it. Every recovered skull, except for that of Kimberly Leach, showed signs of blunt force trauma. Every recovered body, again except for that of Leach, showed signs of strangulation. Many of Bundy's victims were transported a considerable distance from where they disappeared, as in the case of Kathy Parks, whom he drove more than 260 miles from Oregon to Washington. Bundy often would drink alcohol prior to finding a victim;^[79] Carol DaRonch testified to smelling alcohol on his breath.^[80]
Hagmaier stated that Bundy considered himself to be an amateur and impulsive killer in his early years, and then moved into what he considered to be his "prime" or "predator" phase. Bundy stated that this phase began around the time of the Lynda Healy murder, when he began seeking victims he considered to be equal to his skill as a murderer.
On death row, Bundy admitted to decapitating at least a dozen of his victims with a hacksaw.^[81] He kept the severed heads later found on Taylor Mountain (Rancourt, Parks, Ball, Healy) in his room or apartment for some time before finally disposing of them.^[82] He confessed to cremating Donna Manson's head in his girlfriend's fireplace.^[83] Some of the skulls of Bundy's victims were found with the front teeth broken out.^[84] Bundy also confessed to visiting his victims' bodies over and over again at the Taylor Mountain body dump site. He stated that he would lie with them for hours, applying makeup to their corpses and having sex with their decomposing bodies until putrefaction forced him to abandon the remains. Not long before his death, Bundy admitted to returning to the corpse of Georgann Hawkins for purposes of necrophilia.^[85]
Bundy confessed to keeping other souvenirs of his crimes. The Utah police who searched Bundy's apartment in 1975 missed a collection of photographs that Bundy had hidden in the utility room, photos that Bundy destroyed when he returned home after being released on bail.^[86] His girlfriend once found a bag in his room filled with women's clothing.^[87]
When Bundy was confronted by law enforcement officers who stated that they believed the number of individuals he had murdered was 36, Bundy told them that they should "add one digit to that, and you'll have it". Rule speculated that this meant Bundy might have killed over 100 women.^[88] Speaking to his lawyer Polly Nelson in 1988, however, Bundy dismissed the 100+ victims speculation and said that the more common estimate of approximately 35 victims was accurate.^[89]

Pathology

In December 1987, Bundy was examined for seven hours by a professor from New York University Medical Center, Dorothy Otnow Lewis. To Lewis, Bundy described his childhood, especially his relationship with his maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell. Along with the already established description of his grandfather as a tyrannical bully, Bundy described him as a bigot who hated blacks, Italians, Catholics, and Jews. He further stated that his grandfather tortured animals, beating the family dog and swinging neighborhood cats by their tails. He also told Lewis that his grandfather, who was a deacon in his church, kept a large collection of pornography in his greenhouse where, according to relatives, Bundy and a cousin would sneak to read it for hours. Family members expressed skepticism over Louise's "Jack Worthington" story of Bundy's parentage and noted that Samuel Cowell once flew into a violent rage when the subject of the boy's father came up.^[90] Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient wife, who was sporadically taken to hospitals to undergo shock treatment for depression.^[91] Towards the end of her life, Bundy said, she became agoraphobic.^[92]
Eleanor Bundy's younger sister Julia recalled a disturbing incident with her young nephew. After lying down in the Cowells' home for a nap, Julia woke to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen. Three-year-old Ted was standing by the bed, smiling at her.^[93]
Bundy used stolen credit cards to purchase more than 30 pairs of socks while on the run in Florida. He willingly conceded to being a foot fetishist, believing it to be nothing more than a personal quirk.^[94]
When Florida detectives begged Bundy to tell them where he'd dumped Kimberly Leach to give her family some peace, Bundy said "But I'm the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet." Several hours later, they found Ted with his hands down his pants.^[95]

Victims

Below is a chronological list of Ted Bundy's known victims. Bundy never made a comprehensive confession of his crimes and his true total is not known, but before his execution, he confessed to Hagmaier to having committed 30 murders. Ten of his victims remain unidentified.^[81] All the women listed were killed, unless otherwise noted.

1974

★ Jan. 4: Joni Lenz (survived). Bludgeoned in her bed as she slept.

★ Feb. 1: Lynda Ann Healy (19). Beaten & bludgeoned unconscious while asleep and abducted from the house she shared with other University of Washington co-eds.

★ Mar. 12: Donna Gail Manson (19). Abducted while walking to a jazz concert on The Evergreen State College campus, Olympia, Washington.

★ Apr. 17: Susan Rancourt (18). Disappeared as she walked across Ellensburg's Central Washington State College campus at night.

★ May 6: Roberta Kathleen Parks (22). Vanished from Oregon State University in Corvallis while walking to another dorm hall to have coffee with friends.

★ May 25: Brenda Ball (22). Disappeared from the Flame Tavern in Burien, Washington.

★ Jun. 11: Georgeann Hawkins (18). Disappeared from behind her sorority house, Kappa Alpha Theta, at the University of Washington in Seattle.

★ Jul. 14: Janice Ott (23) and Denise Naslund (19), both from Lake Sammamish State Park in Issaquah, Washington.

★ Aug. 2: Carol Valenzuela (20). Last seen at a welfare office in Vancouver, Washington.

★ Oct. 2: Nancy Wilcox (16). Disappeared in Holladay, Utah.

★ Oct. 18: Melissa Smith (17). Vanished from Midvale, Utah on her way to a friend's house.

★ Oct. 31: Laura Aime (17). Disappeared from a Halloween party at Lehi, Utah.

★ Nov. 8: Carol DaRonch (survived). Escaped from Bundy by jumping out from his car in Murray, Utah.

★ Nov. 8: Debra (Debby) Kent (17). Vanished from the parking lot of a school in Bountiful, Utah, hours after DaRonch escaped from Bundy.

1975

★ Jan. 12: Caryn Campbell (23). While on a ski trip with her fiancé in Aspen, Colorado, Campbell vanished between the hotel lounge and her room.

★ Mar. 15: Julie Cunningham (26). Disappeared while on her way to a nearby tavern in Vail, Colorado.

★ Apr. 6: Denise Oliverson (25). Abducted while visiting her parents in Grand Junction, Colorado.

★ May 6: Lynette Culver (13). Snatched from a school playground at Alameda Junior High School, Pocatello, Idaho.

★ June 28: Susan Curtis (15). Disappeared while attending a youth conference at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

★ July 4: Nancy Baird (23). Disappeared while working at a convenience store. Confessed shortly before his execution. Layton, Utah.

1978

★ Jan. 15: Lisa Levy (20), Margaret Bowman (21), Karen Chandler (survived), Kathy Kleiner Deshields (survived). This attack would become known subsequently as the Chi Omega killings, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.

★ Jan. 15: Cheryl Thomas (survived). Bludgeoned in her bed, eight blocks away from the Chi Omega Sorority house.

★ Feb. 9: Kimberly Leach (12), kidnapped from her junior high school in Lake City, Florida. She was raped, murdered and discarded in Suwannee State Park.

Film and television

Three TV movies and one feature film have been produced about Bundy and his crimes.

★ ''The Deliberate Stranger'', a two-part network TV movie, aired in 1986 and starred Mark Harmon as Bundy.

★ ''Ted Bundy'' was released in 2002, directed by Matthew Bright. Michael Reilly Burke starred as Bundy.

★ ''The Stranger Beside Me'' aired on the USA Network in 2003, and starred Billy Campbell as Bundy and Barbara Hershey as Ann Rule.

★ In 2004, the A&E Network produced an adaptation of Robert Keppel's book ''The Riverman'', which starred Cary Elwes as Bundy and Bruce Greenwood as Keppel.

References and further reading

★ Kendall, Elizabeth. ''The Phantom Prince: My Life With Ted Bundy''. Madrona Pub; 1st edition September 1981; Hardcover, 183 pages; ISBN 0914842706

★ Keppel, Robert. ''The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer''. 2005, paperback, 624 pages, ISBN 0743463951. Updated after the arrest and confession of the Green River killer, Gary Ridgway.

★ Larsen, Richard W. ''Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger''. 1980, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-089185-1

★ Michaud, Stephen, and Hugh Aynesworth. ''The Only Living Witness''. Authorlink 1999, paperback, 344 pages. ISBN 1-928704-11-5

★ Michaud, Stephen, and Hugh Aynesworth. ''Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer''. Transcripts of the authors' 1980 Death Row interviews with Bundy.

★ Nelson, Polly. ''Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer''. William Morrow, 1994, 329 pages. ISBN 0-688-10823-7

★ Rule, Ann. ''The Stranger Beside Me''. Signet, 2000, paperback, 548 pages. ISBN 0-393-05029-7. Updated 20th anniversary edition.

Notes

1. Rule 8, 17
2. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 56
3. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 63
4. Rule 16-7
5. Rule 8
6. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 57
7. Rule 10
8. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 64
9. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 66
10. Rule 12
11. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 62
12. Rule 22-33
13. Rule 16-7
14. Rule 18-20
15. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 74
16. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 76
17. http://www.english.ilstu.edu/351students/smdare/bundy/actualletterofrec.htm
18. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 81-4
19. Rule 44-7
20. Keppel 387
21. Nelson 282
22. Nelson 283-84
23. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 28
24. Keppel 42-3
25. Keppel 45-6
26. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 31-3
27. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 38
28. Rule 75
29. Keppel 3-6
30. Rule 103-5
31. Keppel 61-62
32. Keppel 40
33. Keppel 8-15
34. Keppel 18
35. Keppel 25-30
36. Keppel 26
37. Rule 473, 545
38. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 91
39. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 93-95
40. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 95-7
41. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 101
42. Rule 132-6
43. Keppel 402-7
44. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 343
45. Keppel 62-66
46. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 98-9, 113-5
47. Keppel 71
48. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 197
49. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 203-5
50. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 209
51. Rule 6
52. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 209-11
53. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 212-213
54. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 215-6
55. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 220
56. Rule 283-305
57. Rule 321-3
58. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 227, 283
59. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 230, 283-5
60. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 306-7
61. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 303
62. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 308-10
63. Nelson 56
64. Rule 465
65. Keppel 176
66. Nelson 33
67. Nelson 101
68. Nelson 135
69. Rule 516
70. Keppel 367-378
71. Rule 519
72. Rule 518
73. http://obscenitycrimes.org/clineart.cfm
74. Keppel 261, 411
75. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 243-4
76. Keppel 80
77. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 176
78. Rule 431-2
79. Keppel 379
80. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 94
81. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 339
82. Keppel 378, 393
83. Keppel 395
84. Keppel 30
85. Keppel 22-3
86. Nelson 258
87. Rule 167
88. Rule 335
89. Nelson 257
90. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 330
91. Nelson 154
92. Rule 502-8
93. Rule 505
94. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 241
95. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 263
96. Michaud and Aynesworth, ''TOLW'', 339

External links

★ Ted Bundy at CrimeLibrary.com, and Crime Library interview with Bob Keppel

★ Ted Bundy's final interview with Dr. James Dobson

★ ''Ted Bundy'' (the film), ''The Deliberate Stranger'', ''The Riverman'', and ''The Stranger Beside Me'' at the Internet Movie Database

★ 1989 appeal to the Florida Supreme Court, 1982 appeal of the Leach conviction, 1982 Chi Omega appeal, 1984 Chi Omega appeal, 1985 Leach appeal

★ Audio excerpts of Bundy's death row confessions

★ July 16, 1979 TIME magazine article about the Chi Omega trial

★ Channel 4 television UK documentary