TELEPATHY
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(Redirected from Telepath)
'Telepathy', from the Greek τῆλε, ''tele'' meaning "remote" and πάθεια, ''patheia'' meaning "to be affected by",[1], is a term used to describe the transfer of information on thoughts or feelings between individuals by means other than the five classical senses (See Psi). Glossary of Parapsychological terms - Telepathy — Parapsychological Association, Retrieved December 19, 2006 The term was coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Fredric W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research, specifically to replace the earlier expression ''thought-transference''. A person who is able to make use of telepathy is said to be able to read the minds of others.
Telepathy, along with telekinesis forms the main branches of Psi research.
Main articles: Scientific investigation of telepathy
Within the field of parapsychology, telepathy is considered to be a form of extra-sensory perception (ESP) or anomalous cognition in which information is transferred through Psi. It is often categorized similarly to precognition and clairvoyance.Glossary of Parapsychological terms - ESP, Parapsychological Association, Retrieved December 19, 2006 Various experiments have been used to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of Zener cards and the Ganzfeld experiment.
Zener cards are cards marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated the "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender must select a random card and visualize the symbol on it, while the receiver must attempt to determine that symbol using Psi. Statistically, the receiver has a 20% chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so in order to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%.[2] If not conducted properly, this method can be vulnerable to sensory leakage and card counting.
When using the Ganzfeld experiment to test for telepathy, one individual is designated the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are deprived of sensory input, and another is designated the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The exact nature of the information may vary between experiments.[3]
Parapsychology describes several different forms of telepathy, including latent telepathy and precognitive telepathy.
'Latent Telepathy', formerly known as "deferred telepathy", Rennie, John (1845), "Test for Telepathy", Scientific American,V3#1 (1847-09-25) is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, with an observable time-lag between transmission and receipt.
'Precognitive Telepathy' is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, about the future state of an individual's mind.
Some people, occasionally referred to by themselves or others as "transhumanists", believe that technologically enabled telepathy, coined "'techlepathy'", will be the inevitable future of humanity. Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading, England is one of the leading proponents of this view and has based all of his recent Cybernetics research around developing practical, safe devices for directly connecting human nervous systems together with computers and with each other. He believes techno-enabled telepathy will in the future become the primary form of human communication. He predicts that this will happen by means of the principle of natural selection, through which nearly everyone will have the need for such technology for economic and social reasons.[4][5]
The field which studies certain types of paranormal phenomena such as telepathy is called parapsychology.
There is a consensus within that field that some instances of telepathy are real."What is parapsychology?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association, Retrieved February 3, 2007"What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association, Retrieved February 3, 2007
Skeptics say that instances of what seem to be telepathy are explained as the result of fraud or self-delusion and that telepathy does not exist as a paranormal power.[6]
Parapsychologists and skeptics agree that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena such as mediumism, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading.[7][8][9]
Magicians such as Ian Rowland and Derren Brown have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, but they proffer psychological explanations instead of paranormal ones. They have identified, described, and developed complex psychological techniques of cold reading and hot reading.
A technique which shows statistically significant evidence of telepathy on every occasion has yet to be discovered. This lack of reliable reproducibility has led skeptics to argue that there is no credible scientific evidence for the existence of telepathy at all.[10]
Skeptics also point to historical cases in which were discovered flaws in experimental design and occasional cases of fraud.10
Parapsychologists such as Dean Radin, president of the Parapsychological Association, argues that the statistical significance and consistency of results shown by a meta-analysis of numerous studies provides evidence for telepathy that is almost impossible to account for using any other means.
Telepathy is commonly used in fiction, with a number of superheroes and supervillains, as well as figures in many science fiction novels, etc., use telepathy. Notable fictional telepaths include the Jedi in ''Star Wars''; Betazoids and Vulcans in ''Star Trek''; Lyta Alexander in ''Babylon 5''; Matt Parkman from the TV series ''Heroes''; J'onn J'onnz from DC Comics; River Tam from the TV series ''Firefly''; and Professor Xavier and Jean Grey from Marvel Comics.
The mechanics of telepathy in fiction vary widely. Some fictional telepaths are limited to receiving only thoughts that are deliberately sent by other telepaths, or even to receiving thoughts from a specific other person. For example, in Robert A. Heinlein's 1956 novel ''Time for the Stars'', certain pairs of twins are able to send telepathic messages to each other. Some telepaths can read the thoughts only of those they touch, such as Vulcans in the ''Star Trek'' media franchise. At the opposite end of the spectrum, some telepathic characters continuously sense the thoughts of those around them and may control or dampen this ability only with difficulty, or not at all. In such cases, telepathy is often portrayed as a mixed blessing or as a curse.
Some fictional telepaths possess mind control abilities, which can include "pushing" thoughts, feelings, or hallucinatory visions into the mind of another person, causing pain, paralysis, or unconsciousness, altering or erasing memories, or completely taking over another person's mind and body (similar to spiritual possession). Examples of this type of telepath include the Carpathians from the novels in the Dark Series, and Charles Xavier from Marvel Comics. Characters with this ability may or may not also have the ability to read thoughts.
See also a composite .
★ Empathy, one's ability to recognize, perceive and directly experientially feel the emotion of another
★ Precognition, a form of extra-sensory perception involving seeing future events
★ Parapsychology, the study of paranormal phenomena
★ Psychokinesis, the use of mental power to move or affect objects
★ Magnetoencephalography, measuring the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain
★ Neural oscillations, a concept similar to brain waves
★ Extended mind, the concept that things frequently used by the mind become part of it
★ Clairvoyance, a form of extra-sensory perception
★ Mentalist, claims to manipulate and change spiritual reality
★ Clever Hans, a horse that appeared to answer questions
★ Body language or kinesics, another form of paralinguistics
★ Seven Experiments That Could Change the World, proposals for future research
★ Rupert Sheldrake, a pioneer in morphic resonance
★ Telepathic animal communication, the ability to telepathically connect with a being of another species.
1. Following the model of sym'pathy' and em'pathy'.
2. Zener ESP Cards Carroll, Robert
3. ''The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena'' by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, ISBN 0-06-251502-0
4. Evolving Towards Telepathy Dvorsky, George
5. "Leviathan: Back to the Future: An interview with Kevin Warwick" TakeAway Media
6. Skepdic.com on ESP, Retrieved February 22, 2007
7. Eberhard Bauer: Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview. European Journal of Parapsychology (1984), 5, 141-166, Retrieved February 09, 2007.
8. O',Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard: Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results. British Journal of Psychology (2005), 96, 165–17.
9. Rowland, Ian: The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading
10. See for examples, Randi, James. ''Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions''. Prometheus Books (June 1982) ISBN-10: 0879751983 or
Charpak, Georges and Henri Broch. Translated by Bart K. Holland. ''Debunked!: ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience''. The Johns Hopkins University Press (March 25, 2004), ISBN-10: 0801878675
★ Evolving Towards Telepathy – an article on the potential for technologically endowed telepathy, or "techlepathy"
★ California Institute of Technology study using implanted electrodes in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPF), yielding findings on predicting the intentions of subjects to make movements
★ PDF article in Nature Neuroscience on "Spatial selectivity in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex"
★ Quantum Physicist Nick Herbert Ponders Instantaneous Communication
★ Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy (PDF)
★ Soal-Goldney Experiment - a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy
'Telepathy', from the Greek τῆλε, ''tele'' meaning "remote" and πάθεια, ''patheia'' meaning "to be affected by",[1], is a term used to describe the transfer of information on thoughts or feelings between individuals by means other than the five classical senses (See Psi). Glossary of Parapsychological terms - Telepathy — Parapsychological Association, Retrieved December 19, 2006 The term was coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Fredric W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research, specifically to replace the earlier expression ''thought-transference''. A person who is able to make use of telepathy is said to be able to read the minds of others.
Telepathy, along with telekinesis forms the main branches of Psi research.
| Contents |
| Telepathy in parapsychology |
| Types of telepathy |
| Technologically enabled telepathy |
| Skepticism and controversy |
| Telepathy in literature |
| See also |
| Notes |
| External links |
Telepathy in parapsychology
Main articles: Scientific investigation of telepathy
Within the field of parapsychology, telepathy is considered to be a form of extra-sensory perception (ESP) or anomalous cognition in which information is transferred through Psi. It is often categorized similarly to precognition and clairvoyance.Glossary of Parapsychological terms - ESP, Parapsychological Association, Retrieved December 19, 2006 Various experiments have been used to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of Zener cards and the Ganzfeld experiment.
'Zener cards'
When using the Ganzfeld experiment to test for telepathy, one individual is designated the receiver and is placed inside a controlled environment where they are deprived of sensory input, and another is designated the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The exact nature of the information may vary between experiments.[3]
Types of telepathy
Parapsychology describes several different forms of telepathy, including latent telepathy and precognitive telepathy.
'Latent Telepathy', formerly known as "deferred telepathy", Rennie, John (1845), "Test for Telepathy", Scientific American,V3#1 (1847-09-25) is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, with an observable time-lag between transmission and receipt.
'Precognitive Telepathy' is described as being the transfer of information, through Psi, about the future state of an individual's mind.
Technologically enabled telepathy
Technologies''', a 2002 report exploring the potential for synergy among nano-, bio-, informational and cognitive technologies (NBIC) for enhancing human performance.
Some people, occasionally referred to by themselves or others as "transhumanists", believe that technologically enabled telepathy, coined "'techlepathy'", will be the inevitable future of humanity. Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading, England is one of the leading proponents of this view and has based all of his recent Cybernetics research around developing practical, safe devices for directly connecting human nervous systems together with computers and with each other. He believes techno-enabled telepathy will in the future become the primary form of human communication. He predicts that this will happen by means of the principle of natural selection, through which nearly everyone will have the need for such technology for economic and social reasons.[4][5]
Skepticism and controversy
The field which studies certain types of paranormal phenomena such as telepathy is called parapsychology.
There is a consensus within that field that some instances of telepathy are real."What is parapsychology?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association, Retrieved February 3, 2007"What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?" From the FAQ of the website of the Parapsychological Association, Retrieved February 3, 2007
Skeptics say that instances of what seem to be telepathy are explained as the result of fraud or self-delusion and that telepathy does not exist as a paranormal power.[6]
Parapsychologists and skeptics agree that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena such as mediumism, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading.[7][8][9]
Magicians such as Ian Rowland and Derren Brown have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, but they proffer psychological explanations instead of paranormal ones. They have identified, described, and developed complex psychological techniques of cold reading and hot reading.
A technique which shows statistically significant evidence of telepathy on every occasion has yet to be discovered. This lack of reliable reproducibility has led skeptics to argue that there is no credible scientific evidence for the existence of telepathy at all.[10]
Skeptics also point to historical cases in which were discovered flaws in experimental design and occasional cases of fraud.10
Parapsychologists such as Dean Radin, president of the Parapsychological Association, argues that the statistical significance and consistency of results shown by a meta-analysis of numerous studies provides evidence for telepathy that is almost impossible to account for using any other means.
Telepathy in literature
Telepathy is commonly used in fiction, with a number of superheroes and supervillains, as well as figures in many science fiction novels, etc., use telepathy. Notable fictional telepaths include the Jedi in ''Star Wars''; Betazoids and Vulcans in ''Star Trek''; Lyta Alexander in ''Babylon 5''; Matt Parkman from the TV series ''Heroes''; J'onn J'onnz from DC Comics; River Tam from the TV series ''Firefly''; and Professor Xavier and Jean Grey from Marvel Comics.
The mechanics of telepathy in fiction vary widely. Some fictional telepaths are limited to receiving only thoughts that are deliberately sent by other telepaths, or even to receiving thoughts from a specific other person. For example, in Robert A. Heinlein's 1956 novel ''Time for the Stars'', certain pairs of twins are able to send telepathic messages to each other. Some telepaths can read the thoughts only of those they touch, such as Vulcans in the ''Star Trek'' media franchise. At the opposite end of the spectrum, some telepathic characters continuously sense the thoughts of those around them and may control or dampen this ability only with difficulty, or not at all. In such cases, telepathy is often portrayed as a mixed blessing or as a curse.
Some fictional telepaths possess mind control abilities, which can include "pushing" thoughts, feelings, or hallucinatory visions into the mind of another person, causing pain, paralysis, or unconsciousness, altering or erasing memories, or completely taking over another person's mind and body (similar to spiritual possession). Examples of this type of telepath include the Carpathians from the novels in the Dark Series, and Charles Xavier from Marvel Comics. Characters with this ability may or may not also have the ability to read thoughts.
See also a composite .
See also
'Origin of the brain's magnetic field'
★ Empathy, one's ability to recognize, perceive and directly experientially feel the emotion of another
★ Precognition, a form of extra-sensory perception involving seeing future events
★ Parapsychology, the study of paranormal phenomena
★ Psychokinesis, the use of mental power to move or affect objects
★ Magnetoencephalography, measuring the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain
★ Neural oscillations, a concept similar to brain waves
★ Extended mind, the concept that things frequently used by the mind become part of it
★ Clairvoyance, a form of extra-sensory perception
★ Mentalist, claims to manipulate and change spiritual reality
★ Clever Hans, a horse that appeared to answer questions
★ Body language or kinesics, another form of paralinguistics
★ Seven Experiments That Could Change the World, proposals for future research
★ Rupert Sheldrake, a pioneer in morphic resonance
★ Telepathic animal communication, the ability to telepathically connect with a being of another species.
Notes
1. Following the model of sym'pathy' and em'pathy'.
2. Zener ESP Cards Carroll, Robert
3. ''The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena'' by Dean I. Radin Harper Edge, ISBN 0-06-251502-0
4. Evolving Towards Telepathy Dvorsky, George
5. "Leviathan: Back to the Future: An interview with Kevin Warwick" TakeAway Media
6. Skepdic.com on ESP, Retrieved February 22, 2007
7. Eberhard Bauer: Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview. European Journal of Parapsychology (1984), 5, 141-166, Retrieved February 09, 2007.
8. O',Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard: Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results. British Journal of Psychology (2005), 96, 165–17.
9. Rowland, Ian: The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading
10. See for examples, Randi, James. ''Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions''. Prometheus Books (June 1982) ISBN-10: 0879751983 or
Charpak, Georges and Henri Broch. Translated by Bart K. Holland. ''Debunked!: ESP, Telekinesis, and Other Pseudoscience''. The Johns Hopkins University Press (March 25, 2004), ISBN-10: 0801878675
External links
★ Evolving Towards Telepathy – an article on the potential for technologically endowed telepathy, or "techlepathy"
★ California Institute of Technology study using implanted electrodes in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPF), yielding findings on predicting the intentions of subjects to make movements
★ PDF article in Nature Neuroscience on "Spatial selectivity in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex"
★ Quantum Physicist Nick Herbert Ponders Instantaneous Communication
★ Primary Quantum Model of Telepathy (PDF)
★ Soal-Goldney Experiment - a critical evaluation of the Soal-Goldney Experiment, which claimed to prove the existence of telepathy
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