TENMEI
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'''Tenmei''' (Japanese:天明) was a Japanese era name (å¹´å·, ''nengÅ'', lit. year name) after ''An'ei'' and before ''Kansei.'' This period spanned the years from 1781 through 1789. The reigning emperor was KÅkaku''-tennÅ'' (å…‰æ ¼å¤©çš‡).
★ '''Tenmei gannen''' (天明元年) or '''Tenmei 1''' (1781): The new era name of ''Tenmei'' (meaning "dawn") was crated to mark the enthronement of Emperor KÅkaku. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in ''An'ei'' 11, on the 2nd day of the 4th month.
★ '''Tenmei 2''' (1782): Great ''Tenmei'' Famine is said to have begun.
★ '''Tenmei 2''' (1782): An analysis of silver currency in China and Japan ''"Sin sen sen pou (Sin tchuan phou)"'' was presented to the emperor by Minamoto no Masatsuna.[1]
★ '''Tenmei 3''' (1783): Mount Asama (æµ…é–“å±±, ''Asama-yama'') erupted in Shinano province only 80 miles northwest of Edo -- loss of life estimated at 20,000+. [Today, Asama-yama's location is better described as on the border between Gunma and Nagano prefectures]. Japanologist Isaac Titsingh's published account of the of Asama-yama eruption will become first of its kind in the West (1820).[2] The volcano's devastation makes the Great ''Tenmei'' Famine even worse. Much of Shinano and KÅzuke provinces' agriculture would consequently remain unproductive or underproducing) for the next four or five years.[3]
★ '''Tenmei 3''' (1783): Famine was exacerbated, according to 20th century studies, because after 8 years of near or actual famine, neither the authorities nor the people had any reserves left to meet further drought and crop failures of the "Great Tenmei Famine."[4]
★ '''Tenmei 4''' (1784): Country-wide celebrations in honor of KÅbÅ-Daishi, founder of Shingon Buddhism) who died 950 years earlier.[5]
★ '''Tenmei 4''' (1784): The son of the Shogun's chief counselor was assassinated inside Edo Castle. The comparatively young ''wakadoshiyori'' (junior counselor), Tamuna Okitomo, was the son of the senior councilor Tanuma Okitsugu. The younger Tanuma was killed in front of his father as both were returning to their ''norimono'' after a meeting of the Counselors of State had broken up. The involvement of senior figures in the ''bakufu'' was suspected; however, none but the lone assassin himself was punished. The result was that Tanuma-initiated, liberalizing reforms within the ''bakufu'' and relaxing the strictures of ''sakoku'' were blocked.[6]
★ '''Tenmei 6''', on the 8th day of the 9th month (September 17, 1786): Shogun Tokugawa Ieharu) died and was buried in Yedo.[7]
★ '''Tenmei 7''' (1788): Riots in rice shops in Yedo and Osaka.
★ '''Tenmei 8''' (1788): Great Fire of Miyako. A fire in the city, which began at 3 o'clock in the morning of the 29th day of the 1st month of ''Tenmei'' 8 (March 6, 1788), continued to burn uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8th); and embers smoldered until they were extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11th). The emperor and his court fled the fire, and the Imperial Palace was destroyed. No other re-construction was permitted until a new palace was completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch ''VOC'' ''Opperhoofd'' in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent." [8]
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Supplément aux annales des daïri,'' p. 420. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn.]
2. Screech, T. (2006), ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,'' pp. 146-148.
3. Hall, p. 122.
4. Hall, p. 170.
5. Titsingh, p. 420. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn.]
6. Screech, pp. 148-151, 163-170, 248.
7. Titsingh, p. 420.
8. Screech, pp. 152-154, 249-250
★ Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.'' London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
★ Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). ''Illustrations of Japan; consisting of Private Memoirs and Anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of The Djogouns, or Sovereigns of Japan; a description of the Feasts and Ceremonies observed throughout the year at their Court; and of the Ceremonies customary at Marriages and Funerals: to which are subjoined, observations on the legal suicide of the Japanese, remarks on their their poetry, an explanation of their mode of reckoning time, particulars respecting the Dosia powder, the preface of a work by Confoutzee on filial piety, &c. &c.'' by M. Titsingh formerly Chief Agent to the Dutch East India Company at Nangasaki. Translated from the French, by Frederic Shoberl with coloured plates, faithfully copied from Japanese original designs. London. Ackerman.
★ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Supplément aux annales des daïri,'' appended to [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GohÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two digitized examples of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
| Contents |
| Change of Era |
| Events of the ''Tenmei'' Era |
| References |
| Notes |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Change of Era
★ '''Tenmei gannen''' (天明元年) or '''Tenmei 1''' (1781): The new era name of ''Tenmei'' (meaning "dawn") was crated to mark the enthronement of Emperor KÅkaku. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in ''An'ei'' 11, on the 2nd day of the 4th month.
Events of the ''Tenmei'' Era
★ '''Tenmei 2''' (1782): Great ''Tenmei'' Famine is said to have begun.
★ '''Tenmei 2''' (1782): An analysis of silver currency in China and Japan ''"Sin sen sen pou (Sin tchuan phou)"'' was presented to the emperor by Minamoto no Masatsuna.[1]
★ '''Tenmei 3''' (1783): Mount Asama (æµ…é–“å±±, ''Asama-yama'') erupted in Shinano province only 80 miles northwest of Edo -- loss of life estimated at 20,000+. [Today, Asama-yama's location is better described as on the border between Gunma and Nagano prefectures]. Japanologist Isaac Titsingh's published account of the of Asama-yama eruption will become first of its kind in the West (1820).[2] The volcano's devastation makes the Great ''Tenmei'' Famine even worse. Much of Shinano and KÅzuke provinces' agriculture would consequently remain unproductive or underproducing) for the next four or five years.[3]
★ '''Tenmei 3''' (1783): Famine was exacerbated, according to 20th century studies, because after 8 years of near or actual famine, neither the authorities nor the people had any reserves left to meet further drought and crop failures of the "Great Tenmei Famine."[4]
★ '''Tenmei 4''' (1784): Country-wide celebrations in honor of KÅbÅ-Daishi, founder of Shingon Buddhism) who died 950 years earlier.[5]
★ '''Tenmei 4''' (1784): The son of the Shogun's chief counselor was assassinated inside Edo Castle. The comparatively young ''wakadoshiyori'' (junior counselor), Tamuna Okitomo, was the son of the senior councilor Tanuma Okitsugu. The younger Tanuma was killed in front of his father as both were returning to their ''norimono'' after a meeting of the Counselors of State had broken up. The involvement of senior figures in the ''bakufu'' was suspected; however, none but the lone assassin himself was punished. The result was that Tanuma-initiated, liberalizing reforms within the ''bakufu'' and relaxing the strictures of ''sakoku'' were blocked.[6]
★ '''Tenmei 6''', on the 8th day of the 9th month (September 17, 1786): Shogun Tokugawa Ieharu) died and was buried in Yedo.[7]
★ '''Tenmei 7''' (1788): Riots in rice shops in Yedo and Osaka.
★ '''Tenmei 8''' (1788): Great Fire of Miyako. A fire in the city, which began at 3 o'clock in the morning of the 29th day of the 1st month of ''Tenmei'' 8 (March 6, 1788), continued to burn uncontrolled until the 1st day of the second month (March 8th); and embers smoldered until they were extinguished by heavy rain on the 4th day of the second month (March 11th). The emperor and his court fled the fire, and the Imperial Palace was destroyed. No other re-construction was permitted until a new palace was completed. This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch ''VOC'' ''Opperhoofd'' in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent." [8]
References
Notes
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Supplément aux annales des daïri,'' p. 420. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn.]
2. Screech, T. (2006), ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,'' pp. 146-148.
3. Hall, p. 122.
4. Hall, p. 170.
5. Titsingh, p. 420. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn.]
6. Screech, pp. 148-151, 163-170, 248.
7. Titsingh, p. 420.
8. Screech, pp. 152-154, 249-250
Further reading
★ Screech, Timon. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.'' London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
★ Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). ''Illustrations of Japan; consisting of Private Memoirs and Anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of The Djogouns, or Sovereigns of Japan; a description of the Feasts and Ceremonies observed throughout the year at their Court; and of the Ceremonies customary at Marriages and Funerals: to which are subjoined, observations on the legal suicide of the Japanese, remarks on their their poetry, an explanation of their mode of reckoning time, particulars respecting the Dosia powder, the preface of a work by Confoutzee on filial piety, &c. &c.'' by M. Titsingh formerly Chief Agent to the Dutch East India Company at Nangasaki. Translated from the French, by Frederic Shoberl with coloured plates, faithfully copied from Japanese original designs. London. Ackerman.
★ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Supplément aux annales des daïri,'' appended to [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GohÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two digitized examples of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
External links
★ National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
| Tenmei | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th |
| Gregorian | 1781 | 1782 | 1783 | 1784 | 1785 | 1786 | 1787 | 1788 | 1789 |
Preceded by: '' An'ei'' | ' Era or ''nengÅ'': 'Tenmei | Succeeded by: ''Kansei'' |
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