THE ECONOMIST

'''The Economist''' is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by "The Economist Newspaper Ltd" and edited in London. It has been in continuous publication since James Wilson established it in September 1843. As of summer 2007, its average circulation topped 1.2 million copies a week, about half of which are sold in North America.^[1] Consequently it is often seen as a transatlantic (as opposed to solely British) news source.
The aim of ''The Economist'' is "to take part in a severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress."^[2] Subjects covered include international news, economics, politics, business, finance, science, technology, and the arts. The publication is targeted at the high-end "prestige" segment of the market and counts among its audience influential business and government decision-makers.^[3]
It takes a strongly argued editorial stance on many issues, especially its support for free trade and fiscal conservatism; it can thus be considered as a magazine which practises advocacy journalism.
Although ''The Economist'' calls itself a newspaper and refers to its staff as correspondents, it is printed in magazine form on glossy paper, like a newsmagazine.
''The Economist'' belongs to The Economist Group. The publication interests of the group include the ''CFO'' brand family as well as the annual ''World in...'', the lifestyle quarterly ''Intelligent Life'', ''European Voice'' and ''Roll Call'' (known as "the Newspaper of Capitol Hill"). Another part of the group is The Economist Intelligence Unit, a research and advisory company providing country, industry and management analysis worldwide. Since 1928, half the shares of The Economist Group have been owned by the ''Financial Times'', a subsidiary of Pearson PLC, and the other half by a group of independent shareholders, including many members of the staff. The editor's independence is guaranteed by the existence of a board of trustees, which formally appoints him and without whose permission he cannot be removed.

Contents

Features

Editors

History

Opinions

Tone and voice

Circulation

Letters

Special features

Censorship

References in popular culture

See also

Notes and references

Further reading

External links

Features

''The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Every two weeks, the newspaper includes, as an additional section, an in-depth special report of a particular business issue, business sector or geographical region. Every three months, ''The Economist'' publishes a technology report called TQ.
Articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline. This means that no specific person or persons can be named as the author. Not even the name of the editor (from 2006, John Micklethwait) is printed in the issue. It is a longstanding tradition that an editor's only signed article during his tenure is written on the occasion of his departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when ''Economist'' writers compile special reports; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of ''Economist'' editors and correspondents can be located, however, via the media directory pages of the website.
The newspaper has a trademark tight writing style that is famous for putting a maximum amount of information into a minimum of column inches.^[4] Since 1995, ''The Economist'' has published one obituary every week, of a famous (or infamous) person from any field of endeavour.
''The Economist'' is known for its Big Mac Index, which uses the price of a Big Mac hamburger sold by McDonald's in different countries as an informal measure of exchange rates. While whimsical, exchange rates in Western countries have been more likely to adjust to the Big Mac index than vice-versa.
Each opinion column in the newspaper is devoted to a particular area of interest. The names of these columns reflect the topic they concentrate on:

★ ''Bagehot'' (Britain) — named for Walter Bagehot, nineteenth century British constitutional expert and early editor of ''The Economist''.

★ ''Charlemagne'' (Europe) — named for Charlemagne, founder of the Frankish Empire.

★ ''Lexington'' (United States) — named for Lexington, Massachusetts, the site of the beginning of the American War of Independence.

★ ''Buttonwood'' (finance) — named for the buttonwood tree where early Wall Street traders gathered. Until September 2006 this was available only as an online column, but is now included in the print edition.
Two other regular columns are:

★ ''Face Value'': about prominent people in the business world.

★ ''Economics Focus'': a general economics column frequently based on academic research.
The magazine goes to press on Thursdays, is available online from Thursday between 6 and 7pm GMT, and is available on newsstands in many countries the next day. It is printed in seven sites around the world.
''The Economist'' newspaper sponsors yearly "Innovation Awards", in the categories of bioscience, computing and communications, energy and the environment, social and economic innovation, business-process innovation, consumer products, and a special “no boundaries” category.
''The Economist'' also produces the annual ''The World in'' [''Year''] publication.

Editors

The editors of the ''Economist'' have been:

★ James Wilson 1843–1857 (Herbert Spencer was sub-editor from 1848 to 1853)

★ Richard Holt Hutton 1857–1861^[5]

★ Walter Bagehot, 1861–1877^[6]

★ Daniel Conner Lathbury, 1877–1881^[7]

★ R. H. I. Palgrave, 1877–1883

★ Edward Johnstone, 1883–1907^[8]

★ F. W. Hirst, 1907–1916

★ Hartley Withers, 1916–1921

★ Sir Walter Layton, 1922–1938

★ Geoffrey Crowther, 1938–1956

★ Donald Tyerman, 1956–1965

★ Sir Alastair Burnet, 1965–1974

★ Andrew Knight, 1974–1986

★ Rupert Pennant-Rea, 1986–1993

★ Bill Emmott, 1993–2006

★ John Micklethwait, 2006–present

History

The August 5, 1843 prospectus for the newspaper, enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the newspaper to focus on:^[9]
#Original leading articles, in which free-trade principles will be most rigidly applied to all the important questions of the day.
#Articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties.
#An article on the elementary principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue, and taxes.
#Parliamentary reports, with particular focus on commerce, agriculture, and free trade.
#Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade.
#General news from the Court, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland.
#Commercial topics such as changes in fiscal regulations, the state and prospects of the markets, imports and exports, foreign news, the state of the manufacturing districts, notices of important new mechanical improvements, shipping news, the money market, and the progress of railways and public companies.
#Agricultural topics, including the application of geology and chemistry; notices of new and improved implements, state of crops, markets, prices, foreign markets and prices converted into English money; from time to time, in some detail, the plans pursued in Belgium, Switzerland, and other well-cultivated countries.
#Colonial and foreign topics, including trade, produce, political and fiscal changes, and other matters, including exposés on the evils of restriction and protection, and the advantages of free intercourse and trade.
#Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
#Books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation.
#A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week.
#Correspondence and inquiries from the newspaper's readers.
In 1845 during Railway Mania, ''The Economist'' changed its name to ''The Economist, Weekly Commercial Times, Bankers' Gazette, and Railway Monitor. A Political, Literary and General Newspaper''.^[10]

Opinions

When the newspaper was founded, the term "economism" denoted what would today be termed fiscal conservatism in the United States, or economic liberalism in the rest of the world (and historically in the United States as well). ''The Economist'' generally supports free markets and opposes extreme socialism. It is in favour of globalisation and free immigration. Economic liberalism is generally associated with the right, but is now favoured by some traditionally left-wing parties. It also supports social liberalism, which is often seen as left-wing, especially in the United States. This contrast derives in part from ''The Economist's'' roots in classical liberalism, disfavouring government interference in either social or economic activity. According to former editor Bill Emmott, "the ''Economist's philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative."^[11] However, the views taken by individual contributors are quite diverse.
''The Economist'' has endorsed both the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in recent British elections, and both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States.
A history of ''The Economist'' by the editors of Economist.com puts it this way:
''The Economist'' has frequently criticised figures and countries deemed corrupt or dishonest. In recent years, for example, it has been critical of World Bank president Paul Wolfowitz, Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's former Prime Minister (who dubbed it ''The Ecommunist''^[12]); Laurent Kabila, the late president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and Robert Mugabe, the head of government in Zimbabwe. ''The Economist'' also called for Bill Clinton's impeachment and later for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse.^[13] Although ''The Economist'' supported George W. Bush's election campaign in 2000 and as of January 2007 maintains vocal support for the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq (but criticized the "almost criminal negligence" of the Bush Administration’s handling of the war),^[14] the editors backed John Kerry in the 2004 election.^[15][16] The paper has also supported some left-wing issues such as progressive taxation, criticizing the U.S. tax model in a recent issue, and seems to support some government regulation on health issues (such as smoking in public areas) and income inequality (higher taxes for the wealthy), as long as it is done lightly. The ''Economist'' consistently favours guest worker programs and amnesties especially in 2006 when they titled one of their articles "Sense not Sensenbrenner."^[17]

Tone and voice

''The Economist'' does not print by-lines identifying the authors of articles other than survey articles and articles written by outsiders "By Invitation". In their own words: "It is written anonymously, because it is a paper whose collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists."^[18] Where needed, references to the author within the article are made as "your correspondent." Rare exceptions to this rule occur where there might otherwise be a conflict of interest such as when reviewing a book written by someone connected with ''The Economist''.
The editorial staff enforces a strictly uniform voice throughout the magazine.^[19] As a result, most articles read as though they were written by a single author, displaying dry, understated wit, and precise use of language.^[20][21]
The magazine's treatment of economics presumes a working familiarity with fundamental concepts of classical economics. For instance, it does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage. However, articles involving economics do not presume any formal training on the part of the reader, and aim to be accessible to the reasonably educated and intelligent layperson. The newspaper usually does not translate short French quotes or phrases, and sentences in Ancient Greek or Latin are not uncommon. It does however almost always describe the business of an entity whose name it prints, even if it's a well-known entity; for example, in place of "Goldman Sachs", ''The Economist'' might write "Goldman Sachs, an investment bank".
It strives to be well-rounded. As well as financial and economic issues, it reports on science, culture, language, literature, and art, and is careful to hire writers and editors who are well-versed in these subjects.
The publication displays a sense of whimsy. Many articles include some witticism, image captions are often humorous and the letters section usually concludes with an odd or light-hearted letter. These efforts at humor have sometimes had a mixed reception. For example, the cover of the September 20, 2003 issue, headlined by a story on the Cancún WTO ministerial meeting, featured a cactus giving the middle finger.^[22] Readers sent both positive and negative letters in response.^[23]

Circulation

Circulation for the newspaper, audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), was over 1.2 million for the first half of 2007.^[24]
Sales inside North America were around 54% of the total, with sales in the UK making up 14% of the total and continental Europe 19%. ''The Economist'' claims sales, both by subscription and on newsstands, in over 200 countries.
The newspaper consciously adopts an internationalist approach and notes that over 80% of its readership is from outside the UK, its country of publication. Global sales have doubled since 1997. Of its American readers, two out of three make more than $100,000 a year.
The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Economist Group. One half of The Economist Group is owned by private shareholders, including members of the Rothschild banking family of England (Sir Evelyn de Rothschild was Chairman of the company from 1972 to 1989), and the other half by the Financial Times, a subsidiary of The Pearson Group. The editorial independence of ''The Economist'' is strictly upheld. An independent trust board, which has power to block any changes of the editor, exists to ensure this.

Letters

''The Economist'' frequently receives letters from senior businesspeople, politicians and spokespeople for government departments, Non-Governmental Organisations and pressure-groups, but well-written or witty responses from anyone are considered, and controversial issues frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of Corporate Social Responsibility, published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam, the UN World Food Programme, UN Global Compact, the Chairman of BT, an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors.^[25] It has also published a lively selection of letters on topics such as intelligent design and global warming. Most of the letters ''The Economist'' chooses to publish pull no punches in criticising its editorial stance. The father of a soldier, who had been sent to Iraq three times, demanded that ''The Economist'' apologise for supporting the war. After ''The Economist'' ran a critique of Amnesty International and human rights in general in its issue dated March 24, 2007, its letters page ran a vibrant reply from Amnesty, as well as several other letters in support of the organisation, including one from the head of the UN Human Rights Commission. Letters published in the magazine are typically between 150 and 200 words long. Most other letters received are published online in 'The Inbox'.

Special features

Biweekly, ''The Economist'' publishes special reports (previously called surveys) on a given topic—the five main categories being Countries and Regions, Business, Finance and Economics, Science and Technology, and Other. The reports consist of a series of articles in the form of summaries and analysis, and, contrary to the magazine's custom, they carry a byline. Every couple of months, there's a Technology Quarterly that can be thought of as a special report focusing on recent trends and developments in science and technology.
Since July 2007 ^[26], there has also been a complete audio edition of the magazine available 5pm London time on Fridays, the next day after the print magazine is published. It is free for subscribers and available for a fee for non-subscribers.

Censorship

Sections of ''The Economist'' criticising authoritarian regimes, such as China, are frequently removed from the newspaper by the authorities in those countries. Despite having its Asia-Pacific office in Singapore, ''The Economist'' regularly has difficulties with the Lee dynasty, having been sued successfully by them for libel on a number of occasions.^[27]
On June 15, 2006 Iran banned the sale of ''The Economist'' because of a map labelling the Persian Gulf as the "Gulf". Iran's action can be put into context within the larger issue of the Persian Gulf naming dispute.^[28]
Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe went further, and imprisoned Andrew Meldrum, ''The Economist's correspondent there. The government charged him with violating a statute against "publishing untruth" for writing that a woman was decapitated by Mugabe supporters. The decapitation claim was retracted and allegedly fabricated by the woman's husband. The correspondent was later acquitted, only to receive a deportation order.^[29]
In Saudi Arabia, pages of the magazine with stories that touch negatively on the country are usually torn out of the magazine by customs officials before the magazine is let into the country for sale.

References in popular culture

★ In ''The Simpsons'' episode "Catch 'Em If You Can", Homer is traveling by air in first class and says "Look at me, I'm reading ''The Economist''. Did you know Indonesia is at a crossroads?" and when questioned by his wife, he simply replies "It is!" Four days later, with its customary dry wit, ''The Economist'' alluded to the quote, and published an article about Indonesia referring to the "crossroads". The title of the issue was "Indonesia's Gambit".^[30][31]

See also

★ The Spectator

★ New Statesman

★ Democracy Index

Notes and references

1. 'Economist' Magazine Wins American Readers
2. http://www.economist.co.uk/opinion/
3. How our readers view The Economist
4. The Economist style guide
5. The ''Concise Dictionary of National Biography'' makes him assistant editor 1858-1860
6. He was Wilson's son-in-law
7. A journalist and biographer[1]
8. 'a solid Scots journalist, Edward Johnstone (1883–1907)'[2]
9. Prospectus
10. The many paradoxes of broadband
11. Time for a referendum on the monarchy
12. Report of Rome anti-war demo on Saturday 24th with photos
13. Resign Rumsfeld
14. Mugged by reality
15. Crunch time in America
16. The incompetent or the incoherent?
17. Sense, not Sensenbrenner, The Economist, March 30, 2006
18. The Economist — About us
19. The Economist — Style guide
20. The Economist — Tone
21. Johnson
22. Issue Cover for Sep 20th 2003, economist.com
23. Letters: Pointing the Finger, The Economist, October 2, 2003
24. Worldwide circulation
25. Compilation: Full text of responses to Economist survey on Corporate Social Responsibility (January-February 2005)
26. Economist launches audio magazine
27. Inconvenient truths in Singapore
28. Iran bans ''The Economist'' over map
29. Guardian and RFI correspondent risks two years in jail
30. The electoral week — On the trail
31. Investing in Indonesia

Further reading

★ Edwards, Ruth Dudley. ''The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993.'' London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993.

External links

★ Economist.com homepage of ''The Economist''

★ [http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article2132892.ece Profile of the editor in the Independent newspaper

★ Democracy in America ''The Economist's blog on American politics

★ Certain ideas of Europe ''The Economist's blog on European politics

★ The inbox Letters to the editor of ''The Economist''

★ Article on the vocabulary of The Economist editorials

★ The Economist Group website providing group information and links to all group publications such as ''CFO'', ''Roll Call'' and ''European Voice''

★ Economist 1993 Ruth Dudley Edwards’ retrospective on ''The Economist'', written on the occasion of its 150th year of publication

★ The Economics of the Colonial Cringe James Fallows’ criticisms of the magazine's reasoning and uncritical reception in the United States.

★ ebusinessforum Part of the Economist Intelligence Unit. Has free articles from ''The Economist''

★
★ Preliminary number and prospectus, Aug. 5th 1843

★ The first issue republished on Economist.com

★ Some issues from the inaugural volume in 1843, hosted at ibiblio (copyright expired)