THE LION, THE WITCH AND THE WARDROBE

'''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''' is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis. Written in 1950, it is the first book of ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' and is the best known book of the series. (Although it was written and published first, it is second in the series' internal chronological order, after ''The Magician's Nephew''.)
The first paperback edition, published in 1970, featured a cover illustration by internationally-renowned artist Roger Hane.
The book is dedicated to Lewis's goddaughter, Lucy Barfield.

Contents

Plot summary

Character list

Commentary

Influences

Differences between the British and American editions

Film, television, and theatrical adaptations

External links

References

See also

Plot summary

Four children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, are evacuated from London during World War II, and settled with Digory Kirke, an elderly Professor living in a large country-house.
The children decide to explore the house and come upon an empty room with only a wardrobe in it. The others go on to explore other rooms, but Lucy, the youngest of the children, climbs into the wardrobe and finds it leads to a thick forest in a snow-covered land. Her first indication that is some civilization in what at first appeared to be a wild forest is when in the middle of the forest she comes upon a gas-lit lamp post. At the lamppost, she meets a faun, who introduces himself as Mr. Tumnus. He tells her that the land is called Narnia, and he invites her to his cave for tea. He then lulls her to sleep by playing a tune on his flute, and when Lucy wakes up Mr Tumnus is crying. He confesses that he is in the pay of the White Witch, who ensures that it is always winter, but never Christmas. She had ordered him and all other Narnians that if they ever saw a Son of Adam or Daughter of Eve in the woods, they were to catch the human and hand it over to her. Mr. Tumnus then realises that he can't give Lucy up to the witch, and guides her back to the lamp post to ensure that she gets home safely.
Lucy goes back through the wardrobe, which returns to normal, and is unable to convince the other children about her adventure. Edmund, the next youngest child, is particularly spiteful to her about it.
A few days later, Lucy climbs into the wardrobe just to assure herself that what happened to her was real. Edmund climbs into the wardrobe right after her to hide during a game of hide and seek. Then he comes into Narnia as well. He fails to catch up with Lucy, and can't find her anywhere in the wood. He then comes across a great lady on a sledge, who introduces herself as the Queen of Narnia. The queen magically produces Turkish Delight for Edmund and promises to make him a Prince - and when she has gone, a King. She tells Edmund to go back to his own country and bring the other children to visit her, and gives directions to her house.
The queen departs and Edmund eventually meets Lucy, who tells him that she has been to visit Mr Tumnus and that the White Witch has done nothing to him for letting her go. Lucy gives a description of the White Witch and Edmund realises that she is no other than the Queen of Narnia he has just made friends with.
When they meet up with Peter and Susan at the other side of the door, Edmund tells Peter and Susan that he and Lucy had been playing a game, and pretending that the country in the wardrobe was real. Peter is angry with Edmund for encouraging Lucy with the "wardrobe nonsense", and he and Susan later speak to the Professor about Lucy's story.
Finally, all four children end up hiding in the wardrobe after being caught by an angry Mrs Macready (the housekeeper), who had told them to keep out of the way whenever she was showing visitors around the house. They soon find themselves In Narnia, and Lucy guides them to Mr Tumnus's cave, only to find him gone and his cave ransacked. A letter has been left behind by Maugrim, Chief of the White Witch's Secret Police, informing them that Mr Tumnus has been arrested on charges of high treason.
The children soon meet a beaver - Mr. Beaver - who guides them to his house, where he lives with Mrs. Beaver.
They recount an ancient prophecy that when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel, the witch's power will fail. The beavers tell of the true king of Narnia—a great lion called Aslan—who has been absent for many years, but is now "On the move again."
The children had been attending hard to what Mr Beaver was saying that they didn't notice anything else for a long time. Lucy suddenly notices that Edmund has gone, and Mr Beaver quickly realises that Edmund has gone to the White Witch. Realising that they have been betrayed, the others set off to meet with Aslan.
Edmund, meanwhile, reaches the castle of the witch. She is livid with him for coming alone, and even angrier when she hears that Aslan has also come to Narnia. She and her dwarf take Edmund with them on their sleigh to reach the Stone Table. Meanwhile, she sends Maugrim and another wolf to the house of the Beavers, but they find it empty, and make all speed to the Stone Table as the Witch had instructed them to.
However, her power is crumbling failing and a thaw strands her sleigh. The other children reach Aslan, by which time the snow has melted and they have received gifts from Father Christmas.
Edmund is rescued by Aslan's creatures just as the witch is about to kill him in an isolated valley.
Calling for a truce, the witch demands that Edmund be returned to her, as an ancient law gives her possession of all traitors. Aslan, acknowledging the law, offers himself in Edmund's place and the witch accepts.
Aslan is sacrificed by the witch that night, as Susan and Lucy watch, but comes back to life the next morning. He flies to the White Witch's castle with the girls on his back, and restores all of the statues of the creatures that the witch had turned to stone - including Mr Tumnus. They head to the nearby forest, where the battle is in full swing. The witch is finally killed, and at this point the remnants of her army either give themselves up or take to flight.
The children become kings and queens, and spend many years in Narnia, growing to maturity, before returning to our world, where they find themselves children again, and no time has passed since they hid from Mrs Macready in the wardrobe. Professor Kirke believes their story and assures them that they will return to Narnia one day, though not through the wardrobe.

Character list

★ 'Peter Pevensie' is the oldest of the Pevensie siblings that left London during WWII. At first, he disbelieves Lucy's stories about Narnia, but changes his mind when he sees it for himself. Peter is hailed as a hero for his part in the overthrow of the White Witch. He is eventually crowned the High King of Narnia, King Peter the Magnificent.

★ 'Susan Pevensie' is the second oldest of the Pevensie children. She also does not believe in Narnia until she is actually there. She is crowned Queen Susan the Gentle

★ 'Edmund Pevensie' is the third of the Pevensie children. When he is in Narnia, he meets the White Witch who plies him with enchanted Turkish Delight. Tempted by the White Witch's promise of power and seemingly unending supplies of Turkish Delight, Edmund betrays his siblings, but eventually regrets his actions and repents. After he helps Aslan and the citizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch, he is crowned King Edmund, the Just.

★ 'Lucy Pevensie' is the youngest Pevensie child. She discovered the land of Narnia in the back of Professor Kirke's wardrobe. When Lucy told her siblings, they refused to believe her, particularly Edmund, who teased her mercilessly. After the restoration of Narnia, Lucy is crowned Queen Lucy, the Valiant.

★ 'Mr. Tumnus' is a faun and the first person that Lucy meets in Narnia. Tumnus befriends her, despite being hired by the White Witch as a kidnapper. After getting to know Lucy, he changes his mind about handing her over to the witch. This gets him in trouble and he is eveutally arrested and turned into stone. He is later restored by Aslan and becomes a close friend of the Pevensies.

★ 'Jadis, The White Witch' is the self-proclaimed Queen of Narnia. Ruling with an iron fist, she had placed a spell on Narnia so that it is forever winter and never Christmas. She has the right to kill anyone she believes to be a traitor to Narnia, which happens often. Her magic wand can turn people and animals to stone. The White Witch's only fear is of the prophecy that tells of "two sons of Adam" and "two daughters of Eve" who will come to Narnia and ally with Aslan to overthrow her.

★ 'Aslan' is the lion, and keeps everything on a balance in Narnia. He sacrifices himself to spare Edmund, and is resurrected in time to aid the citizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children in their battle against the White Witch and her minions.

★ 'Professor Kirke' is a professor that is given custody of the Pevensies when they evacuate London. He is the only one who believes that Lucy did indeed visit Narnia and tries to convince the other Pevensie children of this.

★ 'Mr. Beaver' is friends with Tumnus, and he attempts to dethrone the White Witch and find Tumnus with Lucy, Susan, and Peter.

★ 'Mrs. Beaver' is Mr. Beaver's wife. She helps the Pevensies by feeding them a good meal, and she is very optimistic.

★ 'Dwarf'. The dwarf is the White Witch's right hand man.

★ 'Maugrim' (or 'Fenris Ulf') is a wolf pressed into service by the White Witch to hunt down and destroy the Pevensie children. He is the police commissioner of Narnia, their subordinates constitute the White Witch's police service. He is killed by Peter in the chapter "Peter's First Battle".

★ 'Father Christmas' (Santa Claus) arrives when the Witch's spell of having no Christmas is broken. He gives each of the Pevensie children present a gift (Edmund was with the White Witch), which ultimately will help them defeat the White Witch.

Commentary

The story takes inspiration from the Gospel themes of betrayal, death, resurrection, and redemption. The "Deep Magic from the Dawn of Time," and "Deeper Magic from Before the Dawn of Time" can be seen as similar to the Old and New Covenants of Christianity, respectively. In the subsequent books, there is a nod in the direction of the Trinity concept, with Aslan in the Christ-role and a passing reference to the "Emperor over the Sea" as God the Father. The children form a disciple-group around Aslan, with Edmund as Judas and Peter the High King as St Peter. The two girls also follow Biblical precedent, as Mary Magdalene and the other Mary, through being first to see the resurrected Aslan. In addition, there are various allusions to Christ's execution, including the humiliation prior to his death and the splitting of the curtain in the Temple, represented by the cracking of the stone table. The book is not intended to be a retelling of Biblical stories in another form; it simply borrows ideas from them so as to illustrate basic conceptions of Christianity (and some other ideas as well — Platonic philosophy among them). Additionally, the White Witch is said to be descended from Lilith, who some religious texts say was Adam's first wife.
It should be noted that Edmund seems the character most close to the New Testament's Judas - but that unlike the original Judas, Edmund does not die or get consigned to eternal damnation, but is completely redeemed by Jesus/Aslan - a variation having enormous theological implications. Edmund also seems to contain elements of the Apostle Paul.
J. R. R. Tolkien was a close friend of Lewis', a fellow member of the Inklings, and an early reader of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''. However, despite his sharing Lewis' Christian faith, Tolkien was rather dismissive of the book. He considered its theology to be both blatant and naive, and the mixture of different mythic elements very inconsistent. He specifically objected to the curious presence of Father Christmas, and the mixture of both Norse and Greek mythologies. In addition, he came to dislike the avuncular manner of story-telling for children — which can also be found at points in ''The Hobbit'' (Being something of a perfectionist, he later had to stop himself from rewriting that book, as told in Humphrey Carpenter's biography).
When he wrote ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'', Lewis did not intend for it to be part of a larger work; this may account for several inconsistencies in the series. For example, ''The Horse and His Boy'' establishes that humans live in both Archenland and Calormen during the reign of the witch, which makes the reliance on the presence of the children to break the witch's spell somewhat confusing when other humans could have been brought in from those nearer locations. Nor is there any explanation as to what has become of the descendants of the original (human) rulers of Narnia, whose dynasty was ordained by Aslan in ''The Magician's Nephew''.
Although not specific to this book (and therefore dealt with in more detail in The Chronicles of Narnia entry), some controversy exists regarding the acceptability of the Chronicles.

Influences

Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick, who tutored a 16-year-old Lewis. "Kirk," as he was sometimes called, taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly, skills that would be invaluable to him later CS Lewis Institute Resources.
Narnia is caught in endless winter when the children first enter. Norse mythology also has a "great winter", known as the Fimbulwinter that is said to precede Ragnarok.
The dwarves and giants are from Norse mythology. Fauns, centaurs, minotaurs, dryads, etc. are all from Greek mythology. Father Christmas, of course, was part of popular English folk lore.
The main story is an allegory of Christ's crucifixion. Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund, a traitor who deserved death, in the same way that Christ sacrificed Himself for sinners. The cross is replaced by the Stone Table (which were used in Celtic religion). Additionally, the splitting of the Stone Table reflects the veil of the temple splitting at the point of Christ's death. As with the Christian Passion, it is women (Susan and Lucy) who tend Aslan's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection. The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory: Aslan suffers Edmund's penalty (satisfaction), and buys him back from the White Witch, who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery (ransom).
The freeing of Aslan's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop's Fable of "The Lion and the Mouse." In the fable, a lion catches a mouse, but lets him go free. The mouse promises to return the favour and does so when he gnaws through the lion's bonds after he has been captured by hunters Project Gutenberg.
The characters of Aslan and The White Witch may be references to the characters of Barong and Rangda of Balinese mythology

Differences between the British and American editions

Prior to the publication of the first American edition of ''Lion'', Lewis made the following changes.

★ In chapter one of the American edition, the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are "snakes" and "foxes" rather than the "foxes" and "rabbits" of the British edition.

★ In chapter six of the American edition, the name of the White Witch's chief of police is changed to "Fenris Ulf" from "Maugrim" in the British.

★ In chapter thirteen, "the roots of the World Ash Tree" takes the place of "the fire-stones of the Secret Hill".
When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994, they used the British edition for all subsequent editions worldwide.

Film, television, and theatrical adaptations

''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' has been adapted for television, stage, radio and cinema, including the BBC serial ''The Chronicles of Narnia''. A Walt Disney Pictures film, entitled '' was released in December 2005 and has grossed over $740 million worldwide.

External links

★

References

★ Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition, , Paul, Ford, Harper, 2005,

★ CS Lewis letter tells tales of Narnia

See also