 | Indo-Europeans Indo-Europeans did contribute a lot in the history of the world. It is mystery that Europeans, Mediterraneans, Middle Easterns and South Asia's Indians have the same face and body structures but they are in the different shades from the lightest (Nordic-Albino) to the darkest (Indian of Asia) shades and colors. In Americas,the native Indians are more similar to the Indo-Europeans but they have some similarities with the Chinese-Asians too. Ice Age was to long and ended only 10.000 years ago. Where did the Europeans or Caucasians live in or before that time? North America was covered all by the thick ice too. So where did its native Indians come from? South America? In Brasil's jungles people look more similar to Africans (and Australian natives). Indo-European people did live in the North-West Asia, Middle East and North Africa or they came in those lands from the sea (as inviders or exiles); from some other land or mysterious island which was destroyed. Indo-Europeans were the people who build many of the great old and new civilizations via from the South Asia to Africa,in Europe,and after that in Americas and as far as Australia. Indo- Europeans were the most active people in the Human History, and they did play a main role in it. They are a race in itself. Did they have a land in their own too? They did not just pop out of the Eurasia,in Middle East or India. An Indian is just like an European but with a very dark pigment in the skin. Middle Easterns and Mediterraneans are somewhere in the middle, between the Albino Nordics and Dark Indians. But they are all one family of the Indo-Europeans and totally different from an African Black and an Asian Chinese.Some of the oldest people of the Indo-European race are; Albanians,Armenians,Germans,Nordic,Slavs,Greeks,Latins,Iranians,Indians. Even North Africans(Egypt etc)are mixed with the Indo-Europeans or they come from that old root.The old mystery is where did the Indo-Europeans come from? Eurasia,Middle East,India,or an outside land or island! For more datas go to; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages#Indo-European_expansion |
 | THE WORLD'S OLDEST CONTINENT It was the last continent to be discovered by the Europeans, but geologically speaking, Australia is the oldest country on the planet |
 | Visita del Granada (Nicaragua) Visite de Grenade / Visit of Granada / Besuch von Granada Granada es una ciudad de Nicaragua, fundada en 1524 por Francisco Hernández de Córdoba. Según muchos eruditos historiadores tanto españoles como centroamericanos, Granada fue la primera ciudad oficial fundada en suelo del continente americano. A diferencia de otras poblaciones que aseveran lo mismo, la ciudad de Granada no sólo fue asentamiento de la conquista, sino también ciudad matriculada en los registros oficiales de la Corona de Aragón y el Reino de Castilla en España. Granada es también conocida como "la Gran Sultana" por su apariencia morisca y andaluza a diferencia de León su ciudad rival la cual tiene tendencias más castellanistas. La ciudad es la cabecera del departamento homónimo, y está situada en la ribera del Lago Cocibolca. Actualmente cuenta con 110.536 habitantes, en su mayoría descendientes europeos y mestizos. Está considerada como uno de los 25 lugares del mundo que no se deben dejar de visitar. Su arquitectura colonial y neoclásicas son exquisitas y bien conservadas. Las Isletas de Granada se encuentran contiguas a la ciudad y forman un atractivo obligado y paradisíaco. El parque nacional Volcán Mombacho también al sur es un santuario de belleza, impresionantes paisajes, flora y fauna y un sitio encantador. Navegar por el lago de Granada o Cocibolca, llamado Mar Dulce, sea en yate, barco etc, es otro atractivo que no se debe dejar pasar. Granada es cuna de los poetas Joaquín Pasos, José Coronel Urtecho, Ernesto Cardenal, y es la ciudad donde creció y se educó Carlos Martínez Rivas. Granada, with an estimated population of about 116,000 (2005), it is Nicaragua's fourth most populous city. It is the oldest city founded by Europeans in Central America and second on the American Continent (after Cumaná in Venezuela, founded in 1515). It is historically one of Nicaragua's most important cities. It is situated on the northwestern shore of Lake Cocibolca and was founded by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba on December 8, 1524. It has a rich colonial heritage, seen in its architecture and layout. Granada is commonly nicknamed the "Gran Sultana del Gran Lago" - the Great Sultan of the Great Lake. It was named after Spanish Andalucian Granada by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba. This was done in honor of the defeat of the last Moorish stronghold, Spanish Granada, by the Catholic King and Queen of Spain. Granada, Nicaragua was historically the sister capital in Central America to Antigua, Guatemala. During the colonial period Granada maintained a flourishing level of commerce with ports on the Atlantic, through Lake Nicaragua (Cocibolca) and the San Juan River. The city captured a great deal of attention from many pirates which assaulted the city on three occasions.[1] It was also where William Walker, the American filibuster, took up residence and attempted to take control of Central America as a ruling monarch. Walker set the city ablaze before escaping, destroying much of the ancient city and leaving printed the words "Granada Was Here".[2] For many years Granada disputed with Léon its hegemony as the major city of Nicaragua. The city of Granada was favored by the Conservatives, while Léon was favored by the Liberals. For many years there was conflict that at times became quite violent between the cities families and political factions. In the mid 1800s a compromise site was agreed on and the capital was finally established in between both cities at Managua. The city has been witness and victim to many the battles and invasions from English, French and Dutch pirates trying to take control of Nicaragua. For the most part Granada avoided damage during the years of conflict which existed in Nicaragua in the 1980s. Granada has shown to be a city of character and strength, surviving many of the adversities which it suffered. 08.2007 VALPARD FILMS http://valpardfilms.free.fr |
 | Hoteles de San Isidro - Peru Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. |
 | Bantu trading network part 1 You can see the whole series from link bellow http://www.youtube.com/user/bfq3000 Piles of boulders were nestled at the summit, to be rolled down upon visitors. Here Van Graan's party found the typical remains of daily life: broken pieces of pottery, bone fragments, spindles for weaving, pieces of iron and copper. But they also found a tantalizing wealth of gold objects: a scepter covered with gold plates expertly hammered to within a five-thousandth of an inch in thickness, free from holes. A magnificent rhinoceros fashioned from gold plate tacked down with gold pins onto a core material that had long since disintegrated. There were graves bearing skeletons adorned with gold and glass beads, and wooden headdresses that had been covered with gold sheathing, as well as a superbly crafted golden bowl.... Mapunguebe quickly became the most excavated site in South Africa, but the results of these efforts went virtually unpublished since the existence of the oldest urban settlement discovered in southern Africa flatly disproved the Afrikanner myth of origins.... It's as if these rare artifacts were left so scandalously unprotected in order to facilitate their decay and disintegration, thereby relieving apartheid South Africa of the embarrassment of Mapungubwe's achievement.... After Mapunguebe, we drove to another stone settlement, this one only recently discovered: Thulamela (which means "place of giving birth"), located in the Kruger National Park. Established by the ancestors of the Shangaan, Tsonga, and Venda peoples, this settlement thrived between AD 1350 and AD 1650 and was in regular contact with traders from the great Swahili states along the coast. Today the stone-walled hilltop site is covered with ancient, sprawling baobab trees. Thulamela is clearly a part of the larger trading and Metalworking Empire associated with Great Zimbabwe and related to similar settlements found in Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, and Mozambique. The contrast between the governments's handling of Thulamela and Mapunguebe could not be greater: First excavated in 1996, this site has been reconstructed from the original stones found by archaeologists from the University of Pretoria, in the atmosphere of openness created by the ANC government. People living near the site have been actively engaged in the excavation, sharing oral history with the scholars. Thulamela proves that black South Africans had evolved sophisticated mining skills long before Europeans arrived. Their metalworkers succeeded in converting iron ore into carbon steel for use in tools and weapons. -"Wonders of the African World" by Henry Louis Gates 1999 |
 | PERU TURISMO Perú (quechua: Piruw, aimara: Piruw), oficialmente la República del Perú, es un país situado en el lado occidental de Sudamérica. Está limitado por el norte con Ecuador y Colombia, por el este con Brasil, por el sureste con Bolivia, por el sur con Chile y por el oeste con el Océano Pacífico. El territorio peruano albergó a la civilización de Caral, una de las más antiguas del mundo, así como al Imperio Inca, el estado más grande de América precolombina. El Reino de España conquistó su territorio en el siglo XVI y estableció un virreinato, el cual incluyó la mayor parte de sus colonias sudamericanas. Luego de lograr su independencia en 1821, el Perú ha pasado por periodos de turbulencia política y crisis fiscal así como por periodos de estabilidad y crecimiento económico. El Perú es una república presidencialista democrática dividida en 25 regiones. Su geografía varía desde las áridas planicies de la costa del Pacífico hasta los picos de la cordillera de los Andes y la selva tropical de la cuenca amazónica, característica que le concede una amplia variedad de recursos naturales. Es un país en desarrollo con un Índice de Desarrollo Humano medio y un nivel de pobreza de 44%. Sus principales actividades económicas incluyen la agricultura, pesca, minería y la manufactura de productos como los textiles. La población peruana, estimada en 28 millones, es de origen multiétnico y por tanto de alto grado de mestizaje. Incluye a nativos americanos, europeos, africanos y asiáticos. El idioma principal y más hablado es el español, aunque un número significativo de peruanos hablan quechua y otras lenguas nativas. Esta mixtura de tradiciones culturales ha resultado en una amplia diversidad de expresiones en campos como las artes, cocina, literatura y música. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA ******************************************** Peru (Spanish: Perú, Quechua: Piruw, Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 45%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles. The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua and other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru |
 | Great Uyghur Civilization -The Tarim Mummies and Tocharians In the late 1980's, perfectly preserved 3000-4000 year old European looking mummies began appearing in Taklamakn desert ,east turkistan(xinjiang). some western archeologist calim these Mummies were "Europeans" ,and later they called them as "tocharians" ,even though there is no evidence that can prove these mummies related to tocharians or chinese called "yuezhi" people,who appared in historical records 2000 years later and speak a indo-european languge . but this is not the important problem here .the most rediculous thing is some chinese scientisit (if they can be called as scientisit) claim that these white people "had been totaly slaughtered", "have been excavated" ,or "Was swallowed up by desert" . it is clear that they are trying to seperate these Tarim mummies from the indigneus Uyghur people . why? please read this : "..In the preface to the 2002 book, "Ancient Corpses of Xinjiang," written by Chinese archeologist Wang Huabing, the Chinese historian and Sanskrit specialist Ji Xianlin soundly denounced the use of the mummies by Uighur separatists as proof that Xinjiang should not belong to China. "What has stirred up the most excitement in academic circles, both in the East and the West, is the fact that the ancient corpses of "white (Caucasoid/Europid) people' have been excavated," Jin wrote. "However, within China a small group of ethnic separatists have taken advantage of this opportunity to stir up trouble and are acting like buffoons, (styling) themselves the descendants of these ancient "white people' with the aim of dividing the motherland."......." "It is unfortunate that the issue has been so politicized because it has created a lot of difficulties," Victor Mair, a specialist in the ancient corpses and co-author of "Mummies of the Tarim Basin", told AFP. "My research has shown that in the second millennium BC, the oldest mummies, like the Loulan Beauty, were the earliest settlers in the Tarim Basin. "From the evidence available, we have found that during the first 1,000 years after the Loulan Beauty, the only settlers in the Tarim Basin were Caucasoid." whatever the history of Tarim mummies ,whatever who were they and where they came from, one thing shouldn't be neglegted or distorted that modern day uyghurs are the decendents of these Tarim mummies and later Tocharians . |
 | Bantu trading network part 2 and it's demise You can see the whole series from link bellow http://www.youtube.com/user/bfq3000 Piles of boulders were nestled at the summit, to be rolled down upon visitors. Here Van Graan's party found the typical remains of daily life: broken pieces of pottery, bone fragments, spindles for weaving, pieces of iron and copper. But they also found a tantalizing wealth of gold objects: a scepter covered with gold plates expertly hammered to within a five-thousandth of an inch in thickness, free from holes. A magnificent rhinoceros fashioned from gold plate tacked down with gold pins onto a core material that had long since disintegrated. There were graves bearing skeletons adorned with gold and glass beads, and wooden headdresses that had been covered with gold sheathing, as well as a superbly crafted golden bowl.... Mapunguebe quickly became the most excavated site in South Africa, but the results of these efforts went virtually unpublished since the existence of the oldest urban settlement discovered in southern Africa flatly disproved the Afrikanner myth of origins.... It's as if these rare artifacts were left so scandalously unprotected in order to facilitate their decay and disintegration, thereby relieving apartheid South Africa of the embarrassment of Mapungubwe's achievement.... After Mapunguebe, we drove to another stone settlement, this one only recently discovered: Thulamela (which means "place of giving birth"), located in the Kruger National Park. Established by the ancestors of the Shangaan, Tsonga, and Venda peoples, this settlement thrived between AD 1350 and AD 1650 and was in regular contact with traders from the great Swahili states along the coast. Today the stone-walled hilltop site is covered with ancient, sprawling baobab trees. Thulamela is clearly a part of the larger trading and Metalworking Empire associated with Great Zimbabwe and related to similar settlements found in Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, and Mozambique. The contrast between the governments's handling of Thulamela and Mapunguebe could not be greater: First excavated in 1996, this site has been reconstructed from the original stones found by archaeologists from the University of Pretoria, in the atmosphere of openness created by the ANC government. People living near the site have been actively engaged in the excavation, sharing oral history with the scholars. Thulamela proves that black South Africans had evolved sophisticated mining skills long before Europeans arrived. Their metalworkers succeeded in converting iron ore into carbon steel for use in tools and weapons. -"Wonders of the African World" by Henry Louis Gates 1999 |
 | Inn of the Sixth Happiness, Ingrid Bergman -Confused Colonel Inn of the Sixth Happiness Ingrid Bergman ... Gladys Aylward Curd Jürgens ... Capt. Lin Nan (as Curt Jurgens) Robert Donat ... The Mandarin of Yang Cheng The real Gladys Aylward (1902 - 1970), born in London, was a former domestic turned missionary in China, best known for her work with children. She became a Chinese citizen in 1936. Four years later, despite being in ill health herself, she shepherded over 100 children over the mountains to safety at the height of the Sino-Japanese war. In 1958, the year this film was released, she founded a children's home in Taiwan, which she continued to run until her death. Known in China as "Ai-weh-deh", or "Virtous One", she continues to be regarded as a national heroine. The Inn of the Sixth Happiness is a 1958 20th Century Fox film based on the true story of Gladys Aylward, a tenacious British maid, who became a missionary in China during the tumultuous years leading up to World War II. Directed by Mark Robson, who received an Academy Award for Directing nomination, the film stars Ingrid Bergman as Aylward and Curt Jurgens as her love interest, Colonel Lin Nan, a Chinese officer with a Dutch father. Robert Donat, who played the mandarin of the town in which Aylward lived, died before the film was released. The musical score was composed by Malcolm Arnold. The cinematography was by Freddie Young. The film was shot in Britain, including Snowdonia in Wales, and some of the main Chinese characters were played by Europeans, including Robert Donat. Most of the children used in the film were little Scouse Chinese kids, as North Wales is close to Liverpool, Liverpool has Britain's oldest Chinese community. At one point in the film the kids can be heard singing "The Farmer wants a wife" and they sound suspiciously like scouse accents. The story begins with Aylward being rejected as a potential missionary to China because of her lack of education. Dr.Robinson, the senior missionary, feels sorry for her and secures her a position in the home of a veteran explorer with contacts in China. Over the next few months, Aylward saves her money to purchase a ticket on the Trans-Siberian railway, choosing the more dangerous overland route to the East because it is less expensive. Once in China, she settles in the town of Yang Cheng, where she secures a post as assistant to a veteran missionary, Jeannie Lawson (played by Athene Seyler), who has set up an inn for traveling merchants, where they can get a hot meal and hear stories from the Bible. The film follows Aylward's acculturation, culminating in her taking over the inn when Lawson dies in an accident. The local mandarin appoints Aylward, a stubborn but endearing woman, as his Foot Inspector to ensure that the ancient practice of foot binding is eradicated in the region he governs. She succeeds in this, and manages to put down a prison revolt as well, winning her the esteem of the local population as well as of the mandarin. Meanwhile, however, China is being invaded by Japan, and Aylward is encouraged by Lin to leave. She refuses, and as the town of Yang Cheng comes under attack, she finds that she has fifty orphans in her care. As the population prepares to evacuate the town, the mandarin announces that he is converting to Christianity as a final tribute to Aylward. Aylward is overcome with emotion, but is now left alone with the children, aided by Lee, the former leader of the prison revolt that she helped to resolve (played by Burt Kwouk). Lin tells her that the only hope for safety is to take the children to the next province, where trucks will drive them to safety, but they must get there within three weeks, or else the trucks will leave without them. Just as they are preparing to leave, another fifty orphans appear from a neighbouring town, so Aylward and Lee have no choice but to lead one hundred children on a trek across the countryside. Although it should only have taken them a week, the roads are infested with Japanese patrols, and the group has no choice but to cut across the mountains. After a long, difficult journey, they all arrive safely (except for Lee, who gave his life to save them from a Japanese patrol) on the day the trucks are to leave. Aylward is greeted by Dr.Robinson, whom she reminds how he rejected her as a missionary years before. The film culminates with the column of children, led by Aylward, marching into the town, singing the song "This Old Man" to keep up their spirits. |
 | Inn of Sixth Happiness "The Gift", Ingrid Bergman (1958) Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) Honourable Foot Inspector - Ingrid Bergman Curd Jürgens ... Capt. Lin Nan (as Curt Jurgens) Robert Donat ... The Mandarin of Yang Cheng The real Gladys Aylward (1902 - 1970), born in London, was a former domestic turned missionary in China, best known for her work with children. She became a Chinese citizen in 1936. Four years later, despite being in ill health herself, she shepherded over 100 children over the mountains to safety at the height of the Sino-Japanese war. In 1958, the year this film was released, she founded a children's home in Taiwan, which she continued to run until her death. Known in China as "Ai-weh-deh", or "Virtous One", she continues to be regarded as a national heroine. The Inn of the Sixth Happiness is a 1958 20th Century Fox film based on the true story of Gladys Aylward, a tenacious British maid, who became a missionary in China during the tumultuous years leading up to World War II. Directed by Mark Robson, who received an Academy Award for Directing nomination, the film stars Ingrid Bergman as Aylward and Curt Jurgens as her love interest, Colonel Lin Nan, a Chinese officer with a Dutch father. Robert Donat, who played the mandarin of the town in which Aylward lived, died before the film was released. The musical score was composed by Malcolm Arnold. The cinematography was by Freddie Young. The film was shot in Britain, including Snowdonia in Wales, and some of the main Chinese characters were played by Europeans, including Robert Donat. Most of the children used in the film were little Scouse Chinese kids, as North Wales is close to Liverpool, Liverpool has Britain's oldest Chinese community. At one point in the film the kids can be heard singing "The Farmer wants a wife" and they sound suspiciously like scouse accents. The story begins with Aylward being rejected as a potential missionary to China because of her lack of education. Dr.Robinson, the senior missionary, feels sorry for her and secures her a position in the home of a veteran explorer with contacts in China. Over the next few months, Aylward saves her money to purchase a ticket on the Trans-Siberian railway, choosing the more dangerous overland route to the East because it is less expensive. Once in China, she settles in the town of Yang Cheng, where she secures a post as assistant to a veteran missionary, Jeannie Lawson (played by Athene Seyler), who has set up an inn for traveling merchants, where they can get a hot meal and hear stories from the Bible. The film follows Aylward's acculturation, culminating in her taking over the inn when Lawson dies in an accident. The local mandarin appoints Aylward, a stubborn but endearing woman, as his Foot Inspector to ensure that the ancient practice of foot binding is eradicated in the region he governs. She succeeds in this, and manages to put down a prison revolt as well, winning her the esteem of the local population as well as of the mandarin. Meanwhile, however, China is being invaded by Japan, and Aylward is encouraged by Lin to leave. She refuses, and as the town of Yang Cheng comes under attack, she finds that she has fifty orphans in her care. As the population prepares to evacuate the town, the mandarin announces that he is converting to Christianity as a final tribute to Aylward. Aylward is overcome with emotion, but is now left alone with the children, aided by Lee, the former leader of the prison revolt that she helped to resolve (played by Burt Kwouk). Lin tells her that the only hope for safety is to take the children to the next province, where trucks will drive them to safety, but they must get there within three weeks, or else the trucks will leave without them. Just as they are preparing to leave, another fifty orphans appear from a neighbouring town, so Aylward and Lee have no choice but to lead one hundred children on a trek across the countryside. Although it should only have taken them a week, the roads are infested with Japanese patrols, and the group has no choice but to cut across the mountains. After a long, difficult journey, they all arrive safely (except for Lee, who gave his life to save them from a Japanese patrol) on the day the trucks are to leave. Aylward is greeted by Dr.Robinson, whom she reminds how he rejected her as a missionary years before. The film culminates with the column of children, led by Aylward, marching into the town, singing the song "This Old Man" to keep up their spirits. |
 | Ukraine 6, Black Sea Beach The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world. The oldest processed gold in the world, arguably left by Old Europeans, was found in Varna, and the Black Sea was supposedly sailed by the Argonauts. |
 | ROUH ALBI - TAMER HOUSNI ¤ GIORGIO @ BIARRITZ PLAGE 2008 L'océan Atlantique est l'un des cinq océans de la Terre. Sa superficie de 106 000 000 km² en fait le deuxième par la taille derrière l'océan Pacifique. Il s'est formé par l'éloignement de plaques tectoniques, il y a 180 millions d'années. Pendant de nombreux siècles, il a constitué le point de départ des explorations européennes. Aujourd'hui, il est toujours une voie de communication importante pour les pays qui le bordent et occupe un rôle géopolitique important. Le nom Atlantique proviendrait du Titan Atlas qui possédait, selon les anciens Grecs, les colonnes supportant (tlaô signifie « porter », « supporter » en grec) la voûte céleste, dont faisaient partie les fameuses Colonnes d'Hercule (désignant aujourd'hui le détroit de Gibraltar). Donc, pour les anciens, ce terme désignait avant tout la mer se trouvant au-delà du détroit, par rapport à la Méditerranée. Son nom pourrait aussi provenir du peuple mythique des Atlantes qui peuplaient les rives de l'Océan Atlantique et l'Afrique du nord-ouest (Atlas Marocain). L'océan Atlantique est situé entre le continent américain et l'Eurafrasie, terme désignant l'Europe, l'Asie et l'Afrique comme une même entité. La Terre est composée de 5 océans, mais aucun n'est isolé des autres, ils forment une étendue d'eau salée unique. Les limites entre chaque océan sont donc totalement arbitraires. L'océan Atlantique ne déroge pas à cette règle. L'océan Atlantique et l'océan Pacifique sont les deux seuls océans à être en contact avec les 4 autres océans. L'Organisation hydrographique internationale propose des limites pour les océans, celles de l'océan Atlantique sont basées sur des réalités géographiques (cap...). Ces limites sont donc des limites par rapport aux quatre autres océans. De l'océan Arctique au nord : À l'ouest du Groenland, par une ligne allant de la côte du Labrador au Groenland suivant le parallèle de 60° de latitude nord ; À l'est du Groenland, par une ligne allant du cap Nansen au Groenland à Straumness, au nord-ouest de l'Islande ; À l'est de l'Islande, par une ligne partant du Gerpit à l'est de l'Islande, passant par l'île Jan Mayen et finissant au sud de l'archipel du Svalbard ; À l'est, par une ligne reliant le sud du Svalbard avec le cap Nord en Norvège. De l'océan Pacifique au sud-ouest : Par une ligne partant du cap Horn et suivant le méridien de 67° 16' de longitude ouest, en direction du sud. Cette séparation entre ces deux océans est aussi appelée passage de Drake. De l'océan Indien au sud-est : Par une ligne partant du cap des Aiguilles et suivant le méridien de 20° de longitude est, en direction du sud. De l'océan Austral au sud : Par le parallèle de 60° de latitude sud. L'illustration présente dans le début de l'article représente l'océan Atlantique sur une planisphère. Comme on le voit sur cette carte, l'océan Atlantique est souvent partagé entre l'Atlantique Nord et l'Atlantique Sud, suivant un courant marin qui se situe vers 8° de latitude nord. L'océan Atlantique compte un grand nombre de mers bordières (Voir paragraphe ci-dessous), ces mers font partie intégrante de l'océan. Cependant elles ne sont parfois pas comptabilisées dans le calcul de superficie. La largeur de l'océan Atlantique varie entre 2 848 km (entre le Brésil et le Libéria) et 4 830 km (entre les États-Unis et le Maroc). ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions; with a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres (41.1 million square miles). It covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas". The oldest known mention of this name is contained in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (I 202); see also: Atlas Mountains. Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" was synonymous with the waters beyond Western Europe that we now know as the Atlantic and which the Greeks had believed to be a gigantic river encircling the world; see Oceanus. The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between the Americas to the west, and Eurasia and Africa to the east. A component of the all-encompassing World Ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Alternatively, in lieu of it connecting to the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic may be reckoned to extend southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean. |
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