The 'thoracic vertebrae' compose the middle segment of the
vertebral column, between the
cervical vertebrae and the
lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the
ribs.
General characteristics
These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae.
The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below.
The 'bodies' in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the transverse direction.
At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front.
They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.
The 'pedicles' are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column.
The 'laminae' are broad, thick, and imbricated — that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof.
The 'vertebral
foramen' is small, and of a circular form.
The 'spinous process' is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, and ends in a tuberculated extremity.
These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below.
The 'superior articular processes' are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward.
The 'inferior articular processes' are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project but slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed forward and a little medialward and downward.
The 'transverse processes arise' from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.
Peculiar thoracic vertebrae
The first and ninth through twelfth thoracic vertebra have some peculiarities
First thoracic vertebra
The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the 'body', an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib.
The body is like that of a cervical vertebra, being broad transversely; its upper surface is concave, and lipped on either side.
The 'superior articular surfaces' are directed upward and backward; the 'spinous process' is thick, long, and almost horizontal.
The 'transverse processes' are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae.
Ninth thoracic vertebra
The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth has only demi-facets at the upper part.
Tenth thoracic vertebra
The tenth thoracic vertebra has (except in the cases just mentioned) an entire articular facet on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle.
Eleventh thoracic vertebra
In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the 'body' approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae.
The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of large size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region.
The 'spinous process' is short, and nearly horizontal in direction.
The 'transverse processes' are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and have no articular facets.
Twelfth thoracic vertebra
The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae.
Additional images
References
See also
★
Costovertebral articulations
External links
★
Interactive tool to identify parts
★
★
Photos at University of Utah
★
SpineUniverse anatomical diagram
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
