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(Redirected from Thraupidae)
There were traditionally about 240 species of 'tanagers' in the bird family 'Thraupidae'. They belong to the order Passeriformes.
The taxonomic treatment of this family's members is currently in a state of flux. As more of these birds are studied using modern molecular techniques it is expected that some genera may be relocated elsewhere. Already the Euphonias and chlorophonias, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise the genera ''Piranga'', ''Chlorothraupis'', and ''Habia'' appear to be related to members of the Cardinal family[1], and may soon be reassigned by the AOU.
Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the White-eared Conebill, is 9 cm (3.8 inches) long and weighs 7 grams, barely smaller than the Short-billed Honeycreeper. The longest, the Magpie Tanager is 28 cm (11 inches) and weighs 76 grams (2.7 oz). The heaviest is the White-capped Tanager which weighs 114 grams (4 oz) and measures about 23 cm (8.7 inches). Both sexes are usually the same size and weight. Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Birds in their first year are often duller or a different color altogether. Males are typically more brightly coloured than females.
Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.
Tanagers are restricted to the New World and mainly to the tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area. 18 species live in North America and Central America year round. 4 species are migratory, breeding in North America. They are the Scarlet Tanager, Western Tanager, Hepatic Tanager and the Summer Tanager. Recent molecular evidence indicates these 4 migratory species may be more closely related to the family Cardinalidae.
Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of 3-5 individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. Birds may also be seen in single species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.
Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diet varies from genus to genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts and insects. Many pick insects off branches. Other species look for insects on the underside of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.
The breeding season begin in March through until June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. Some species are territorial while others build their nests closer together. There is little information on tanager breeding behavior or whether they are monogamous or polygamous. Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.
Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree they choose to build their nest in and the nest's position varies among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. There is still no information on the nests of some species.
The clutch size is 3-5 eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.
Phylogenetic studies suggest the true tanagers form two main groups each consisting of several smaller clades.[2] The list below is an attempt to organise them into coherent related groups.
'Mainly dull-coloured forms.'
a) Conebill and flowerpiercer group (Also contains ''Haplospiza'', ''Catamenia'', ''Acanthidops'', ''Diglossa'' and ''Diglossopis''. Traditionally in Emberizidae). This group despite having a rather varied bill morphology shows marked plumage similarities. Most are largely grey, blue, or black, and numerous have rufous on the underparts:
★ Genus ''Conirostrum'' - typical conebills (10 species)
★ Genus ''Oreomanes'' - Giant Conebill
★ Genus ''Xenodacnis'' - Tit-like Dacnis
★ Genus ''Catamenia'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Diglossa'' - typical flowerpiercers (14 species)
★ Genus ''Diglossopis'' - blue flowerpiercers (4 species)
★ Genus ''Haplospiza'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Acanthidops'' - Peg-billed Finch
b) "Yellow-rumped" clade:
★ Genus ''Heterospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Chrysothlypis'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Hemithraupis'' (3 species)
c) "Crested" clade (Also contains ''Coryphospingus''. Traditionally classified in Emberizidae):
★ Genus ''Lanio'' - shrike-tanagers (4 species)
★ Genus'' Eucometis'' - Gray-headed Tanager
★ Genus'' Tachyphonus'' (8 species)
★ Genus ''Trichothraupis'' - Black-goggled Tanager
★ Genus'' Stephanophorus '' - Diademed Tanager
★ Genus ''Coryphospingus'' (2 species)
d) A mostly Andean group of tanager-finches, ''Phrygilus'', ''Embernagra'' and relatives basally, and then a diverse but close-knit group containing both warbler and finch-like forms - ''Poospiza'' through to ''Nephelornis'':
★ Genus ''Phrygilus'' (11 species)
★ Genus ''Melanodera'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Donacospiza'' - Long-tailed Reed-finch
★ Genus ''Rowettia'' - Gough Island Finch
★ Genus ''Nesospiza'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Diuca'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Emberizoides'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Embernagra'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Gubernatrix'' - Yellow Cardinal
★ Genus ''Idiopsar'' - Short-tailed Finch
★ Genus ''Piezorhina'' - Cinereous Finch
★ Genus ''Xenospingus'' - Slender-billed Finch
★ Genus ''Incaspiza'' - inca-finches (5 species)
★ Genus ''Poospiza'' - mountain- and warbling-finches (17 species)
★ Genus ''Cnemoscopus'' - Gray-hooded Bush Tanager
★ Genus ''Hemispingus'' - hemispinguses (12 species)
★ Genus ''Thlypopsis'' (6 species)
★ Genus ''Pyrrhocoma'' - Chestnut-headed Tanager
★ Genus ''Cypsnagra'' - White-rumped Tanager
★ Genus'' Nephelornis '' - Pardusco
★ Genus ''Coryphaspiza'' - Black-masked Finch
★ Genus ''Saltatricula'' - Many-colored Chaco-finch
★ Genus ''Rhodospingus'' - Crimson-breasted Finch
e) Basal forms in group 1:
★ Genus ''Ramphocelus'' - silver-billed tanagers (9 species)
★ Genus ''Conothraupis'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Orchesticus'' - Brown Tanager
★ Genus'' Creurgops'' (2 species)
'Seedeater and typical tanager group.'
a) Darwin's finches, grassquits, atypical honeycreepers and some seedeaters:
★ Genus ''Geospiza'' - ground finches (6 species)
★ Genus ''Camarhynchus'' - tree finches (6 species)
★ Genus ''Certhidea'' - Warbler Finch
★ Genus ''Pinaroloxias'' - Cocos Island Finch
★ Genus ''Melopyrrha'' - Cuban Bullfinch
★ Genus ''Tiaris'' - grassquits (5 species)
★ Genus ''Loxipasser'' - Yellow-shouldered Grassquit
★ Genus ''Euneornis'' - Orangequit
★ Genus ''Melanospiza'' - St. Lucia Black Finch
★ Genus ''Loxigilla'' - Antillean bullfinches (3 species)
b) True seedeaters, yellow-finches and relatives. Traditionally placed in Emberizidae. The first 5 genera share a unique foot-scute pattern which suggests that they may form a monophyletic group[3]:
★ Genus ''Sporophila'' - typical seedeaters (some 55 species)
★ Genus ''Oryzoborus'' (6 species)
★ Genus ''Dolospingus'' - White-naped Seedeater
★ Genus ''Charitospiza'' - Coal-crested Finch
★ Genus ''Volatinia'' - Blue-black Grassquit
★ Genus ''Lophospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Sicalis'' - yellow-finches (12 species)
c) Typical multicoloured tanagers (includes ''Paroaria'' traditionally placed in Emberizidae):
★ Genus ''Chlorochrysa'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Neothraupis'' - White-banded Tanager
★ Genus ''Cissopis'' - Magpie Tanager
★ Genus ''Paroaria'' (5 species)
★ Genus ''Schistochlamys '' (2 species)
d) Typical tanagers:
★ Genus'' Thraupis'' (9 species)
★ Genus'' Iridosornis '' (5 species)
★ Genus'' Pipraeidea '' - Fawn-breasted Tanager
e) Mountain tanagers:
★ Genus'' Cyanicterus '' - Blue-backed Tanager
★ Genus'' Bangsia '' - (5 species)
★ Genus'' Buthraupis '' - (4 species)
★ Genus ''Chlorornis'' - Grass-green Tanager
★ Genus'' Wetmorethraupis '' - Orange-throated Tanager
★ Genus'' Anisognathus '' - (5 species)
★ Genus ''Dubusia'' - Buff-breasted Mountain-tanager
★ Genus'' Delothraupis '' - Chestnut-bellied Mountain-tanager
f) Tropical canopy tanagers:
★ Genus ''Tangara'' (about 50 species)
g) Basal lineages within group 2:
★ Genus ''Nemosia'' - (2 species)
★ Genus '' Compsothraupis'' - Scarlet-throated Tanager
★ Genus ''Sericossypha'' - White-capped Tanager
★ Genus'' Tersina '' - Swallow Tanager
★ Genus'' Chlorophanes'' - Green Honeycreeper
★ Genus'' Iridophanes '' - Golden-collared Honeycreeper
★ Genus'' Cyanerpes'', the typical honeycreepers (4 species)
★ Genus'' Pseudodacnis '' - Turquoise Dacnis-tanager
★ Genus ''Dacnis'', the dacnises (8 species)
★ Genus ''Mitrospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Orthogonys'' - Olive-green Tanager
★ Genus ''Calochaetes'' - Vermilion Tanager
★ Genus ''Catamblyrhynchus'' - Plushcap or Plush-capped Finch
★ Genus ''Oreothraupis'' - Tanager-finch
★ Genus ''Urothraupis'' - Black-backed Bush-tanager
★ Genus ''Rhodinocichla'' - Rosy Thrush-tanager
★ Genus ''Lamprospiza'' - Red-billed Pied Tanager
★ Genus ''Phaenicophilus'' - palm-tanagers (2 species)
★ Genus ''Calyptophilus'' - chat-tanagers (2 species)
★ Genus ''Nesospingus'' - Puerto Rican Tanager
★ Genus ''Amaurospiza'' (4 species; tentatively placed here but may belong in ''Cyanocompsa'' in Cardinalidae)
★ Genus ''Saltator'' (16 species; currently placed in Cardinalidae but biochemical evidence suggests they may be tanagers)
★ Genus ''Parkerthraustes'' - Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (in Cardinalidae but possibly a tanager)
'Related to '' Arremonops'' in Emberizidae:'
★ Genus ''Chlorospingus'' - chlorospinguses or bush-tanagers (9 species)
'Related to ''Cardinalis'' in Cardinalidae:'
★ Genus'' Piranga'' - northern tanagers (9 species)
★ Genus'' Habia'' - ant-tanagers or habias (5 species)
★ Genus'' Chlorothraupis'' (3 species)
'Genera ''incertae sedis'''
★ Genus ''Spindalis'' - spindalises (4 species). Exact affinities uncertain but lie outside the tanagers.
★ Genus ''Coereba'' - Bananaquit. Exact affinities uncertain but may be sister species to ''Tiaris olivacea''.
★ Bent, A. Life Histories of Blackbirds, Orioles, Tanagers, and Allies. New York:Dover Publications:1965. 549 p.
★ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56: 1240-1252.
★ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology. J. Avian Biology 34: 360-370.
★ Greeney, H. 2005. Nest and eggs of the Yellow-whiskered Bush Tanager in Eastern Ecuador. Ornitologia Neotropical 16: 437- 438.
★ Infonatura. 2005 June. Birds, mammals, and amphibians of Latin America Accessed 2006 March 4.
★ Isler M. Isler P. The Tanagers a Natural History, Distribution, and Identification. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press: 1987. 404 p.
★ Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. [1]. p.36
★ Montereybay. 2000 July. 6-11. Tanagers: Thraupidae Accessed 2006 March 4.
★ Naoki, K. 2003. Evolution of Ecological Diversity in the Neotropical Tanagers of the Genus Tangara (Aves: Thraupidae). Dissertation available online, given to Louisiana State University.
★ Sato, A., C. O'Huigin, F. Figueroa, P. R. Grant, B. R. Grant, H. Tichy, and J. Klein. 1999. Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 96: 5101-5106.
1. Yuri, T., and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes) Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
2. Fjeldså J. and Rahbek C. (2006). Diversification of tanagers, a species rich bird group, largely follows lowlands to montane regions of South America. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(1):72-81. Download - http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/46/1/72.
3.
★ Clark, G. A., JR. 1986. Systematic interpretations of foot-scute patterns of Neotropical finches. Wilson Bull. 98: 594-597.
★ Jungle-walk.com Tanager pictures
★ Tanager videos on the Internet Bird Collection
★
There were traditionally about 240 species of 'tanagers' in the bird family 'Thraupidae'. They belong to the order Passeriformes.
The taxonomic treatment of this family's members is currently in a state of flux. As more of these birds are studied using modern molecular techniques it is expected that some genera may be relocated elsewhere. Already the Euphonias and chlorophonias, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise the genera ''Piranga'', ''Chlorothraupis'', and ''Habia'' appear to be related to members of the Cardinal family[1], and may soon be reassigned by the AOU.
| Contents |
| Size and appearance |
| Range |
| Ecology |
| Systematics |
| Group 1 |
| Group 2 |
| Thraupidae ''incertae sedis'' |
| Recently split from Thraupidae |
| References |
| External links |
Size and appearance
Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the White-eared Conebill, is 9 cm (3.8 inches) long and weighs 7 grams, barely smaller than the Short-billed Honeycreeper. The longest, the Magpie Tanager is 28 cm (11 inches) and weighs 76 grams (2.7 oz). The heaviest is the White-capped Tanager which weighs 114 grams (4 oz) and measures about 23 cm (8.7 inches). Both sexes are usually the same size and weight. Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Birds in their first year are often duller or a different color altogether. Males are typically more brightly coloured than females.
Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.
Range
Tanagers are restricted to the New World and mainly to the tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area. 18 species live in North America and Central America year round. 4 species are migratory, breeding in North America. They are the Scarlet Tanager, Western Tanager, Hepatic Tanager and the Summer Tanager. Recent molecular evidence indicates these 4 migratory species may be more closely related to the family Cardinalidae.
Ecology
Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of 3-5 individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. Birds may also be seen in single species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.
Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diet varies from genus to genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts and insects. Many pick insects off branches. Other species look for insects on the underside of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.
The breeding season begin in March through until June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. Some species are territorial while others build their nests closer together. There is little information on tanager breeding behavior or whether they are monogamous or polygamous. Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.
Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree they choose to build their nest in and the nest's position varies among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. There is still no information on the nests of some species.
The clutch size is 3-5 eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.
Systematics
Phylogenetic studies suggest the true tanagers form two main groups each consisting of several smaller clades.[2] The list below is an attempt to organise them into coherent related groups.
Group 1
'Mainly dull-coloured forms.'
Slaty Finch, ''Haplospiza rustica''
a) Conebill and flowerpiercer group (Also contains ''Haplospiza'', ''Catamenia'', ''Acanthidops'', ''Diglossa'' and ''Diglossopis''. Traditionally in Emberizidae). This group despite having a rather varied bill morphology shows marked plumage similarities. Most are largely grey, blue, or black, and numerous have rufous on the underparts:
★ Genus ''Conirostrum'' - typical conebills (10 species)
★ Genus ''Oreomanes'' - Giant Conebill
★ Genus ''Xenodacnis'' - Tit-like Dacnis
★ Genus ''Catamenia'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Diglossa'' - typical flowerpiercers (14 species)
★ Genus ''Diglossopis'' - blue flowerpiercers (4 species)
★ Genus ''Haplospiza'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Acanthidops'' - Peg-billed Finch
b) "Yellow-rumped" clade:
★ Genus ''Heterospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Chrysothlypis'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Hemithraupis'' (3 species)
c) "Crested" clade (Also contains ''Coryphospingus''. Traditionally classified in Emberizidae):
★ Genus ''Lanio'' - shrike-tanagers (4 species)
★ Genus'' Eucometis'' - Gray-headed Tanager
★ Genus'' Tachyphonus'' (8 species)
★ Genus ''Trichothraupis'' - Black-goggled Tanager
★ Genus'' Stephanophorus '' - Diademed Tanager
★ Genus ''Coryphospingus'' (2 species)
d) A mostly Andean group of tanager-finches, ''Phrygilus'', ''Embernagra'' and relatives basally, and then a diverse but close-knit group containing both warbler and finch-like forms - ''Poospiza'' through to ''Nephelornis'':
★ Genus ''Phrygilus'' (11 species)
★ Genus ''Melanodera'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Donacospiza'' - Long-tailed Reed-finch
★ Genus ''Rowettia'' - Gough Island Finch
★ Genus ''Nesospiza'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Diuca'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Emberizoides'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Embernagra'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Gubernatrix'' - Yellow Cardinal
★ Genus ''Idiopsar'' - Short-tailed Finch
★ Genus ''Piezorhina'' - Cinereous Finch
★ Genus ''Xenospingus'' - Slender-billed Finch
★ Genus ''Incaspiza'' - inca-finches (5 species)
★ Genus ''Poospiza'' - mountain- and warbling-finches (17 species)
★ Genus ''Cnemoscopus'' - Gray-hooded Bush Tanager
★ Genus ''Hemispingus'' - hemispinguses (12 species)
★ Genus ''Thlypopsis'' (6 species)
Brazilian Tanager, ''Ramphocelus bresilius''
★ Genus ''Pyrrhocoma'' - Chestnut-headed Tanager
★ Genus ''Cypsnagra'' - White-rumped Tanager
★ Genus'' Nephelornis '' - Pardusco
★ Genus ''Coryphaspiza'' - Black-masked Finch
★ Genus ''Saltatricula'' - Many-colored Chaco-finch
★ Genus ''Rhodospingus'' - Crimson-breasted Finch
e) Basal forms in group 1:
★ Genus ''Ramphocelus'' - silver-billed tanagers (9 species)
★ Genus ''Conothraupis'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Orchesticus'' - Brown Tanager
★ Genus'' Creurgops'' (2 species)
Group 2
Diversity of Darwin's finches
'Seedeater and typical tanager group.'
a) Darwin's finches, grassquits, atypical honeycreepers and some seedeaters:
★ Genus ''Geospiza'' - ground finches (6 species)
★ Genus ''Camarhynchus'' - tree finches (6 species)
★ Genus ''Certhidea'' - Warbler Finch
★ Genus ''Pinaroloxias'' - Cocos Island Finch
★ Genus ''Melopyrrha'' - Cuban Bullfinch
★ Genus ''Tiaris'' - grassquits (5 species)
★ Genus ''Loxipasser'' - Yellow-shouldered Grassquit
★ Genus ''Euneornis'' - Orangequit
★ Genus ''Melanospiza'' - St. Lucia Black Finch
★ Genus ''Loxigilla'' - Antillean bullfinches (3 species)
b) True seedeaters, yellow-finches and relatives. Traditionally placed in Emberizidae. The first 5 genera share a unique foot-scute pattern which suggests that they may form a monophyletic group[3]:
Male Variable Seedeater, ''Sporophila corvina''
★ Genus ''Sporophila'' - typical seedeaters (some 55 species)
★ Genus ''Oryzoborus'' (6 species)
★ Genus ''Dolospingus'' - White-naped Seedeater
★ Genus ''Charitospiza'' - Coal-crested Finch
★ Genus ''Volatinia'' - Blue-black Grassquit
★ Genus ''Lophospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Sicalis'' - yellow-finches (12 species)
c) Typical multicoloured tanagers (includes ''Paroaria'' traditionally placed in Emberizidae):
★ Genus ''Chlorochrysa'' (3 species)
★ Genus ''Neothraupis'' - White-banded Tanager
★ Genus ''Cissopis'' - Magpie Tanager
★ Genus ''Paroaria'' (5 species)
★ Genus ''Schistochlamys '' (2 species)
Blue-gray Tanager, ''Thraupis episcopus''
d) Typical tanagers:
★ Genus'' Thraupis'' (9 species)
★ Genus'' Iridosornis '' (5 species)
★ Genus'' Pipraeidea '' - Fawn-breasted Tanager
e) Mountain tanagers:
★ Genus'' Cyanicterus '' - Blue-backed Tanager
★ Genus'' Bangsia '' - (5 species)
★ Genus'' Buthraupis '' - (4 species)
★ Genus ''Chlorornis'' - Grass-green Tanager
★ Genus'' Wetmorethraupis '' - Orange-throated Tanager
Green-and-gold Tanager, ''Tangara schrankii''
★ Genus'' Anisognathus '' - (5 species)
★ Genus ''Dubusia'' - Buff-breasted Mountain-tanager
★ Genus'' Delothraupis '' - Chestnut-bellied Mountain-tanager
f) Tropical canopy tanagers:
★ Genus ''Tangara'' (about 50 species)
g) Basal lineages within group 2:
★ Genus ''Nemosia'' - (2 species)
★ Genus '' Compsothraupis'' - Scarlet-throated Tanager
★ Genus ''Sericossypha'' - White-capped Tanager
★ Genus'' Tersina '' - Swallow Tanager
Green Honeycreeper, ''Chlorophanes spiza''
★ Genus'' Chlorophanes'' - Green Honeycreeper
★ Genus'' Iridophanes '' - Golden-collared Honeycreeper
★ Genus'' Cyanerpes'', the typical honeycreepers (4 species)
★ Genus'' Pseudodacnis '' - Turquoise Dacnis-tanager
★ Genus ''Dacnis'', the dacnises (8 species)
Thraupidae ''incertae sedis''
★ Genus ''Mitrospingus'' (2 species)
★ Genus ''Orthogonys'' - Olive-green Tanager
★ Genus ''Calochaetes'' - Vermilion Tanager
★ Genus ''Catamblyrhynchus'' - Plushcap or Plush-capped Finch
★ Genus ''Oreothraupis'' - Tanager-finch
★ Genus ''Urothraupis'' - Black-backed Bush-tanager
★ Genus ''Rhodinocichla'' - Rosy Thrush-tanager
★ Genus ''Lamprospiza'' - Red-billed Pied Tanager
★ Genus ''Phaenicophilus'' - palm-tanagers (2 species)
★ Genus ''Calyptophilus'' - chat-tanagers (2 species)
★ Genus ''Nesospingus'' - Puerto Rican Tanager
★ Genus ''Amaurospiza'' (4 species; tentatively placed here but may belong in ''Cyanocompsa'' in Cardinalidae)
★ Genus ''Saltator'' (16 species; currently placed in Cardinalidae but biochemical evidence suggests they may be tanagers)
★ Genus ''Parkerthraustes'' - Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (in Cardinalidae but possibly a tanager)
Recently split from Thraupidae
The Western Tanager (''Piranga ludoviciana'') seems to be closer to cardinals
'Related to '' Arremonops'' in Emberizidae:'
★ Genus ''Chlorospingus'' - chlorospinguses or bush-tanagers (9 species)
'Related to ''Cardinalis'' in Cardinalidae:'
★ Genus'' Piranga'' - northern tanagers (9 species)
★ Genus'' Habia'' - ant-tanagers or habias (5 species)
★ Genus'' Chlorothraupis'' (3 species)
'Genera ''incertae sedis'''
★ Genus ''Spindalis'' - spindalises (4 species). Exact affinities uncertain but lie outside the tanagers.
★ Genus ''Coereba'' - Bananaquit. Exact affinities uncertain but may be sister species to ''Tiaris olivacea''.
References
★ Bent, A. Life Histories of Blackbirds, Orioles, Tanagers, and Allies. New York:Dover Publications:1965. 549 p.
★ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56: 1240-1252.
★ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology. J. Avian Biology 34: 360-370.
★ Greeney, H. 2005. Nest and eggs of the Yellow-whiskered Bush Tanager in Eastern Ecuador. Ornitologia Neotropical 16: 437- 438.
★ Infonatura. 2005 June. Birds, mammals, and amphibians of Latin America Accessed 2006 March 4.
★ Isler M. Isler P. The Tanagers a Natural History, Distribution, and Identification. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press: 1987. 404 p.
★ Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. [1]. p.36
★ Montereybay. 2000 July. 6-11. Tanagers: Thraupidae Accessed 2006 March 4.
★ Naoki, K. 2003. Evolution of Ecological Diversity in the Neotropical Tanagers of the Genus Tangara (Aves: Thraupidae). Dissertation available online, given to Louisiana State University.
★ Sato, A., C. O'Huigin, F. Figueroa, P. R. Grant, B. R. Grant, H. Tichy, and J. Klein. 1999. Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 96: 5101-5106.
1. Yuri, T., and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes) Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
2. Fjeldså J. and Rahbek C. (2006). Diversification of tanagers, a species rich bird group, largely follows lowlands to montane regions of South America. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(1):72-81. Download - http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/46/1/72.
3.
★ Clark, G. A., JR. 1986. Systematic interpretations of foot-scute patterns of Neotropical finches. Wilson Bull. 98: 594-597.
External links
★ Jungle-walk.com Tanager pictures
★ Tanager videos on the Internet Bird Collection
★
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