The 'transportation system of New York City' is an unparalleled cooperation of unique, complex, and grandiose systems of infrastructure.
New York City, being the largest city in the
United States, has an unrivalled transportation system which includes the
largest subway system in the world, measured by track mileage; the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel, and even an
aerial tramway. Through prolonged use, and a distinct history of events, the infrastructure now faces increasing problems in functionality, dependability, and funding.
New York City is distinguished from other
cities in the United States because of its significant use of
public transportation,
per capita. While nearly 90% of Americans drive to their jobs, public transit is the overwhelmingly dominant form of transportation for New Yorkers.
[ Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey ] About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.
[ The MTA Network ] New York City is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan - over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).
Background
History
An 1807 version of grid plan for Manhattan.
The history of New York City's transportation system began with the Dutch port of
Nieuw Amsterdam. The port had maintained several roads; some were built atop former Lenape trails, others as "commuter" links to surrounding cities, and one was even paved by 1658 from orders of
Petrus Stuyvesant, according to Burrow, et. al.
[1] The
19th Century brought changes to the format of the system's transport- a street grid by 1811 (see the
Commissioners' Plan of 1811), as well as an unprecedented link between New York and Brooklyn, then separate cities, via the
Brooklyn Bridge, in 1883.
The
Second Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed the city – the port infrastructure grew at such a rapid pace after the 1825 completion of the
Erie Canal that New York became the most important connection between all of Europe and the interior of the United States. By the middle of the century, more passengers and products came through the Port of New York than all other harbors in the country combined. . Elevated trains and subterranean transportation ('El trains' and 'subways') were introduced between 1880 and 1904. In 1904, the first subway line became operational.
[2] Practical private automobiles brought an additional change for the city, by around 1930. For example, In 1927, The
Holland Tunnel, the first mechanically ventilated road tunnel in the world, was built. Building off of the rise of automobiles, the later rise of
Robert Moses was essential to creating New York's modern road infrastructure. Moses was the architect of all 416 miles of parkway, many other important roads, and seven great bridges.
[3]
Environmental and Social Issues
New York City's uniquely high rate of public transit use makes it one of the most energy-efficient cities in the United States. Gasoline consumption in the city today is at the rate of the national average in the 1920s.
[4] Researchers have found that of the 50 largest cities in the United States, New York is best positioned to endure an oil crisis with an extended gasoline price shock in the $3 to $8 dollar per gallon range.
[5]
The city's transportation system, and the population density it makes possible, also have other effects. Scientists at
Columbia University examined data from 13,102 adults in the city's five boroughs and identified correlations between New York's built environment and public health. New Yorkers residing in densely populated, pedestrian-friendly areas have significantly lower
body mass index (BMI) levels compared to other New Yorkers. Three characteristics of the city environment -- living in areas with mixed residential and commercial uses, living near bus and subway stops and living in population-dense areas -- were found to be inversely associated with BMI levels.
[6]
Commuting/Modal Split
Of all people who commute to work in New York City, 32% use the subway, 25% drive alone, 14% take the bus, 8% travel by commuter rail, 8% walk to work, 6%
carpool, 1% use a taxi, 0.4% ride their bicycle to work, and 0.4% travel by ferry.
[7] 54% of households in New York City do not own a car, and rely on public transportation.
[8] While the so-called
car culture dominates in most American cities, mass transit has a defining influence on New York life. The subway is a popular location for politicians to meet voters during elections and is also a major venue for musicians. Each week, more than 100 musicians and ensembles -- ranging in genre from classical to Cajun, bluegrass, African, South American and jazz -- give over 150 performances sanctioned by New York City Transit at 25 locations throughout the subway system.
[9]
| 'New York City compared' |
| 'Texas Transportation Institute Data' | 'New York' | 'Los Angeles' | 'Chicago' | |
| Surveyed metro population | 17.7 million | 12.5 million | 9.8 million |
| Annual congestion delay per person | 23 hrs | 50 hrs | 37 hrs |
| Annual congestion cost per person | $383 | $855 | $631 |
| Rush hours per day | 6 hrs | 8 hrs | 8 hrs |
| Annual passenger miles of travel on public transit | 18.5 billion | 2.8 billion | 2.2 billion |
| Annual congestion cost saved by public transit | $4.9 billion | $2.2 billion | $1.3 billion |
| Excess fuel consumed per person due to congestion | 11 gal
(42 L) | 33 gal
(125 L) | 23 gal
(87 L) |
| ''Data from 2003 TTI Urban Mobility Report'' | |||
3.7 million people were employed in New York City; Manhattan is the main employment center with 56% of all jobs.
[10] Of those working in Manhattan, 30% commute from within Manhattan, while 17% come from Queens, 16% from Brooklyn, 8% from the Bronx, and 2.5% from Staten Island. Another 4.5% commute to Manhattan from
Nassau County and 2% from
Suffolk County on Long Island, while 4% commute from
Westchester County. 5% commute from Bergen and Hudson counties in New Jersey.
Some New Yorkers reverse commute to the suburbs: 3% travel to Nassau County, 1.5% to Westchester County, 0.7% to Hudson County, 0.6% to Bergen County, 0.5% to Suffolk County, and smaller percentages to other places in the metropolitan area.
Intracity Transportation
Railways
By far the dominant
mode of transportation in New York City is rail. Only 6% of shopping trips in Manhattan's Central Business District involve the use of a car.
[11] The city's public transportation network is the most extensive and among the oldest in North America. Responsibility for managing the various components of the system falls to several government agencies and private corporations. The largest and most important is the
Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), a
public benefit corporation in the state of New York, which runs all of the city's subways and buses and two of its three commuter rail networks. Ridership in the city increased 36% to 2.2 billion annual riders from 1995 to 2005, far outpacing population growth.
[12] Average weekday subway ridership was 5.076 million in September 2006, while combined subway and bus ridership on an average weekday that month was 7.61 million.
[13]
;New York City Subway
Main articles: New York City Subway
The
New York City Subway is the largest
rapid transit system in the world when measured by track mileage (656 miles, or 1,056 km of mainline track), and the fourth-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.4 billion passenger trips in 2005).
It is the second-oldest subway system in the United States after the
rapid transit system in Boston. In 2002, an average 4.8 million passengers used the metro each weekday. During one day in September 2005, 7.5 million daily riders set a record for ridership. Life in New York City is so dependent on the subway that the city is home to two of only three 24-hour subway systems in the world.
[14] The city's 26 subway lines run through all boroughs except Staten Island, which is served by the
Staten Island Railway.
Subway riders pay with the
MetroCard, which is also valid on all other rapid transit systems and buses in the city, as well as the Roosevelt Island tramway. The MetroCard has completely replaced tokens, which were used in the past, to pay fares. Fares are loaded electronically on the card.
;PATH
Main articles: Port Authority Trans-Hudson
The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) is a subway system that links Manhattan, in
New York State, to Jersey City, Hoboken, Harrison, and Newark, in
New Jersey. The primary transit link between Manhattan and New Jersey, PATH carries 240,000 passengers each weekday on four lines.
[15]
While some PATH stations are adjacent to subway stations in New York City and Newark as well as
Hudson-Bergen Light Rail stations in New Jersey, there are no free transfers. The PATH system spans 13.8 miles (22.2 km) of route mileage, not including track overlap.
[16] Like the New York City Subway, PATH operates 24 hours a day. Opened in 1908 as the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad, a privately owned corporation, PATH since 1962 has been operated by the
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
;Airport services
Main articles: AirTrain JFK,
AirTrain Newark
Kennedy and
Newark airports are served by intermodal rail systems.
AirTrain JFK is an 8.1 mile (13 km) rapid transit system that connects Kennedy to New York's subway and commuter rail network in Queens. It also provides free transit between airport terminals. For trips beyond the airport the train costs $5. Roughly 4 million people rode the AirTrain to and from Kennedy in 2006, an increase of about 15% over 2005.
[17] AirTrain Newark is a 1.9 mile (3 km) monorail system connecting Newark's three terminals to commuter and intercity trains running on the Northeast Corridor rail line.
;Commuter rail
Main articles: Long Island Rail Road,
Metro-North Railroad,
New Jersey Transit
New York City's commuter rail system is the most extensive in the United States, with about 250 stations and 20 rail lines serving more than 150 million commuters annually in the
tri-state region.
[18] Commuter rail service from the suburbs is operated by two agencies. The MTA operates the
Long Island Rail Road on Long Island and the
Metro-North Railroad in the Hudson Valley and Connecticut.
New Jersey Transit operates the rail network on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. These rail systems converge at the two busiest
train stations in the United States,
Penn Station and
Grand Central Terminal, both in Manhattan.
;Intercity Rail
Main articles: Northeast Corridor
Intercity train service from New York City is provided by
Amtrak. 54 trains run each day on the busiest route, New York to Philadelphia. For trips of less than 500 miles to other Northeastern cities Amtrak is often cheaper and faster than air travel. Amtrak accounts for 47% of all non-automobile intercity trips between New York and Washington, D.C. and about 14% of all intercity trips (including those by automobile) between those cities.
[19] Amtrak's high-speed
Acela trains run from New York to Boston and Washington, D.C. using tilting technology and fast electric locomotives. This route, known as the
Northeast Corridor, accounts for about half of Amtrak's total national ridership.
[20]
New York City's Penn Station is the busiest Amtrak station in the United States by annual boardings. In 2004 it saw 4.4 million passenger boardings, more than double the next busiest station,
Union Station in Washington, D.C.
[21]
Major destinations with frequent service include
Albany, New York,
Baltimore,
Boston,
New Haven,
Philadelphia and
Washington, D.C., as well as the Canadian cities
Toronto and
Montreal. There are also trains to
Upstate New York,
New England and destinations in the South and Midwest.
Buses
Main articles: Buses in New York City
New York City's bus network is extensive, with approximately 5,800 buses carrying about 2.01 million passengers every day on more than 200 local routes and 30 express routes.
[22] Buses owned by MTA account for 80% of the city's surface mass transit.
New York City has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the United States.
Buses are labeled with a number and a prefix identifying the primary borough (B for Brooklyn, Bx for the Bronx, M for Manhattan, Q for Queens, and S for Staten Island). Express buses use the letter "x" rather than a borough label.
The
Port Authority Bus Terminal, near
Times Square, is the busiest bus station in the United States and the main gateway for interstate buses into New York City. The terminal serves both commuter routes, mainly operated by New Jersey Transit, and national routes operated by companies such as
Greyhound and
Peter Pan.
[23]
Ferries
The busiest ferry in the United States is the
Staten Island Ferry, which annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2 mile (8.4 km) run between Staten Island and
Lower Manhattan. Service is provided 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and takes approximately 25 minutes each way. Each day approximately five boats transport almost 65,000 passengers during 104 boat trips. Over 33,000 trips are made annually.
[24] The Ferry has remained free of charge since 1997. The charge for vehicles is $3, however, vehicles have not been allowed on the Ferry since the
September 11,
2001 terrorist attacks. Bicycles are allowed on the lower level for free, as well. The ferry ride is a favorite of tourists as it provides excellent views of the Lower Manhattan skyline and the
Statue of Liberty.
New York has several privately run ferry services. Among the major companies are
NY Waterway, which operates several routes from New Jersey across the Hudson River to Manhattan;
SeaStreak, which provides service from Monmouth County, New Jersey to Manhattan; and
New York Water Taxi, which runs lines connecting Brooklyn and Queens to Manhattan.
Aerial tramway
Main articles: Roosevelt Island Tramway
Built in 1976 to shuttle island residents to Midtown, the
Roosevelt Island Tramway was originally intended to be a temporary commuter link for use until a subway station was established for the island. However, when the subway finally connected to Roosevelt Island in 1989, the tram was too popular to discontinue use.
The Tramway is operated by the Roosevelt Island Operating Corp (RIOC). Each cable car has a capacity of 125 passengers. Travel time from Roosevelt Island to Manhattan is just under five minutes and the fare is the same as a subway ride.
In 2006, service was suspended on the tramway for six months after a service malfunction that required all passengers to be evacuated.
Roads
Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like
Broadway,
Wall Street and
Madison Avenue are also used as shorthand in the American vernacular for national industries located there; those being the theater, finance, and retail organizations, respectively.
There are twelve avenues that run parallel to the
Hudson River, and 220 numbered streets that run perpandicular to the river.
Bridges and Tunnels
Main articles: Bridges and tunnels in New York City
With its Gothic-revival double-arched stone towers and diagonal suspension wires, the
Brooklyn Bridge is one of the city's most recognized architectural structures, depicted by artists such as
Hart Crane and
Georgia O'Keefe. The Brooklyn Bridge's main span is 1,596 foot and 6 inches, and was the longest in the world when it was completed. The
Williamsburg Bridge and
Manhattan Bridge are the two others in the trio of architecturally-notable
East River crossings. The
Queensboro Bridge, which links Manhattan and Queens, is an important piece of cantilever bridge design. The borough of Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn through the
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The towers of the Verrazano, which rise 650 foot above the water, are 4,260 foot apart; these towers are far away enough from each other, due to the length of the main span, that there is a 1
3⁄
8 inches (34 mm) displacement between the theoretical position of the side at the top of the tower, and the actual position, due to the Earth's curvature.
New York has historically been a pioneer in tunnel construction. The
Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles per day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Manhattan, is the world's busiest vehicular tunnel. The
Holland Tunnel, also under the Hudson River, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel in the world and is considered a National Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Two other notable tunnels connect Manhattan to other places; one is the
Queens Midtown Tunnel, and the other the
Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel. At 9,117 foot (2,779 m), the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel is the longest underwater tunnel in North America.
Expressways
Main articles: Expressways in New York City
A less favored alternative to commuting by rail and boat is the New York region's outdated and congested expressway network, designed by
Robert Moses. The city's extensive network of expressways includes four primary
Interstate Highways:
I-78,
I-80,
I-87 and
I-95.
I-278 serves as a partial
beltway around the city. The
Long Island Expressway begins at the Queens Midtown Tunnel and runs through the heart of Queens east into the Long Island suburbs.
Also designed by Moses are a series of limited-access
parkways, which are frequently congested with traffic as well, despite the fact that they were designed from the outset to only carry cars, as opposed to commercial trucks or busses. The
FDR Drive and
Harlem River Drive are two such routes through Manhattan. The
Bronx River Parkway and
Hutchinson River Parkway link the Bronx to nearby Westchester County and its parkways, and the
Grand Central Parkway and
Belt Parkway provide similar functions for Long Island's parkway system.
Taxis
Main articles: Taxicabs of the United States#Taxicabs of New York City
New York City yellow taxicab.
There are 13,087 taxis operating in New York City, not including over 40,000 other for-hire vehicles.
[25] Their distinctive yellow paint has made them New York icons.
Taxicabs are operated by private companies and licensed by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. "Medallion taxis", the familiar yellow cabs, are the only vehicles in the city permitted to pick up passengers in response to a street hail. A cab’s availability is indicated by the lights on the top of the car. When just the center light showing the medallion number is lit, the cab is empty and available. When no lights are lit, the cab is occupied by passengers.
Fares begin at $2.50 ($3.00 after 8pm, and $3.50 during the peak weekday hours of 4-8pm) and increase based on the distance traveled and time spent in slow traffic. The passenger also must pay the fare whenever a cab is driven through a toll.
[26] The average cab fare in 2000 was $6; over $1 billion in fares were paid that year in total.
241 million passengers rode in New York taxis in 1999. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, of the 42,000 cabbies in New York, 82% are foreign born: 23% from the Caribbean (the
Dominican Republic and
Haiti), and 20% from South Asia (
India,
Pakistan, and
Bangladesh).
In 2005, New York introduced incentives to replace its current yellow cabs with electric hybrid vehicles
[27] then in
May 2007, New York City Mayor
Michael Bloomberg, proposed a five-year plan to switch New York City's taxicabs to more fuel-efficient
hybrid vehicles as part of an agenda for New York City to reduce
greenhouse gas emission.
[28]
Pedestrians and Bicycles
A cycle rickshaw at rest in Manhattan.
is a growing mode of transport in New York City. An estimated 120,000 city residents travel to work by bicycle and make 400,000 trips each day, equivalent to the number of the ten most popular bus routes in the city.
[29] The City Department of Transportation estimates there are an additional two in-line skaters for every cyclist in New York. The city has 119 miles of bike lanes including the
Manhattan Waterfront Greenway and has in recent years expanded protected bike lanes on major thoroughfares and on bridges across the East River. More than 500 people annually work as bicycle rickshaw drivers, who in 2005 handled one million passengers.
[30] The city also annually presents the largest recreational cycling event in the United States, the
Five Boro Bike Tour, in which 30,000 cyclists ride 42 miles (65 km) through the city's boroughs.
Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.
[31] In 2000 New York had the largest number of walking commuters among large American cities in both total number and as a proportion of all commuters: 517,290, or 5.6%.
[32] By way of comparison, the next city with the largest proportion of walking commuters,
Boston, had 119,294 commuter pedestrians, amounting to 4.1% of that city's commuters.
32
Semi-formal
New York has many forms of semi-formal public transportation, including "
dollar vans" and "Chinese vans." Dollar vans serve major corridors in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx that lack adequate subway service. In 2006, the
New York City Council began debate on greater industry regulation, including requiring all dollar vans to be painted in a specific color to make them easier to recognize, similar to the
public light buses in Hong Kong.
[33] The vans pick up and drop off anywhere along a route, and payment is made at the end of a trip.
Similar to dollar vans, Chinese vans serve predominantly Chinese and other East Asian communities in Brooklyn's Chinatown,
Manhattan's Chinatown,
Elmhurst and
Flushing.
There are also highly competitive
Chinatown bus lines operating routes from New York City's Chinatowns to other Chinatowns in the Northeast, with frequent service to major cities like Boston and Philadelphia. These bus companies use full-size coaches and offer fares much lower than traditional carriers like Greyhound.
There are numerous other transportation services in the city, including RightRides, a free car service operated by a nonprofit that shuttles women home from bars and parties on Saturday nights from midnight to 3 a.m. in Manhattan, Queens, and Brooklyn. RightRides uses vehicles donated by
Zipcar, a membership-based carsharing company providing hourly or daily car rentals in New York City to its members, who often do not own cars.
Port Infrastructure
Airports
Main articles: Aviation in New York City
New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.
[ Table 10: Top 20 U.S. Gateways for Nonstop International Air Travel: 1990, 1995, and 2000 ] 100 million travelers used the city's airports in 2005; New York is the busiest air gateway in the nation.
[34]
The city is served by three major airports:
John F. Kennedy International (also known as JFK),
Newark Liberty International, and
LaGuardia.
Teterboro serves as a primary general aviation airport. JFK and Newark both connect to regional rail systems by a light rail service.
[35]
JFK and Newark serve long-haul domestic and international flights. The two airports' outbound international travel accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.
[36] LaGuardia caters to short-haul and domestic destinations.
JFK is the major entry point for international arrivals in the United States and is the largest international air freight gateway in the nation by value of shipments.
[37] About 100 airlines from more than 50 countries operate direct flights to JFK. The JFK-
London Heathrow route is the leading U.S. international airport pair.
[ U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03 ] The airport is located along Jamaica Bay near
Howard Beach, Queens, about 12 miles east of downtown Manhattan.
Newark was the first major airport serving New York City and is the fifth busiest international air gateway to the United States.
dedicated the Newark Airport Administration Building in 1935, which was North America's first commercial airline terminal. In 2003, Newark became the terminus of the world's longest non-stop scheduled airline route, Continental's service to Hong Kong. In 2004, Singapore Airlines broke Continental's record by starting direct 18-hour flights to Singapore. The airport is located in
Newark, New Jersey, about 12 miles west of downtown Manhattan.
LaGuardia, the smallest of New York's primary airports, handles domestic flights. It is named for
Fiorello H. LaGuardia, the city's great Depression-era mayor known as a reformist and strong supporter of the
New Deal. A perimeter rule prohibits incoming and outgoing flights that exceed 1,500 miles (2,400 km) except on Saturdays, when the ban is lifted, and to Denver, which has a grandfathered exemption. As a result, most transcontinental and international flights use JFK and Newark.
[38] The airport is located in northern Queens about 6 miles from downtown Manhattan.
Manhattan has three public heliports, used mostly by business travelers. A regularly-scheduled helicopter service operates flights to JFK Airport from the
Downtown Manhattan Heliport, located at the eastern end of Wall Street.
Seaports
The
Queen Mary 2, the world's second largest passenger ship and the world's largest
Ocean liner, steams out of New York on a transatlantic voyage.
The
New York Harbor, with its natural advantages of deep water channels and protection from the Atlantic Ocean, has historically been one of the most important ports in the United States, and is now the third busiest in the United States, if New Jersey is included, which behind Los Angeles and Long Beach, California in the amount of volume. Each year, more than 25 million tons of oceanborne general cargo moves through New York, including 4.5 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) of containerized cargo. In 2005 more than 5,300 ships delivered goods to the port that went to 35% of the U.S. population.
[39] The port is experiencing rapid growth. Shipments increased nearly 12% in 2005. There are three cargo terminals and a passenger terminal on the New York City side of the harbor, including the Howland Hook Marine Terminal, Red Hook Container Terminal, Brooklyn Marine Terminal, and New York Cruise Terminal; three additional cargo terminals are on the New Jersey side.
The Port of New York is also a major hub for passenger ships. More than half a million people depart annually from Manhattan's cruise ship terminal on the Hudson River, accounting for five percent of the worldwide cruise industry and employing 21,000 residents in the city. The
Queen Mary 2, the world's second largest passenger ship and one of the few traditional ocean liners still in service, was designed specifically to fit under the
Verrazano Bridge, itself the longest suspension bridge in the United States. The Queen Mary 2 makes regular ports of call on her transatlantic runs from
Southampton, England. The city is building a new cruise ship terminal in
Red Hook, Brooklyn.
Originally focused on Brooklyn's waterfront, especially at the
Brooklyn Army Terminal in
Sunset Park, most
container ship cargo operations have shifted to the
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal on the other side of the bay. The terminal, operated by the
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, is the largest port complex on the East Coast. $114.54 billion of cargo passed through the Port of New York and New Jersey in 2004. The top five trading partners at the port are China, Italy, Germany, Brazil and India.
Water quality in the New York Harbor has improved dramatically since passage of the
Clean Water Act and extensive harbor cleanup projects. A common misconception is that the Upper Bay is devoid of marine life. It actually supports a diverse population of marine species, including striped bass. New Yorkers regularly kayak and sail in the harbor, which has become a major recreational site for the city. Water quality problems persist in
Long Island Sound, however.
Future and Proposed Projects
Several proposals for expanding the New York City transit system are in various stages of discussion, planning, or initial funding. Some of them would compete with others for available funding.
★ In January 2007, the Port Authority approved plans for the $78.5 million purchase of a lease of
Stewart Airport in Newburgh, New York as a 4th major airport for the area.
[40]
★
PATH World Trade Center station, whose construction began in late 2005, will replace the temporary PATH terminal that replaced the one destroyed in the
September 11, 2001 attacks. This new central terminal, designed by
Santiago Calatrava, will allow easy transfer between the PATH system, several subway lines and proposed new projects. It is expected to serve 250,000 travelers daily.
A rendering of the future PATH station at the World Trade Center site, to be completed in 2009.
★
Fulton Street Transit Center, a $750 million project in Lower Manhattan that will improve access to and connections between 12 subway lines, PATH service and the World Trade Center site. Construction began in 2005 and will be finished in 2008.
★
Moynihan Station would expand
Penn Station into the
James Farley Post Office building across the street.
★
Second Avenue Subway, a new north-south line, first proposed in 1929, would run from 125th Street in Harlem to Hanover Square in lower Manhattan.
★
IRT Flushing Line Extension would extend the
7 service (Flushing line) west from its current terminus at
Times Square, then south to the
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center.
★
East Side Access project would route some Long Island Rail Road Trains to Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station. Since many, if not most, LIRR commuters work on the east side of Manhattan, many in walking distance of Grand Central, this proposal would save travel time and reduce congestion at Penn Station and on subway lines connecting it with the east side. It would also greatly expand the hourly capacity of the LIRR system.
★ The
Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project would extend an existing Long Island Rail Road line from
Jamaica Station, with a new 3-mile tunnel under the East River from downtown Brooklyn to Manhattan.
AirTrain JFK-compatible cars would run along the new route, connecting
John F. Kennedy International Airport and Jamaica with
Lower Manhattan.
★
Trans-Hudson Express Tunnel would add a second pair of railroad tracks under the
Hudson River, connecting an expanded Penn Station to
NJ Transit lines.
★ Although New York City does not have
light rail, a few proposals exist:
★
★ There are plans to convert
42nd Street into a light rail transit mall which would be closed to all vehicles except emergency vehicles
[4]. The idea was previously planned in the early 1990s, and was approved by the City Council in 1994, but stalled due to lack of funds.
★
★
Staten Island light rail proposals have found political support from Senator Charles Schumer and local political and business leaders.
★
JFK Airport is undergoing a US$10.3 billion redevelopment, one of the largest airport reconstruction projects in the world. In recent years, Terminal One, Terminal Four and Terminal Nine have been reconstructed, and work has begun on a new Terminal Five. The remaining five terminals are slated for demolition or reconstruction.
★
Santiago Calatrava has also proposed an
aerial gondola system linking Manhattan, Governors Island and Brooklyn as part of the city's plans to develop the island.
★ As part of a long-term plan to manage New York City's environmental
sustainability, Mayor
Michael Bloomberg released several proposals to increase mass transit usage and improve overall transportation infrastructure.
[41] Apart from support of the above capital projects, these proposals include the implementation of
bus rapid transit, the reopening of closed LIRR and Metro-North stations, new ferry routes, better access for cyclists, pedestrians and intermodal transfers, and a
congestion pricing zone for Manhattan south of
86th Street.
See also
★
Mass transit in New York City
★
History of the New York City Subway
★
New York City Department of Transportation
★
List of streetcar lines in Queens
Further reading
★ ''Taxi!: Cabs and Capitalism in New York City'', Biju Mathew 2005
★ ''New York Underground'', Julia Solis 2004
★ ''The Works: Anatomy of a City'', Kate Ascher 2005
★ ''Underground Harmonies: Music and Politics in the Subways of New York '', Susie J. Tanenbaum 1995
References
1. Gotham, , et. al., Burrows, Oxford Press, ,
2. James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864-1917, published 1918, pp. 162-191
3. The Power Broker; Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, , Robert A., Caro, Vintage Books, ,
4. The Big Green Apple, , Ben, Jervey, Globe Pequot Press, , See ''Metro New York'' article:[1]
5. U.S. Cities' Preparedness for an Oil Crisis
6. Living Near Shops, Subways Linked to Lower BMI in New York City See also this news release and this article.
7. Table B08406. Sex of Workers by Means of Transportation for Workplace Geography - Universe: Workers 16 Years and Over
8. Table B08201. Household Size by Vehicles Available - Universe: Households
9. Music Under New York
10. County-To-County Worker Flow Files
11. Necessity or Choice? Why People Drive in Manhattan
12. M.T.A. Ridership Grows Faster Than Population See also "MTA Ridership takes Express with 31% Surge." 24 August 2006 ''The New York Post.''[2]
13. Manhattan: Record Use for Subways
14. The New York City Subway and the PATH both operate 24 hours a day.
15. APTA Ridership Report: Third Quarter 2006
16. PATH at a Glance
17. Manhattan: Train-to-Plane Use Sets Record
18. About the MTA Long Island Railroad
19. The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service
20. Transportation Statistics Annual Report
21. TABLE 1-8 Top 50 Amtrak Stations by Number of Boardings: Fiscal Year 2004]
22. 2005 Annual Report
23. History of the Port Authority Bus Terminal
24. Facts about the Ferry
25. The State of the NYC Taxi
26. Passenger Information: Rate of Fare
27. Taxi and Limousine Commission Votes Today to Authorize Cleaner, Greener Hybrid-Electric Taxicabs
28. Rivera, Ray (2007, May 23) Mayor Plans an All-Hybrid Taxi Fleet. New York Times, p. B1.
29. Biking It
30. Regulating Rickshaws
31. 2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends
32. Journey to Work Trends in the United States and its Major Metropolitan Areas, 1960-2000 Note that the U.S. Census reports different figures. See [3]
33. New Yorkers May Soon Be Able to Tell A Van, as They Do a Cab, by Its Color
34. 2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report
35. See AirTrain JFK and AirTrain Newark.
36. Port Authority Leads Nation in Record-Setting Year for Travel Abroad
37. America's Freight Transportation Gateways
38. Long Distance at La Guardia
39. New York's Port, Beyond Dubai
40. Port Authority Authorizes Purchase of Operating Lease at Stewart International Airport
41. PlaNYC 2030: Transportation initiatives
★ http://mta.info/nyct/maps/submap.htm
External links
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