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EspañolTREATIES OF VELASCO
The 'Treaties of Velasco' were two treaties signed at Velasco, Texas, on 14 May 1836 between Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico and the Republic of Texas, in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto (21 April 1836).
The signatories were Interim President David G. Burnet for Texas and General Santa Anna for Mexico. The Treaties were intended to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway Republic's independence. However, there was a public treaty and a secret treaty, and the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican government. However, as dictator, Santa Anna was the de facto government.
The public treaty consisted of ten articles, and was to be published immediately.
#Personal undertaking by Santa Anna not to take up arms, or encourage arms to be taken up, against the people of Texas in this war of independence.
#Cessation of hostilities, on sea and land, between Texas and Mexico.
#Mexican troops to evacuate the territory of Texas, relocating south of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte).
#Mexican troops to refrain from taking property without due compensation, etc., during their retreat.
#All property (including horses, cattle, negro slaves etc.) captured by Mexico during the war to be returned.
#The two armies to avoid contact, keeping a distance of five leagues (approx. 25 km).
#The Mexican army to retreat without tarrying.
#Dispatches to be sent to the commanders of the two armies, informing them of the treaty's content.
#Mexico to release all Texan prisoners, with Texas releasing the same number of Mexican prisoners of the same rank; all other Mexican prisoners to be retained by Texas.
#Santa Anna to be conveyed to Veracruz as soon as deemed proper.
The secret treaty was not to be made public until the terms of the public treaty had been met in full.
#Personal undertaking by Santa Anna not to take up arms, or encourage arms to be taken up, against the people of Texas in this war of independence.
#Santa Anna to give orders for all Mexican troops to withdraw from Texas as soon as possible.
#Santa Anna to make arrangements in Mexico City so that a mission of Texans would be well received, all differences settled, and independence recognized.
#A treaty of commerce, friendship, and limits to be established between Mexico and Texas, whereunder the territory of Texas would not extend beyond the Rio Grande.
#Government of Texas to provide for Santa Anna's immediate embarkation for Veracruz.
#Both copies of the document to be kept folded and sealed until conclusion of the negotiations, when they should both be given to Santa Anna; no use to be made of it before that, unless either party fail to abide by its terms.
Although Gen. Vicente Filisola began troop withdrawals on 26 May, the government of President José Justo Corro in Mexico City resolved, on 20 May, to disassociate itself from all undertakings entered into by Santa Anna while he was held captive. Mexico's position was that Santa Anna had no legal standing in the Mexican government to agree to those terms or negotiate a treaty; Santa Anna's position was that he had signed the documents under coercion as a prisoner, not as a surrendering general in accordance with the laws of warfare. In fact, he had no authority under the Mexican Constitution to make a treaty, and in any case, the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican government. On the other hand, he was a dictator, therefore, he was the government and no constitutional issues were of any consideration. The Texans had fought for that very reason - a lack of constitutional government.
Santa Anna was eventually given passage to Veracruz. He was kept as a prisoner of war ("clapped in irons for six months", he later claimed) in Velasco and, later, in Orizimbo, before being taken to Washington, D.C., in the United States to meet with President Andrew Jackson (ostensibly to negotiate a lasting peace between Mexico and Texas, with the USA acting as mediator). Sailing on the frigate USS ''Pioneer'', the guest of the U.S. Navy, he did not arrive in Veracruz until 23 February 1837, deemed proper. Today Santa Anna would be labelled as a war criminal for his murderous actions against what he referred to as "pirates." (In today's world, as after World War II, the term used would be "enemy combatants." Which side you are on or who wins, generally determines who are the "terrorist" and who are the "patriots.")
Because the provisions of the public treaty were not met, the terms of the secret agreement were not released until much later. Although a ''fait accompli'' since mid-1836, the independence of Texas, much less its later annexation by the U.S., was never formally recognized by Mexico until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War that resulted from the annexation, and recognized the Rio Grande (or Rio Bravo del Norte) as the U.S.-Mexican border.
★ Treaties of Velasco (includes facsimiles)
★ Treaties of Velasco
★ Santa Anna's Captivity
The signatories were Interim President David G. Burnet for Texas and General Santa Anna for Mexico. The Treaties were intended to provide a conclusion of hostilities between the two belligerents and offer the first steps toward the official recognition of the breakaway Republic's independence. However, there was a public treaty and a secret treaty, and the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican government. However, as dictator, Santa Anna was the de facto government.
| Contents |
| Public treaty |
| Secret treaty |
| Nonratification by Mexico |
| Delayed compliance by Texas |
| Outcome |
| External links |
Public treaty
The public treaty consisted of ten articles, and was to be published immediately.
#Personal undertaking by Santa Anna not to take up arms, or encourage arms to be taken up, against the people of Texas in this war of independence.
#Cessation of hostilities, on sea and land, between Texas and Mexico.
#Mexican troops to evacuate the territory of Texas, relocating south of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte).
#Mexican troops to refrain from taking property without due compensation, etc., during their retreat.
#All property (including horses, cattle, negro slaves etc.) captured by Mexico during the war to be returned.
#The two armies to avoid contact, keeping a distance of five leagues (approx. 25 km).
#The Mexican army to retreat without tarrying.
#Dispatches to be sent to the commanders of the two armies, informing them of the treaty's content.
#Mexico to release all Texan prisoners, with Texas releasing the same number of Mexican prisoners of the same rank; all other Mexican prisoners to be retained by Texas.
#Santa Anna to be conveyed to Veracruz as soon as deemed proper.
Secret treaty
The secret treaty was not to be made public until the terms of the public treaty had been met in full.
#Personal undertaking by Santa Anna not to take up arms, or encourage arms to be taken up, against the people of Texas in this war of independence.
#Santa Anna to give orders for all Mexican troops to withdraw from Texas as soon as possible.
#Santa Anna to make arrangements in Mexico City so that a mission of Texans would be well received, all differences settled, and independence recognized.
#A treaty of commerce, friendship, and limits to be established between Mexico and Texas, whereunder the territory of Texas would not extend beyond the Rio Grande.
#Government of Texas to provide for Santa Anna's immediate embarkation for Veracruz.
#Both copies of the document to be kept folded and sealed until conclusion of the negotiations, when they should both be given to Santa Anna; no use to be made of it before that, unless either party fail to abide by its terms.
Nonratification by Mexico
Although Gen. Vicente Filisola began troop withdrawals on 26 May, the government of President José Justo Corro in Mexico City resolved, on 20 May, to disassociate itself from all undertakings entered into by Santa Anna while he was held captive. Mexico's position was that Santa Anna had no legal standing in the Mexican government to agree to those terms or negotiate a treaty; Santa Anna's position was that he had signed the documents under coercion as a prisoner, not as a surrendering general in accordance with the laws of warfare. In fact, he had no authority under the Mexican Constitution to make a treaty, and in any case, the treaty was never ratified by the Mexican government. On the other hand, he was a dictator, therefore, he was the government and no constitutional issues were of any consideration. The Texans had fought for that very reason - a lack of constitutional government.
Delayed compliance by Texas
Santa Anna was eventually given passage to Veracruz. He was kept as a prisoner of war ("clapped in irons for six months", he later claimed) in Velasco and, later, in Orizimbo, before being taken to Washington, D.C., in the United States to meet with President Andrew Jackson (ostensibly to negotiate a lasting peace between Mexico and Texas, with the USA acting as mediator). Sailing on the frigate USS ''Pioneer'', the guest of the U.S. Navy, he did not arrive in Veracruz until 23 February 1837, deemed proper. Today Santa Anna would be labelled as a war criminal for his murderous actions against what he referred to as "pirates." (In today's world, as after World War II, the term used would be "enemy combatants." Which side you are on or who wins, generally determines who are the "terrorist" and who are the "patriots.")
Outcome
Because the provisions of the public treaty were not met, the terms of the secret agreement were not released until much later. Although a ''fait accompli'' since mid-1836, the independence of Texas, much less its later annexation by the U.S., was never formally recognized by Mexico until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War that resulted from the annexation, and recognized the Rio Grande (or Rio Bravo del Norte) as the U.S.-Mexican border.
External links
★ Treaties of Velasco (includes facsimiles)
★ Treaties of Velasco
★ Santa Anna's Captivity
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