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:''For the 1868 treaty, see Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)''
The 'Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851' was signed on September 17 between United States treaty commissioners and representatives of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara nations. The U.S. government promised control of the Great Plains which was the bulk of Native American territory, for "as long as the river flows and the eagle flies". The Indians guaranteed safe passage for settlers on the Oregon Trail in return for promises of an annuity in the amount of fifty thousand dollars annually for fifty years. The Native American nations also allowed roads and forts to be built in its territories. The United States Congress later unilaterally cut appropriations for the treaty to ten years' annuities, and several tribes never received the commodities promised as payments. The treaty produced a brief period of peace.

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★ Text of the 1851 Fort Laramie treaty