TRICKSTER

In mythology, and in the study of folklore and religion, a 'trickster' is a god, goddess, spirit, human, or anthropomorphic animal who plays pranks or otherwise disobeys normal rules and norms of behaviour.
While the trickster crosses various cultural traditions, there are significant differences between tricksters in the traditions of many Indigenous peoples and those in the Euro-American tradition:

"Many native traditions held clowns and tricksters as essential to any contact with the sacred. People could not pray until they had laughed, because laughter opens and frees from rigid preconception. Humans had to have tricksters within the most sacred ceremonies for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset, reversal, surprise. The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation, to birth".^[1]

Native tricksters should not be confused with the Euro-American fictional picaro. One of the most important distinctions is that "we can see in the Native American trickster an openness to life's multiplicity and paradoxes largely missing in the modern Euro-American moral tradition".^[2]

Contents

Mythology

Coyote

Archetype

Tricksters in various cultures

See also

Notes

References

External links

Mythology

The trickster deity breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously (for example, Loki) but usually, albeit unintentionally, with ultimately positive effects. Often, the rule-breaking takes the form of tricks (eg. Eris) or thievery. Tricksters can be cunning or foolish or both; they are often funny even when considered sacred or performing important cultural tasks. An example of this is the sacred Heyoka, whose role is to play tricks and games and by doing so raises awareness and acts as an equalizer.
In many cultures, (as may be seen in Greek, Norse, or Slavic folktales, along with Native American/First Nations lore), the trickster and the culture hero are often combined. To illustrate: Prometheus, in Greek mythology, stole fire from the gods to give to humans. He is more of a culture hero than a trickster. In many Native American and First Nations mythologies, the coyote (Southwestern United States) or raven (Pacific Northwest and coastal British Columbia) stole fire from the gods (stars, moon, and/or sun) and are more tricksters than culture heroes. This is primarily because of other stories involving these spirits: Prometheus was a Titan, whereas the Coyote spirit and Raven spirit are usually seen as jokesters and pranksters.
Frequently the Trickster figure exhibits gender and form variability, changing gender roles and engaging in same-sex practices. Such figures appear in Native American and First Nations mythologies, where they are said to have a two-spirit nature. Loki, the Norse trickster, also exhibits gender variability, in one case even becoming pregnant; interestingly, he shares the ability to change genders with Odin, the chief Norse deity who also possesses many characteristics of the Trickster. In the case of Loki's pregnancy, he was forced by the Gods to stop a giant from erecting a wall for them before 7 days passed; he solved the problem by transforming into a mare and drawing the giant's magical horse away from its work. He returned some time later with a child he had given birth to--the eight-legged horse Sleipnir, who served as Odin's steed.

Coyote

The Coyote mythlore is one of the most popular among the Native American. Coyote is a ubiquitous being and can be categorized in many types. In creation myths, Coyote appears as the Creator himself; but he may at the same time be the messenger, the culture hero, the trickster, the fool. He has also the ability of the transformer: in some stories he is a handsome young man; in others he is an animal; yet others present him as just a power, a sacred one.
According to Crow (and other Plains) tradition, Old Man Coyote impersonates the Creator, "Old Man Coyote took up a handful of mud and out of it made people".^[3] His creative power is also spread onto words, "Old Man Coyote named buffalo, deer, elk, antelopes, and bear. And all these came into being". In such myths Coyote-Creator is never mentioned as an animal; more, he can meet his animal counterpart, the coyote: they address each other as "elder brother" and "younger brother", and walk and talk together. According to A. Hultkranz, the impersonation of Coyote as Creator is a result of a taboo, a mythic substitute to the religious notion of the Great Spirit whose name was too dangerous and/or sacred to use apart from a special ceremony.
In Chelan myths, Coyote belongs to the animal people but he is at the same time "a power just like the Creator, the head of all the creatures". Yet his being 'just like the Creator' does not really mean being 'the Creator': it is not seldom that Coyote-Just-Like-Creator is subject to the Creator, Great Chief Above, who can punish him, send him away, take powers away from him, etc. In the Pacific Northwest tradition, Coyote is mostly mentioned as a messenger, or minor power, "Coyote was sent to the camp of the chief of the Cold Wind tribe to deliver a challenge; Coyote traveled around to tell all the people in both tribes about the contest." As such, Coyote "was cruelly treated, and his work was never done."
As the culture hero, Coyote appears in various mythic traditions. His major heroic attributes are transformation, traveling, high deeds, power. He is engaged in changing the ways of rivers, standing of mountains, creating new landscapes and getting sacred things for people. Of mention is the tradition of Coyote fighting against monsters. According to Wasco tradition, Coyote was the hero to fight and kill Thunderbird, the killer of people, but he could do that not because of his personal power, but due to the help of the Spirit Chief; Coyote was trying his best, he was fighting hard, and he had to have fasted ten days before the fight, so advised by Spirit Chief 8. In many Wasco myths, Coyote rivals the Raven (Crow) about the same ordeal: in some stories, Multnomah Falls came to be by Coyote's efforts; in others, it is done by Raven.
More often than not Coyote is a trickster, but he is always different. In some stories, he is a noble trickster, "Coyote takes water from the Frog people... because it is not right that one people have all the water.". In others, he is mean, "Coyote determined to bring harm to Duck. He took Duck's wife and children, whom he treated badly."

Archetype

The Trickster is an example of a Jungian Archetype. In modern literature the trickster survives as a character archetype, not necessarily supernatural or divine, sometimes no more than a stock character.
In later folklore, the trickster is incarnated as a clever, mischievous man or creature, who tries to survive the dangers and challenges of the world using trickery and deceit as a defense. For example many typical fairy tales have the King who wants to find the best groom for his daughter by ordering several trials. No brave and valiant prince or knight manages to win them, until a poor and simple peasant comes. With the help of his wits and cleverness, instead of fighting, he evades or fools monsters and villains and dangers with unorthodox manners. Therefore the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward. More modern and obvious examples of that type are Bugs Bunny and The Tramp (Charlie Chaplin) (''see'' list).
The trickster is an enduring archetype that crosses many cultures and appears in a wide variety of popular media. For a modern humanist study of the trickster archetypes and their effects on society and its evolution, see ''Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art'' by Lewis Hyde.

Tricksters in various cultures

★ Abenaki mythology ... Azeban

★ Akan mythology ... Kwaku Ananse

★ American folklore ... Brer Rabbit (or Compere Lapin) and Aunt Nancy, a corruption of Anansi (Anansee)

★ Arabian mythology ... Juha

★ Ashanti mythology ... Anansi

★ Australian Aboriginal mythology ... Bamapana

★ Aztec mythology ... Huehuecoyotl

★ Bantu mythology ... the Hare (Tsuro or Kalulu)

★ Basque mythology ... San Martin Txiki

★ Brazilian folklore ... Saci-Pererê

★ Celtic mythology ... Fairy, Puck, Briccriu

★ Chinese mythology ... Nezha, Sun Wukong (the Monkey King)

★ Chippewa mythology ... Nanabozho

★ Crow mythology ... Awakkule, Mannegishi

★ Dutch folklore ... Reynaert de Vos, Tijl Uilenspiegel

★ Egyptian mythology ... Seth

★ Estonian mythology ... Kaval-Ants (The Wily Ants)

★ French folklore ... Renart the Fox

★ Fijian mythology ... Daucina

★ German folklore ... Till Eulenspiegel, Reineke Fuchs

★ Greek mythology ... Eris, Prometheus, Hephaestos, Hermes, Odysseus, Sisyphus

★ Haida mythology ... Nankil'slas (Raven spirit), (Coyote)

★ Hawaiian mythology ... Iwa, Kaulu, Kupua, Maui, Pekoi.

★ Hindu mythology ... Baby Krishna stealing ghee

★ Hopi and Zuni mythology ... Kokopelli

★ Indonesian folklore ... Kantjil, or kancil in modern grammar

★ Inuit mythology ... Amaguq

★ Japanese mythology ... Kitsune, Susanoo, Kappa

★ Jewish mythology ... Asmodeus, Jacob, Lilith

★ Jewish folklore ... Hershele Ostropoler

★ !Xũ mythology ... Mantis

★ Lakota mythology ... Iktomi Heyoka

★ Levantine mythology ... Yaw

★ Islamic mythology ... Nasreddin

★ Miwok mythology ... Coyote

★ Navajo mythology ... Tonenili

★ Nootka mythology ... Chulyen, Guguyni

★ Norse mythology ... Loki

★ Northwest Caucasian mythology ... Sosruko

★ Ohlone mythology ... Coyote

★ Ojibwe mythology ... Nanabush

★ Polynesian mythology ... Maui

★ Pomo mythology ... Coyote

★ Pueblos dancing ... Sacred Clowns - Koshares Paiyakyamu

★ Slavic mythology ... Veles

★ Tumbuka mythology...Kalulu

★ Tsimshian mythology ... Txaamsm, Raven, 'Wiigyet (Big Man)

★ Ute mythology ... Cin-an-ev

★ Vodun ... Papa Legba, Ti Malice, Baron Samedi

★ West African mythology ... Anansi

★ Yoruba mythology ... Eshu

See also

★ List of modern day tricksters

★ Miwok Coyote and Silver Fox

★ Grotesque body

★ Native Americans in the United States

★ Evil clown

Notes

1. Byrd Gibbens, Professor of English at University of Arkansas at Little Rock; quoted epigraph in ''Napalm and Silly Putty'' by George Carlin, 2001
2. Ballinger 1992, p.21
3. ''California on the Eve - California Indians''

References

★ ''California on the Eve - California Indians'' Miwok creation story

★ Franchot Ballinger, Gerald Vizenor ''Sacred Reversals: Trickster in Gerald Vizenor's "Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives on Mixed Descent"'' American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1, The Literary Achievements of Gerald Vizenor (Winter, 1985), pp. 55-59 doi:10.2307/1184653

★ Franchot Ballinger ''Ambigere: The Euro-American Picaro and the Native American Trickster'' MELUS, Vol. 17, No. 1, Native American Fiction: Myth and Criticism (Spring, 1991 - Spring, 1992), pp. 21-38 doi:10.2307/467321

★ Allan J. Ryan ''The Trickster Shift: Humour and irony in contemporary native art'' 1999 Univ of Washington ISBN 0774807040

★ L. Bryce Boyer, Ruth M. Boyer ''The Sacred Clown of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches: Additional Data'' Western Folklore, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1983), pp. 46-54 doi:10.2307/1499465

★ Absurdity and Hidden Truth: Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster, , Klaus-Peter [1], Koepping, History of Religions, 1985

★ Lori Landay ''Madcaps, Screwballs, and Con Women: The Female Trickster in American Culture'' 1998 University of Pennsylvania Press

★ Joseph Durwin ''Coulrophobia & The Trickster'' Trickster’s Way Volume 3, Issue 1 2004 Article 3 TRICKSTER AND THE TREKS OF HISTORY

★ Paul Radin ''The trickster: a study in American Indian mythology'' (1956)

External links

★ Audio recording of a folktale involving the Devil as trickster

★ Trickster, Intercultural Studies Online Review, edited in Italian

★ ''How The Leopard Got His Spots'' - a trickster tale appropriated by Rudyard Kipling

★ Joel Chandler Harris and the Uncle Remus Collection