Member Login
Username:Password:
or Sign up here
Discover

 

Home

 

Blogs

 

Deals

 

Videos NEW!

 

Tips

 

Articles

 

Languages

TURKIC LANGUAGES

(Redirected from Turkic language)

The 'Turkic languages' constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.[2]
Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

Contents
Characteristics
History
Early written records
Geographical expansion and development
Classification
Members
Vocabulary comparison
References
Further reading
See also
External links

Characteristics


The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject Object Verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic and Tungusic language families, as well as with the Korean language, which are by some linguists considered to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in the proposed Altaic language family.

History


Geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia

Distribution of Altaic languages across Eurasia

Early written records

The first established records of the Turkic languages are the 8th century Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The ''Compendium of the Turkic Dialects'' ( ''Divânü Lügati't-Türk''), written during the 11th century by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The ''Compendium'' is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.[3]
The Codex Cumanicus (12th - 13th centuries) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, the parent to today's Chuvash language, are dated to 13th - 14th centuries.
Geographical expansion and development

With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th - 11th centuries), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, stretching from Siberia (the Sakha Republic) to the Mediterranean (Seljuk Turks). Various elements from the Turkic languages have passed into Hungarian, Persian, Urdu, Russian, Chinese and to a lesser extent, Arabic.[4]

Classification


Number of native speakers in the Turkic language family

For centuries, the Turkic speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.[5] This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The genetic classification of the Turkic languages commonly followed today is the one by Samoilovich (1922) (mainly based on the development of
★ d). However, there are many details for which debate is still ongoing.
The Turkic languages may uncontroversially be divided into six branches:
#Southwestern (Oghuz)
#Northwestern (Kypchak)
#Southeastern (Uzbek, Uyghur)
#Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)
#Oghur-Turkic
#Arghu Turkic
With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as 'West Turkic', the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kypchak and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as 'East Turkic'.[6]
Geographically and linguistically, the languages of Southwestern, Northwestern, and Southeastern subgroup belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.
Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz) languages

 Turkish Group 
 Azerbaijani Group 
 Turkmen Group 
 Others 

Northwestern Turkic (Kypchak) languages

 Kypchak-Bolgar 
 Kypchak-Cuman 
 Kazakh-Nogay 

Members


★ Proto-Turkic

★
★ Southwestern (Oghuz)

★
★
★ Pecheneg (extinct)

★
★
★ Western

★
★
★
★ Turkish

★
★
★
★ Azerbaijani

★
★
★
★ Gagauz

★
★
★
★ Ottoman Turkish (extinct)

★
★
★ Eastern

★
★
★
★ Turkmen

★
★
★
★ Khorasani Turkish

★
★
★ Southern

★
★
★
★ Afshar

★
★
★
★ Qashqai

★
★
★
★ Salar

★
★
★ Crimean Tatar¹

★
★
★ Urum¹

★
★ Northwestern (Kypchak)

★
★
★ Kipchak (extinct)

★
★
★ Western

★
★
★
★ Karachay-Balkar

★
★
★
★ Kumyk

★
★
★
★ Karaim

★
★
★
★ Kypchak-Cuman (Kypchak-Oghuz, Ponto-Caspian) languages

★
★
★
★
★ Cuman (extinct)

★
★
★
★
★ Krymchak

★
★
★ Northern

★
★
★
★ Kypchak-Bolgar languages

★
★
★
★
★ Tatar

★
★
★
★
★ Bashkir

★
★
★
★
★ Baraba

★
★
★ Southern (Aralo-Kaspian)

★
★
★
★ Kypchak-Nogay languages

★
★
★
★
★ Kazakh

★
★
★
★
★ Karakalpak

★
★
★
★
★ Nogay

★
★
★
★ Kyrgyz-Kypchak group

★
★
★
★
★ Kyrgyz

★
★
★
★
★ Altay

★
★
★ Crimean Tatar¹

★
★
★ Urum¹

★
★ Southeastern (Uyghur, Chagatay, Karluk)

★
★
★ Western (Uzbek)

★
★
★
★ Uzbek

★
★
★ Eastern (Uyghur)

★
★
★
★ Old Turkic (extinct)

★
★
★
★ Chagatay (extinct)

★
★
★
★ Uyghur

★
★
★
★
★ Aini²

★
★
★
★ Lop

★
★
★
★ Ili Turki

★
★ Northeastern (Siberian Turkic)

★
★
★ Northern

★
★
★
★ Sakha / Yakut

★
★
★
★ Dolgan

★
★
★ Southern

★
★
★
★ Tuvan

★
★
★
★ Khakas

★
★
★
★ Shor

★
★
★
★ Fuyü Gïrgïs

★
★
★
★ Chulym

★
★
★
★ Tofa

★
★
★
★ Western Yugur (Yellow Uyghur)

★
★ Oghur-Turkic

★
★
★ Khazar (extinct)

★
★
★ Turkic Avar (extinct)

★
★
★ Bolgar (extinct)

★
★
★ Hunnic (extinct)

★
★
★ Chuvash

★
★ Arghu Turkic

★
★
★ Khalaj³
¹Crimean Tatar and Urum are historically Kypchak languages, but have been so heavily influenced by Oghuz languages that it is difficult to classify them definitively as either Oghuz or Kypchak.
²Aini is a mixed language with Uyghur grammar and Persian vocabulary, and is spoken exclusively by adult men, almost as a cryptolect.
³Khalaj is surrounded by Oghuz languages, but exhibits a number of features that classify it as non-Oghuz.

Vocabulary comparison


The following is a brief comparison cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather the word is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the rest of the words in the row. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.
'Old Turkic''Turkish''Azeri''Turkmen''Tatar''Kazakh''Kyrgyz''Uzbek''Uyghur''Sakha/Yakut''Chuvash'
''Persons''Father/AncestorAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaAtaOtaAta;  
MotherAnaAnneAnaEneAnaAnaEneOnaAna An'n
SonO'gulOğulOğulOğul(O'g)ulUlUulO'gilOghulUolYvul
ManEr(kek)Erkek/AdamKişiErkekIrEr/ErkekErkekErkakErErAr
GirlKyzKızQızGyzKızQızKızQizQizKy:sXe'r
PersonKišiKişiAdamKişiKešeKisiKishiKishiKishiKihi 
BrideKelinGelinGəlinGeli:nKilenKelinKelinKelinKelinKylynKilen
Mother-in-law KaynanaQaynanaGayın eneKayınanaQayın eneKayneneQayın onaQeyinana  
''Body parts''HeartJürekYürekÜrəkÝürekYorakJürekJürökYurakYürekSüreq 
BloodQanKanQanGa:nKanQanKanQonQanQa:nJon
HeadBašBaşBaşBaşBašBasBashBoshBaşBasPuš
HairQılTüy/KılTük/QılQylKılQılKılTukQilKılXe'le'r
EyeKözGözGözGözKüzKözKözKo'zKözKosKör
EyelashKirpikKirpikKiprikKirpikKerfekKirpikKirpikKiprikKirpikKirbi:Xurbuk
EarQulqaqKulakQulaqGulakKolakQulaqKulakQuloqQulaqGulka:kXo'lga
NoseBurunBurunBurunBurunBorynMurınMurunBurunBurunMurun 
ArmQolKolQolGolKulQolKolQo'l QolXol
HandEl(ig)ElƏlEl AlaqanAlakan QolIli:Ala'
FingerBarmakParmakBarmaqBarmakBarmakBarmaqBarmakBarmoqBarmaq  
FingernailTyrnaqTırnakDırnaqDyrnaqTyrnakTırnaqTırnakTirnoqTirnaqTynyraq 
KneeTizDizDizDy:zTezTizeTizeTizzaTizTüsäχ 
CalfBaltyrBaldırBaldırBaldyrBaltyrBaldırBaldırBoldyrBaldirBallyr 
FootAdaqAyakAyaqAýaqAjakAyaqAyakOyoqAyaqAtaq 
BellyQarynKarınQarınGarynQarynQarınKarınQorinQerinQarynXyra'm
''Animals''HorseAtAtAtAtAtAtAtOtAtAtUt
CattleSiyirSığır/MalMal-qaraSygyrSıyerSïırSıyır(Southern)SigirSiyir  
DogYtİtİtItEtÏtItItItYtJyda
FishBalyqBalıkBalıqBalykBalyqBalıqBalıkBaliqBeliqBalykPola'
LouseBitBitBitBitBetBïtBitBitPitBytPyjda
''Other nouns''HouseEvEvEvÖýÖyÜyÜyUyÖy Av
TentOtagOtağ/ÇadırÇadırOtaq/Chadyr OtawÇatırOtoq/ChodirOtaqOtu: 
WayYolYolYolYo:lYulJolJolYo'lYolSuolSol
BridgeKöprüqKöprüKörpüKöpriKüparKöpirKöpüröKo'prikKövrükKürpe 
ArrowOqOkOxOkUkOqOkO'qOqOχUgu
FireOtOdOdOtUtOtOtO'tOtUotVot
AshKülKülKülKülKölKülKülKulKülKülKö'l
WaterSuvSuSuSuwSywSwSuuSuvSuUiSyv
ShipKemiGemiGəmiGämiKimäKemeKemeKemakeme Kim
LakeKölGölGölKölKülKölKölKo'lKölKüöl 
Sun/DayKünešGüneş/GünGünəş/GünGünKojašKünKünQuyosh/KunKünKünXövel
CloudBulutBulutBuludBulutBolytBultBulutBulutBulutBylytPelet
StarYulduzYıldızUlduzÝyldyzYoldyzJuldızJıldızYulduzYultuzSulusSoldor
EarthTopraqToprakTorpaqToprakTufrakTopıraqTopurakTuproqTupraqToburaχTo'pra
HilltopTöpüTepeTəpəDepeTübäTöbeTöböTepaTöpeTöböTübe'
TreeYağacAğaçAğacAgaçAgaçAğaşDarakDarahtDereh  
GodTenriTanrıTanrıTaňry TäñiriTeñirTangriTengriTanaraTura
SkyKökGökGöyGökKükKökKökKo'kKökKüöqKovak
''Adjectives''LongUzunUzunUzunUzynOzynUzınUzunUzunUzunUhunVorom
NewYanyYeniYeniYanyYanaJañaJañıYangiYengiSanaSene
FatSemizSemizSemizSimyzSemizSemizSemizSemizEmisSamar
FullToluDoluDoluDo:lyTulyTolıToloTo'laToluqToloruTolli
WhiteAqAkAğAkAkAqAkOqAq  
BlackQaraKaraQaraGaraKaraQaraKaraQoraQaraXaraXora
RedQyzylKızılQızılGyzylKyzylQızılKızılQizilQizilKyhylXerle
''Numbers''1BirBirBirBirBerBirBirBirBirBi:rPerre
2EkiİkiİkiIkiİkeEkiEkiIkkiIkkiIkkiIkke'
4TörtDörtDördDö:rtDürtTörtTörtTo'rtTötTüört 
7YetiYediYeddiYediYideJetiJetiYettiYättäSette 
10OnOnOnO:nUOnOnO'nOnUonVonu
100YüzYüzYüzYü:zYüzJüzJüzYuzYüzSü:sSer
'Old Turkic''Turkish''Azeri''Turkmen''Tatar''Kazakh''Kyrgyz''Uzbek''Uyghur''Sakha/Yakut''Chuvash'

References


1. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)
2. Languages of the World, Third Edition, , Kenneth, Katzner, Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd., 2002,
3. A History of Inner Asia, , Svat, Soucek, Cambridge University Press, 2000,
4. The Turks in World History, , Carter V., Findley, Oxford University Press, 2004,
5.
6. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Turkic Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)

Further reading



★ Boeschoten, Hendrik, and Lars Johanson. 2006. ''Turkic languages in contact''. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447052120

★ Clausen, G. 1972. ''An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

★ Deny J. et al. 1959. ''Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

★ Johanson, L. & Csató, E. Á. (ed.). 1998. ''The Turkic languages''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.

★ Menges, K. H. 1968. ''The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

★ Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 415141982

★ Schönig, Claus. 1997-1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." ''Turkic Languages'' 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.

★ Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. ''Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages''. Petrograd.

See also



★ Altaic languages

★ Proto-Turkic language

★ Old Turkic

★ Middle Turkic

★ Orkhon script

External links



★ Map of Turkic languages

★ Classification of Turkic Languages

★ Online Uyghur-English Dictionary

★

This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.