TWARON

'Twaron' is the brandname of Teijin Twaron for a para-aramid.

Contents

History

Production

Polymer preparation

Spinning

Major industrial uses

See also

References

External links

History

'Twaron' is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber developed in the early 1970s by the Dutch company AKZO, division Enka, later Akzo Industrial Fibers. The research name of the para-aramid fiber was originally 'Fiber X', but it was soon called 'Arenka'. Although the dutch para-aramid fiber was developed only little later than DuPont's Kevlar, its introduction was much later due to financial problems at the AKZO company in the 1970s. A short overview of the history of Twaron^[1]:

★ In 1960s start of research program for Fiber X.

★ In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory had developed a para-aramid called 'Arenka'.

★ In 1973 Akzo decided to use sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) as a solvent for spinning.

★ In 1976 a pilot plant was built. First production in 1977.

★ In 1984 the product was renamed 'Twaron'.

★ In 1986 commercial production was started on 3 locations and 9 plants.

★ In 1987 'Twaron' is introduced as a commercial product.

★ In 1989 the aramid business of Akzo became an independent Business Unit called Twaron BV.

★ Since 2000 Twaron BV is owned by the Teijin Group, now called Teijin Twaron BV and based in Arnhem, The Netherlands. The main production facilities for Twaron are in Emmen en Delfzijl.

★ In 2007 Teijin Twaron is expanding for the fourth time in six years ^[2].

Production

Polymer preparation

Twaron is a ''p''-phenylene terephtalamide (P''p''PTA), the simplest form of the AABB para polyaramide. P''p''PTA is a product of ''p''-phenylene diamine (PPD) and terephtaloyl dichloride (TDC). To dissolve the aromatic polymer Twaron used a co-solvent of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and an ionic component (Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂) to occupy the hydrogen bonds of the amide groups. Prior to the invention of this process by Leo Vollbracht, working at the Dutch chemical firm AKZO, no practical means of dissolving the polymer was known. The use of this system by DuPont led to a patent war between AKZO and DuPont as Dupont initially used the carcinogenic HMPT (hexamethyl fosfortriamide). Despite heavy research DuPont now also uses the AKZO patent to use the less hazardous NMP in the Kevlar process.

Spinning

After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibers are produced by spinning the dissolved polymer into a solid fiber from a liquid chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% (water free) sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄). The polymer is dissolved by mixing frozen sulphuric acid in powder form with the polymer in powder form and gently heating the mixture. This process, which differs from the more difficult DuPont process, was invented by Henri Lammers and patented by AKZO.

Major industrial uses

Twaron is a para-aramid and is used in automotive, construction, sport, aerospace, military and industry applications, e.g., "bullet-proof" body armor, fabric, and as an asbestos substitute.

★ Protective Gear (Heat Resistant / Ballistics):

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★ flame-resistant clothing

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★ protective clothing and helmets

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★ Anti-cut or heat resistant gloves

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★ sporting goods

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★ fabrics

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★ body armor

★ Composites:

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★ composite materials

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★ technical paper

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★ asbestos replacement

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★ hot air filtration

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★ sail cloth (not necessarily racing boat sails)

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★ speaker woofers

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★ boat hull material

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★ fiber reinforced concrete

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★ drumheads

★ Automotive:

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★ brake pads

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★ turbo hoses

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★ timing and V-belts

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★ tires that incorporate Sulfron (sulphur modified Twaron)

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★ mechanical rubber goods reinforcement

★ Linear Tension:

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★ optical fiber cables (OFC)

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★ ropes, wire ropes, cables

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★ umbilical cables

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★ Electrical Mechanical Cable (EMC)

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★ Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes

See also

★ Teijin

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★ Teijin Twaron

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★ Technora

★ Aramid

★ Nylon

★ Fibers

★ Textile

★ Wire rope

★ Personal protective equipment

References

1. Twaron - A history of innovation, Year of Twaron, , , Twaron News,
2. Teijin Launches Fourth Production Expansion in Six Years, International Fiber Journal, , , Fiber Journal, 2007


★ High-performance fibres, JWS Hearle, , , Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK - The Textile Institute, ,

★ Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design, Doetze J. Sikkema, , , J Appl Polym Sci, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002

★ L. Vollbracht and T.J. Veerman, US Patent 4308374 (1976)

External links

★ Official Twaron website

★ General Aramid information