TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA

'''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea''' is a classic science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne (1828–1905), published in 1870 under the title '''Vingt mille lieues sous les mers'''. The original edition, published by Hetzel, contains a number of illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou. The novel is about the fictional Captain Nemo and his submarine, ''Nautilus'', as seen by one of his passengers, Professor Pierre Aronnax.

Contents

The title

Plot summary

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science

Recurring themes in later books

Translations

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

Story changes in movie adaptations

References in popular culture

Trivia

References

External links

The title

The title refers to the distance travelled under the sea, 'not' to the depth, as 20,000 leagues is 20 times the radius of the earth. If the title is more literally translated from the French as "20,000 Leagues under the Seas", not "under the Sea", this becomes clearer.

Plot summary

The story was written before modern sea-going submarines were a reality. It is narrated by Professor Pierre Aronnax, a noted marine biologist, who is accompanied by his faithful assistant Conseil and by a Canadian harpooner named Ned Land. As the story begins, a mysterious "sea monster", theorized by some to be a giant narwhal, is sighted by ships of several nations; an ocean liner is also damaged by the creature. The United States government finally assembles an expedition to track down and destroy the menace. Since Aronnax happens to be in New York City at the time and is a recognized expert in his field, he is invited at the last minute to go along, and he accepts. Master harpoonist Ned Land and Aronnax's faithful assistant Conseil were also brought on board.

The expedition sets sail from Long Island aboard an American warship, the ''Abraham Lincoln'', which travels down around the tip of South America and into the Pacific Ocean. After much fruitless searching, the monster is found, and the ship charges into battle. During the fight, the ship's steering is damaged, and the three protagonists are thrown overboard. They find themselves stranded on the "hide" of the creature, only to discover to their surprise that it is a large metal vessel. They are quickly captured and brought inside the vessel, where they meet its enigmatic creator and commander, Captain Nemo. ("Nemo" means "no one" in Latin)
The rest of the story follows the adventures of the protagonists aboard the submarine, the ''Nautilus'', which was built in secrecy and now roams the seas free of any land-based government. Captain Nemo's motivation is implied to be both a scientific thirst for knowledge, and a desire for revenge on, and self imposed exile from, civilization. Captain Nemo explains that the submarine is electrically powered, and equipped to carry out cutting edge marine biology research; he also tells his new passengers that while he appreciates having an expert such as Aronnax with whom to converse, they can never leave because he is afraid they will betray his existence to the world. Aronnax is enthralled by the vistas he is seeing, but Land constantly plots to escape.
Their travels take them to numerous points in the world's oceans, some of them which were known to Jules Verne from real travelers' descriptions and guesses, while others are completely fictional. Thus, the travelers witness the real corals of the Red Sea, the wrecks of the battle of Vigo Bay, the Antarctic ice shelves, and the fictional submerged Atlantis. The travelers also go on expeditions under the sea, where they hunt sea creatures with specially designed guns and make a funeral for a crew member who died when an accident occurred inside the Nautilus. Back in the Atlantic Ocean, a group of giant squid (cuttlefish in the usual English translation) attacks the ''Nautilus'', and kills a crew member. Nemo is plunged into deep depression, and allows the submarine to wander into an encounter with the Moskstraumen whirlpool off the coast of Norway. This gives the three prisoners an opportunity to escape; they make it back to land alive, but the fate of Captain Nemo and his crew is not revealed.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science

Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury, "Captain Maury" in Verne's book, a real-life oceanographer who explored the winds, seas, currents, and collected samples of the bottom of the seas and charted all of these things, is mentioned a few times in this work by Jules Verne. Jules Verne certainly would have known of Matthew Maury's international fame and perhaps Maury's French ancestry.
References are made to three other Frenchmen whose destinies were linked to each other in real life: Those are Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse, a famous explorer who was lost while circumnavigating the globe; Dumont D'Urville, the explorer who found the remains of the ill-fated ship of the Count; and Ferdinand Lesseps, builder of the Suez Channel and the nephew of the man who was the sole survivor of De Galaup's expedition. The ''Nautilus'' seems to follow the footsteps of these men: She visits the waters where De Galaup was lost; she sails to Antarctic waters and becomes stranded there, just like D'Urville's ship, the ''Astrolabe''; and she passes through an underwater tunnel from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean.
The most famous part of the novel, the battle against the school of giant squid, begins when a crewman opens the hatch of the boat and gets caught by one of the monsters. As he is being pulled away by the tentacle that has grabbed him, he yells "Help!" in French. At the beginning of the next chapter, concerning the battle, Arronax states that: "To convey such sights, it would take the pen of our most famous poet, Victor Hugo, author of The Toilers of the Sea." The Toilers of the Sea also contains an episode where a worker fights a giant octopus; and there, the octopus symbolizes the Industrial Revolution. It is probable that Verne borrowed the symbol, but used it to allude to the Revolutions of 1848 as well: After all, the first man to stand against "the monster" and the first to be defeated by it is a Frenchman.
Some of Verne's ideas about the not-yet-existing submarines which were laid out in this book turned out to be prophetic (such as the high speed and secret conduct of today's nuclear attack submarines), and (with diesel submarines) the need to surface frequently for fresh air.
Verne took the name "Nautilus" from one of the earliest successful submarines, built in 1800 by Robert Fulton, who later invented the first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton's submarine was named after the paper nautilus because it had a sail.
Verne can also be credited with glimpsing the military possibilities of submarines, and specificially the danger which they possessed for the naval superiority of the British Navy, composed of surface warships. The fictional sinking of a ship by Nemo's ''Nautilus'' was to be enacted again and again in reality, in the same waters where Verne predicted it, by German U-boats in both World Wars.
No less significant, though more rarely commented on, is the very bold political vision (indeed, revolutionary for its time) represented by the character of Captain Nemo. As revealed in the later Verne book ''The Mysterious Island'', Captain Nemo is an Indian, who took to the underwater life after the suppression of the 1857 Indian Mutiny in which his close family members were killed by the British.
This change was made on request of Verne's publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel (who is known to be responsible for many serious changes in Verne's books) since in the original text the mysterious captain was a Polish nobleman, avenging his family who were killed by Russians. They had been murdered in retaliation for the captain's taking part in the Polish January Uprising (1863). As France was allied with Tsarist Russia, to avoid trouble the target for Nemo's wrath was changed to France's old enemy: the British Empire. It is no wonder that Professor Pierre Aronnax does not suspect Nemo's origins, as these were explained only later, in Verne's next book. What remained in the book from the initial concept is a portrait of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Polish national hero, leader of the uprising against Russia in 1794) with inscription in Latin: "Finis Poloniae!".
The national origin of Captain Nemo was changed during most movie realizations; in nearly all picture-based works following the book he was made into a European. Nemo was represented as an Indian by Omar Sharif in the 1973 European miniseries ''The Mysterious Island''. Nemo is also depicted as Indian in a silent film version of the story released in 1916 and later in both the graphic novel and the movie ''The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen''.

Recurring themes in later books

Verne returned to the theme of an outlaw submarine captain in his much later ''Facing the Flag''. That book's main villain, Ker Karraje, is a completely unscrupulous pirate, acting purely and simply for gain, completely devoid of all the saving graces which gave Nemo - for all that he, too, was capable of ruthless killings - some nobility of character.
Like Nemo, Ker Karraje plays "host" to unwilling French guests - but unlike Nemo, who manages to elude all pursuers, Karraje's career of outlawry is decisively ended by the combination of an international task force and the rebellion of his French captives. Though also widely published and translated, it never attained the lasting popularity of "Twenty Thousand Leagues".
More similar to the original Nemo, though with a less finely worked-out character, is Robur in ''Robur the Conqueror'' - a dark and flamboyant outlaw rebel using an aircraft instead of a submarine - later used as a basis for the movie ''Master of the World''.

Translations

The novel was first translated into English in 1873 by Reverend Lewis Page Mercier (aka "Mercier Lewis"). Mercier cut nearly a quarter of Verne's original text and made hundreds of translation errors, sometimes dramatically changing the meaning of Verne's original intent. Nonetheless it became the "standard" English translation for more than a hundred years, while other translations continued to draw from it - and its mistakes. One bad blunder was mistranslating ''faire sauter'' as "jumped over [it]" instead of "blew it up [with explosives]".
Many of the "sins" of Mercier were finally corrected in a from-the-ground-up re-examination of the sources and an entirely new translation (as ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'') by Walter James Miller and Frederick Paul Walter between 1989 and 1991; but those translators made one new error: "frogman" uniformly and wrongly for a diver in old-type heavy standard diving dress for French ''scaphandrier''. Also, they replaced some place names anachronistically by post-Verne real-world renamings, for example Sri Lanka for Ceylon.
Another English translation currently on the market (under the ''Bantam Classic'' label) was made by Anthony Bonner. A "gift" version of this translation (with full-color illustrations credited to Leo and Diane Dillon) is also available under the ''Books of Wonder'' imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

★ ''20,000 lieues sous les mers'' (1907)

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1916)

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1952) - a two-part adaptation for the science fiction television anthology ''Tales of Tomorrow''. (Part One was subtitled ''The Chase'', Part Two was subtitled ''The Escape'')

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1954) - produced by Walt Disney, probably the best known version

★ ''Captain Nemo and the Underwater City'' (1969) - British version with a different story

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1972) - Rankin-Bass production

★ ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea (1973) Australian Famous Classic Tales cartoon.

★ ''The Return of Captain Nemo'' (1978 TV movie)

★ ''The Black Hole'' (1979) Disney sci-fi adaptation.

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1997 TV movie, Michael Caine)

★ ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (1997 TV movie, Ben Cross)

★ '' (1997 video)

★ A version of Captain Nemo and the Nautilus appeared in the 1970s animated series ''The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo''.

★ A version of Captain Nemo and the Nautilus appeared in ''The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen'', in the first two volumes of the comic book as well as in the film.

★ The second part of the second season of ''Around the World with Willy Fog'' by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea''.

★ In Japanese animation , various characters and background are based on this book, such as Captain Nemo and the Nautilus.

★ A stage play adaptation by Walk the Plank (theatre company). In this version, the "Nautilese" private language used by the Nautilus's crew, was kept, represented by a mixture of Polish and Persian.

Story changes in movie adaptations

★ In some, the ''Nautilus'' is nuclear powered.

★ The 1954 Walt Disney version has a different ending (which is copied in some children's book summarized versions): the ''Nautilus'' has a base on a secret island, which at the end is found and attacked while the ''Nautilus'' is there.

★ In the film, Nemo's nationality is never revealed, and James Mason plays him with an English accent. He tells Professor Arronax that he and the crew of the Nautilus are former inmates of the prison camp shown in the film. He also admits to Arronax that his quest for revenge is motivated by the fact that his wife and child were tortured to death by those who unsuccessfully tried to obtain Nemo's scientific findings. Arronax does not reveal to Conseil or to Ned what Nemo has told him.

★ Nemo dies in the 1954 Disney film. He is shot by a marksman, makes his way back to the submarine, and dies slowly inside the Nautilus, after he rigs a bomb on the secret island. He has done this in order to destroy all his works so that nobody will ever be able to steal his scientific secrets.

★ After the nuclear explosion in the Disney film, the Nautilus, which has already been flooding, sinks forever, and its entire crew drowns with it. Ned, Professor Arronax, Conseil, and Esmerelda the seal are the only ones who escape alive.

References in popular culture

★ An episode of "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, entitled "20,000 Koopas Under the Sea", borrows many elements from the original strory, including a submarine named the "Koopilus", and King Koopa referring to himself as "Koopa Nemo".

★ In a 1989 episode "20,000 Leaks Under the City" of the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' series is heavily based on ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'', including a battle with a giant squid. However, this story takes place in New York City of the 1980s where a flood has happened.

★ In the 1990 movie ''Back to the Future Part III'', Jules Verne and his book are used as a common interest that unites Doc Brown and Clara Clayton in 1885. After they wed, they name their two sons Jules and Verne respectively.

★ In a 1993 ''Saturday Night Live'' sketch (featuring Kelsey Grammer as Captain Nemo) poked fun at the misconception of leagues being a measure of depth instead of a measure of distance. Nemo tries repeatedly, though unsuccessfully, to convince his crew of this.

Trivia

★ The original title did not use the number "20,000" in figures, but rather the words "''Vingt mille''" or "Twenty-Thousand". Later editions commonly used "20,000".

★ The title refers to the distance the Nautilus travels while under the sea and not to its depth. The greatest depth mentioned in the book is 4 leagues. A linear depth of 20,000 leagues would have put the Nautilus through the core of the Earth and well out in space on the other side.

★ The word ''leagues'' in the English title is a literal translation of ''lieues'', but refers to French leagues. The French league had been a variable unit but in the metric era was standardized as 4 km. Thus the title distance is equivalent to 80,000 km (which would be recognizeable to anyone accustomed to the metric system as twice around the Earth) or roundly 50,000 statute miles.^[1]

★ In common English usage 1 league= 3 miles.

★ A literal translation of the French title would end in the plural "Seas", thus implying the "Seven Seas" which the characters of the novel travel through; however, the regular English translation of the title uses "Sea", meaning the ocean in general, as in "going to sea".

★ Jules Verne wrote a sequel to this book: ''L'Île mystérieuse'' (''The Mysterious Island'', 1874), which concludes the stories begun by ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea'' and ''In Search of the Castaways''.

★ One of the inaugural rides at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom was called and was based on the novel.

★ The world's first operational nuclear powered submarine, the United States Navy's USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was named for the submarine in the novel.

★ A ride attraction named "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" is featured at the Tokyo DisneySea in Japan opened in 2001.

★ A movie (intended to be the start of a series) was made, set after World War II, where the ''Nautilus'' is found sunk, and in it Captain Nemo in suspended animation; he revives and gets ashore and has difficulty proving his identity, and the ''Nautilus'' is re-fitted with modern technology (sonar etc).

★ A BBC TV wildlife program, "''200 Million Years Under the Sea''", is about the nautilus mollusc and its evolutionary history.

★ In the novel and movie Sphere, Harry Adams (played by Samuel Jackson) was reading and very interested in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
In "Pirates of the Caribbean:Dead Mans Chest"and "Pirates of the Caribbean:At Worlds End" there is a underwater sea creature which is supposed to be the one from the book "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".

References

1. The equivalence 1 league = 4 km is given explicitly at one point in the book (''lieues de quatre kilomètres'') and confirmed by several distances that are given in both leagues and miles (''milles''). These miles are nautical miles, which in turn is confirmed by a passage giving the Earth's total land area as 37,657,000 square "miles" or 129,160,000 km².

External links

★ , trans. Lewis Mercier 1872 (slightly abridged: see translation note above.)

★ , trans. F. P. Walter, University of Houston, circa 1995

★ Full text available in multiple formats

★ Online versions of the book, in French, English, Russian and Dutch.

★ Literary analysis of the novels of Jules Verne (French text)

★ 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea - RSS Version of the Text

★ 20K The Ride - An in-depth look at the now closed 20K ride at DisneyWorld.

★

★ DisneySub.com - Web site dedicated to Disney Nautilus images and trivia. Lively discussion board for learning more about Walt Disney's submarine creation.