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EspañolUNITED STATES PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1860
(Redirected from U.S. presidential election, 1860)
The 'United States presidential election of 1860' set the stage for the American Civil War. The political system split four ways and all of them proved unable to hold the nation together as a Union. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern State, while simultaneously fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions.
The immediate result of Lincoln's victory was the secession of South Carolina and other states, which was rejected as illegal by the then-current President, James Buchanan and President-elect Abraham Lincoln.
Since 1857, the nation had been deeply divided along sectional lines by the ''Dred Scott'' decision, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution, and John Brown's 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry.
The Republican National Convention met in mid-May, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and with a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans were confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward of New York was considered the front runner, followed by Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates.
As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Delegates were concerned that Seward was too closely identified with the radical wing of the party, and his moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s, had opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and critically, had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. Bates outlined his positions on extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and southern conservatives. German-Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know-Nothings.
Since it was essential to carry the West, and because Lincoln had a national reputation from his debates and speeches as the most articulate moderate, he won the party's nomination on the third ballot on May 16, 1860.
The party platform clearly stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further, and it also promised that tariffs protecting industry would be imposed. The party promised a homestead law granting free farm land in the west to settlers. These provisions were highly unpopular in the South.
The Democratic Party was divided over the issue of slavery. At the convention in Charleston in April 1860, 50 southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute.
Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Joseph Lane of Oregon, James Guthrie of Kentucky, and Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter of Virginia. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sovereignty", was ahead on the first ballot, needing 57 more votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but still 50 votes short of nomination. In desperation, on May 3 the delegates agreed to stop voting and adjourn the convention.
The Democrats convened again in Baltimore in June 18. This time 110 southern delegates (led by “Fire-Eaters”) walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting slavery in the territories. After many ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for President and Herschel Vespasian Johnson of Georgia for Vice President.
The Southern Democrats reconvened in Richmond, Virginia, and on June 28 nominated the pro-slavery incumbent Vice President, John Cabell Breckenridge of Kentucky, for President and Joseph Lane of Oregon for Vice President.
Die-hard former Whigs and Know-Nothings who felt they could support neither the Democratic Party nor the Republican Party formed the Constitutional Union Party, nominating John C. Bell of Tennessee for president and Edward Everett for vice president in Baltimore on May 9, 1860 (one week before Lincoln was nominated).
John Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Lecompton constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union, with a slogan of "the Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is."
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The contest in the North was between Lincoln and Douglas, but only the latter took to the stump and gave speeches and interviews. In the South, John Breckenridge and John Bell were the main rivals, but Douglas had an important presence in southern cities, especially among Irish Americans. Fusion tickets of the non-Republicans developed in New York and Rhode Island, and partially in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (the northern state in which Breckenridge made the best showing).
Stephen Douglas was the first presidential candidate in history to undertake a nationwide speaking tour. He traveled to the South where he did not expect to win many electoral votes, but he spoke for the maintenance of the Union. The dispute over the Dred Scott case helped the Republicans easily dominate US Congress, through the Northern states, in the 1858 Congressional election as well, and could now easily spread popular influence.
The 1860 campaign was less frenzied than 1856, when the Republicans had crusaded zealously, and their opponents counter-crusaded with warnings of civil war. In 1860, every observer calculated the Republicans had an almost unbeatable advantage in the electoral college, since they dominated almost every northern state. Republicans felt victory at hand, and used campaign clubs like the Wide Awakes to rally their supporters. See American election campaigns in the 19th century for campaign techniques.
Abraham Lincoln's December 1, 1859 visit to Kansas has been recorded by the [1] Kansas History Online service.
The election was held on November 6. It was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism of the vote, with Lincoln not even on the ballot in nine Southern states - and winning only two (St. Louis County, Missouri and Gascony's County, Missouri [2]) of 996 counties in the entire South. [3]
This election was a textbook example of how to win an electoral majority without a popular majority. While Lincoln captured less than 40% of the popular vote, the divisions of the nation allowed him to capture 17 states plus four electoral votes in New Jersey for a total of 180 electoral votes. Although the three-way split of the non-Republican vote confuses the issue, the vote split was irrelevant to Lincoln's victory, because he would have won an outright majority in the electoral vote, 169-134, even if the 60% of voters who supported other candidates united behind a single candidate. Except for California, Oregon, and New Jersey, Lincoln won a popular majority in every state that cast its electoral votes for him. [4] Only in California, Oregon, and Illinois was Lincoln's victory margin less than seven percent.
Meanwhile, Stephen Douglas finished second in the popular vote, but due to the north-south split garnered only Missouri's nine electoral votes and three of seven electoral votes in New Jersey, good for fourth place. Bell won Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia's electors, while Breckenridge won every other slave state except Missouri.
The voter turnout rate in 1860 was the second-highest on record (81.2%, second only to 1876, with 81.8%). The Fusion ticket of non-Republicans drew 595,846 votes [5].
'Source (Popular Vote):'
'Source (Electoral Vote):'
(a) ''The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.''
The election of Lincoln made South Carolina's secession from the United States a foregone conclusion. The state was long waiting for an excuse to secede and unite the southern states against the anti-slavery forces. Upon confirming that the results were final, South Carolina declared, “the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the ‘United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.” South Carolina's secession influenced the other southern states in such a way that they soon followed the example that South Carolina set, precipitating the American Civil War.
★ History of the United States (1849–1865)
★ History of the United States Democratic Party
★ History of the United States Republican Party
★ Third Party System
★ United States House election, 1860
★ American election campaigns in the 19th century
★ Wide Awakes
★ Daniel W. Crofts; ''Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis'' University of North Carolina Press, 1989
★ David Herbert Donald. ''Lincoln'' (1999) ISBN 0-684-82535-X, standard biography
★ Dwight Lowell Dumond, ed., ''Southern Editorials on Secession'' (1931), contains hundreds of well-chosen editorials from the 1860 presidential campaign and the secession crisis in both the upper and lower South
★ Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War, , Eric, Foner, , 1995, , analyzes factions inside new party
★ The Political Crisis of the 1850s, , Michael F., Holt, , 1978,
★ Robert W Johannsen, ''Stephen A. Douglas'' Oxford University Press, 1973, standard biography
★ Marc W. Kruman, ''Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836-1865'' (Louisiana State University Press, 1983), pages 180-221,
★ Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln, , Frederick C., Luebke, , 1971,
★ Luthin, Reinhard H. ''The First Lincoln Campaign'' (1944), along with Nevins, the most detailed narrative of the election
★ McPherson, James M. ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era'' (1988). Pulitzer Prize winner surveys all aspects of the era
★ The Emergence of Lincoln, , Allan, Nevins, , 1950, 2 vols. the most detailed narrative; covers 1857–61
★ Roy Franklin Nichols. ''The Disruption of American Democracy'' (1948), pp 348-506, focused on the Democratic party
★ H. Parks, ''John Bell of Tennessee'' (Louisiana State University Press, 1950), standard biography
★ Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., ''Northern Editorials on Secession,'' 2 vols. (1942), reprints hundreds of editorials
★ Impending Crisis 1848–1861, , David, Potter, , 1976, ISBN 0-06-090524-7
★ History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896, , James Ford, Rhodes, , 1920, vol. 2, ch. 11. highly detailed narrative covering 1856–60
★ And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861, , Kenneth M., Stampp, , 1950, , focus on immediate aftermath of election
★ 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results
★ 1860 popular vote by counties
★ Wrong way elections table at the Center for Range Voting
★ Election of 1860
★ Electoral Map from 1860
★ Lincoln's election - details
★ Report on 1860 Republican convention
★ U.S. Department of State infoUSA site
The 'United States presidential election of 1860' set the stage for the American Civil War. The political system split four ways and all of them proved unable to hold the nation together as a Union. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern State, while simultaneously fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions.
The immediate result of Lincoln's victory was the secession of South Carolina and other states, which was rejected as illegal by the then-current President, James Buchanan and President-elect Abraham Lincoln.
Background
Since 1857, the nation had been deeply divided along sectional lines by the ''Dred Scott'' decision, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution, and John Brown's 1859 raid on Harper's Ferry.
Nominations
Republican Party nomination
The Republican National Convention met in mid-May, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and with a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans were confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward of New York was considered the front runner, followed by Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates.
As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Delegates were concerned that Seward was too closely identified with the radical wing of the party, and his moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s, had opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania, and critically, had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. Bates outlined his positions on extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and southern conservatives. German-Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know-Nothings.
Since it was essential to carry the West, and because Lincoln had a national reputation from his debates and speeches as the most articulate moderate, he won the party's nomination on the third ballot on May 16, 1860.
The party platform clearly stated that slavery would not be allowed to spread any further, and it also promised that tariffs protecting industry would be imposed. The party promised a homestead law granting free farm land in the west to settlers. These provisions were highly unpopular in the South.
Democratic Party nominations
The Democratic Party was divided over the issue of slavery. At the convention in Charleston in April 1860, 50 southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute.
Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Joseph Lane of Oregon, James Guthrie of Kentucky, and Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter of Virginia. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sovereignty", was ahead on the first ballot, needing 57 more votes. On the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but still 50 votes short of nomination. In desperation, on May 3 the delegates agreed to stop voting and adjourn the convention.
The Democrats convened again in Baltimore in June 18. This time 110 southern delegates (led by “Fire-Eaters”) walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting slavery in the territories. After many ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for President and Herschel Vespasian Johnson of Georgia for Vice President.
The Southern Democrats reconvened in Richmond, Virginia, and on June 28 nominated the pro-slavery incumbent Vice President, John Cabell Breckenridge of Kentucky, for President and Joseph Lane of Oregon for Vice President.
Constitutional Union Party nomination
Constitutional Union poster
Die-hard former Whigs and Know-Nothings who felt they could support neither the Democratic Party nor the Republican Party formed the Constitutional Union Party, nominating John C. Bell of Tennessee for president and Edward Everett for vice president in Baltimore on May 9, 1860 (one week before Lincoln was nominated).
John Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Lecompton constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union, with a slogan of "the Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is."
General election
Political cartoon depicting Lincoln stopping Douglas, Bell, and Breckenridge trying to enter the White House
Campaign
The contest in the North was between Lincoln and Douglas, but only the latter took to the stump and gave speeches and interviews. In the South, John Breckenridge and John Bell were the main rivals, but Douglas had an important presence in southern cities, especially among Irish Americans. Fusion tickets of the non-Republicans developed in New York and Rhode Island, and partially in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (the northern state in which Breckenridge made the best showing).
Stephen Douglas was the first presidential candidate in history to undertake a nationwide speaking tour. He traveled to the South where he did not expect to win many electoral votes, but he spoke for the maintenance of the Union. The dispute over the Dred Scott case helped the Republicans easily dominate US Congress, through the Northern states, in the 1858 Congressional election as well, and could now easily spread popular influence.
The 1860 campaign was less frenzied than 1856, when the Republicans had crusaded zealously, and their opponents counter-crusaded with warnings of civil war. In 1860, every observer calculated the Republicans had an almost unbeatable advantage in the electoral college, since they dominated almost every northern state. Republicans felt victory at hand, and used campaign clubs like the Wide Awakes to rally their supporters. See American election campaigns in the 19th century for campaign techniques.
Abraham Lincoln's December 1, 1859 visit to Kansas has been recorded by the [1] Kansas History Online service.
Results
The election was held on November 6. It was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism of the vote, with Lincoln not even on the ballot in nine Southern states - and winning only two (St. Louis County, Missouri and Gascony's County, Missouri [2]) of 996 counties in the entire South. [3]
This election was a textbook example of how to win an electoral majority without a popular majority. While Lincoln captured less than 40% of the popular vote, the divisions of the nation allowed him to capture 17 states plus four electoral votes in New Jersey for a total of 180 electoral votes. Although the three-way split of the non-Republican vote confuses the issue, the vote split was irrelevant to Lincoln's victory, because he would have won an outright majority in the electoral vote, 169-134, even if the 60% of voters who supported other candidates united behind a single candidate. Except for California, Oregon, and New Jersey, Lincoln won a popular majority in every state that cast its electoral votes for him. [4] Only in California, Oregon, and Illinois was Lincoln's victory margin less than seven percent.
Meanwhile, Stephen Douglas finished second in the popular vote, but due to the north-south split garnered only Missouri's nine electoral votes and three of seven electoral votes in New Jersey, good for fourth place. Bell won Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia's electors, while Breckenridge won every other slave state except Missouri.
The voter turnout rate in 1860 was the second-highest on record (81.2%, second only to 1876, with 81.8%). The Fusion ticket of non-Republicans drew 595,846 votes [5].
'Source (Popular Vote):'
'Source (Electoral Vote):'
(a) ''The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.''
Consequences
The election of Lincoln made South Carolina's secession from the United States a foregone conclusion. The state was long waiting for an excuse to secede and unite the southern states against the anti-slavery forces. Upon confirming that the results were final, South Carolina declared, “the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the ‘United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.” South Carolina's secession influenced the other southern states in such a way that they soon followed the example that South Carolina set, precipitating the American Civil War.
Results by state
| Abraham Lincoln Republican | Stephen Douglas (Northern) Democrat | John Breckinridge Southern Democrat | John Bell Constitutional Union | State Total | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | % | electoral votes | # | ||
| Alabama | 9 | ''not on ballot'' | 13,618 | 15.1 | - | 48,669 | 54.0 | 9 | 27,835 | 30.9 | - | 90,122 | AL | |||
| Arkansas | 4 | ''not on ballot'' | 5,357 | 9.9 | - | 28,732 | 53.1 | 4 | 20,063 | 37.0 | - | 54,152 | AR | |||
| California | 4 | 38,733 | 32.3 | 4 | 37,999 | 31.7 | - | 33,969 | 28.4 | - | 9,111 | 7.6 | - | 119,812 | CA | |
| Connecticut | 6 | 43,488 | 58.1 | 6 | 15,431 | 20.6 | - | 14,372 | 19.2 | - | 1,528 | 2.0 | - | 74,819 | CT | |
| Delaware | 3 | 3,822 | 23.7 | - | 1,066 | 6.6 | - | 7,339 | 45.5 | 3 | 3,888 | 24.1 | - | 16,115 | DE | |
| Florida | 3 | ''not on ballot'' | 223 | 1.7 | - | 8,277 | 62.2 | 3 | 4,801 | 36.1 | - | 13,301 | FL | |||
| Georgia | 10 | ''not on ballot'' | 11,581 | 10.9 | - | 52,176 | 48.9 | 10 | 42,960 | 40.3 | - | 106,717 | GA | |||
| Illinois | 11 | 172,171 | 50.7 | 11 | 160,215 | 47.2 | - | 2,331 | 0.7 | - | 4,914 | 1.4 | - | 339,631 | IL | |
| Indiana | 13 | 139,033 | 51.1 | 13 | 115,509 | 42.4 | - | 12,295 | 4.5 | - | 5,306 | 1.9 | - | 272,143 | IN | |
| Iowa | 4 | 70,302 | 54.6 | 4 | 55,639 | 43.2 | - | 1,035 | 0.8 | - | 1,763 | 1.4 | - | 128,739 | IA | |
| Kentucky | 12 | 1,364 | 0.9 | - | 25,651 | 17.5 | - | 53,143 | 36.3 | - | 66,058 | 45.2 | 12 | 146,216 | KY | |
| Louisiana | 6 | ''not on ballot'' | 7,625 | 15.1 | - | 22,681 | 44.9 | 6 | 20,204 | 40.0 | - | 50,510 | LA | |||
| Maine | 8 | 62,811 | 62.2 | 8 | 29,693 | 29.4 | - | 6,368 | 6.3 | - | 2,046 | 2.0 | - | 100,918 | ME | |
| Maryland | 8 | 2,294 | 2.5 | - | 5,966 | 6.4 | - | 42,482 | 45.9 | 8 | 41,760 | 45.1 | - | 92,502 | MD | |
| Massachusetts | 13 | 106,684 | 62.9 | 13 | 34,370 | 20.3 | - | 6,163 | 3.6 | - | 22,331 | 13.2 | - | 169,548 | MA | |
| Michigan | 6 | 88,481 | 57.2 | 6 | 65,057 | 42.0 | - | 805 | 0.5 | - | 415 | 0.3 | - | 154,758 | MI | |
| Minnesota | 4 | 22,069 | 63.4 | 4 | 11,920 | 34.3 | - | 748 | 2.2 | - | 50 | 0.1 | - | 34,787 | MN | |
| Mississippi | 7 | ''not on ballot'' | 3,282 | 4.7 | - | 40,768 | 59.0 | 7 | 25,045 | 36.2 | - | 69,095 | MS | |||
| Missouri | 9 | 17,028 | 10.3 | - | 58,801 | 35.5 | 9 | 31,362 | 18.9 | - | 58,372 | 35.3 | - | 165,563 | MO | |
| New Hampshire | 5 | 37,519 | 56.9 | 5 | 25,887 | 39.3 | - | 2,125 | 3.2 | - | 412 | 0.6 | - | 65,943 | NH | |
| New Jersey | 7 | 58,346 | 48.1 | 4 | 62,869 | 51.9 | 3 | ''partial fusion ticket with Douglas'' | 121,215 | NJ | ||||||
| New York | 35 | 362,646 | 53.7 | 35 | 312,510 | 46.3 | - | ''fusion ticket with Douglas'' | 675,156 | NY | ||||||
| North Carolina | 10 | ''not on ballot'' | 2,737 | 2.8 | - | 48,846 | 50.5 | 10 | 45,129 | 46.7 | - | 96,712 | NC | |||
| Ohio | 23 | 231,709 | 52.3 | 23 | 187,421 | 42.3 | - | 11,406 | 2.6 | - | 12,194 | 2.8 | - | 442,730 | OH | |
| Oregon | 3 | 5,329 | 36.1 | 3 | 4,136 | 28.0 | - | 5,075 | 34.4 | - | 218 | 1.5 | - | 14,758 | OR | |
| Pennsylvania | 27 | 268,030 | 56.3 | 27 | 16,765 | 3.5 | - | 178,871 | 37.5 | - | 12,776 | 2.7 | - | 476,442 | PA | |
| Rhode Island | 4 | 12,244 | 61.4 | 4 | 7,707 | 38.6 | - | ''fusion ticket with Douglas'' | 19,951 | RI | ||||||
| South Carolina | 8 | - | - | 8 | - | - | SC | |||||||||
| Tennessee | 12 | ''not on ballot'' | 11,281 | 7.7 | - | 65,097 | 44.6 | - | 69,728 | 47.7 | 12 | 146,106 | TN | |||
| Texas | 4 | ''not on ballot'' | 18 | 0.0 | - | 47,454 | 75.5 | 4 | 15,383 | 24.5 | - | 62,855 | TX | |||
| Vermont | 5 | 33,808 | 75.7 | 5 | 8,649 | 19.4 | - | 218 | 0.5 | - | 1,969 | 4.4 | - | 44,644 | VT | |
| Virginia | 15 | 1,887 | 1.1 | - | 16,198 | 9.7 | - | 74,325 | 44.5 | - | 74,481 | 44.6 | 15 | 166,891 | VA | |
| Wisconsin | 5 | 86,110 | 56.6 | 5 | 65,021 | 42.7 | - | 887 | 0.6 | - | 161 | 0.1 | - | 152,179 | WI | |
| TOTALS: | 303 | 1,865,908 | 39.8 | 180 | 1,380,202 | 29.5 | 12 | 848,019 | 18.1 | 72 | 590,901 | 12.6 | 39 | 4,685,030 | ||
| TO WIN: | 152 | |||||||||||||||
See also
★ History of the United States (1849–1865)
★ History of the United States Democratic Party
★ History of the United States Republican Party
★ Third Party System
★ United States House election, 1860
★ American election campaigns in the 19th century
★ Wide Awakes
References
★ Daniel W. Crofts; ''Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis'' University of North Carolina Press, 1989
★ David Herbert Donald. ''Lincoln'' (1999) ISBN 0-684-82535-X, standard biography
★ Dwight Lowell Dumond, ed., ''Southern Editorials on Secession'' (1931), contains hundreds of well-chosen editorials from the 1860 presidential campaign and the secession crisis in both the upper and lower South
★ Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War, , Eric, Foner, , 1995, , analyzes factions inside new party
★ The Political Crisis of the 1850s, , Michael F., Holt, , 1978,
★ Robert W Johannsen, ''Stephen A. Douglas'' Oxford University Press, 1973, standard biography
★ Marc W. Kruman, ''Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836-1865'' (Louisiana State University Press, 1983), pages 180-221,
★ Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln, , Frederick C., Luebke, , 1971,
★ Luthin, Reinhard H. ''The First Lincoln Campaign'' (1944), along with Nevins, the most detailed narrative of the election
★ McPherson, James M. ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era'' (1988). Pulitzer Prize winner surveys all aspects of the era
★ The Emergence of Lincoln, , Allan, Nevins, , 1950, 2 vols. the most detailed narrative; covers 1857–61
★ Roy Franklin Nichols. ''The Disruption of American Democracy'' (1948), pp 348-506, focused on the Democratic party
★ H. Parks, ''John Bell of Tennessee'' (Louisiana State University Press, 1950), standard biography
★ Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., ''Northern Editorials on Secession,'' 2 vols. (1942), reprints hundreds of editorials
★ Impending Crisis 1848–1861, , David, Potter, , 1976, ISBN 0-06-090524-7
★ History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896, , James Ford, Rhodes, , 1920, vol. 2, ch. 11. highly detailed narrative covering 1856–60
★ And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860–1861, , Kenneth M., Stampp, , 1950, , focus on immediate aftermath of election
External links
★ 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results
★ 1860 popular vote by counties
★ Wrong way elections table at the Center for Range Voting
★ Election of 1860
★ Electoral Map from 1860
★ Lincoln's election - details
★ Report on 1860 Republican convention
★ U.S. Department of State infoUSA site
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