(Redirected from US-Mexico barrier)




The 'United States–Mexico barrier' is actually several separation barriers designed to prevent
free and illegal movement across the U.S.-Mexico border. The barriers were built as part of three larger "Operations" to control illegal immigration, Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. The intention of these barriers is to force illegal immigrants to cross the border through more difficult lands, with the assumption that this will deter illegal immigration. Some United States/Mexico border scholars have claimed that these operations are just a public relations ploy used to convince U.S. citizens that the border is "secure", while the economy benefits from the continuing flow of cheap labor across the border.

Contents

Information of Borders

Possible expansion

Fence Bill voting history

Rethinking the expansion

Controversy

Public opinion in the United States

References

See also

External links

Information of Borders

The 1,952 mile (3141 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The barrier is located in the urban sections of the border, the areas that have been the location of the greatest number of illegal crossings in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas.
As a result of the success of the barrier, there has been a marked increase in the number of people trying to illegally cross the Sonoran Desert and crossing over the Baboquivari Mountain in Arizona. Such illegal immigrants must cross 50 miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.
Between October 1, 2003, and April 30, 2004, 660,390 people were detained by the United States Border Patrol as they tried to cross the border illegally.
Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert during that same time period; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004 the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the US-Mexico border. (See also Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border.)
In recent years people of non-Mexican origin have also been using the Mexican border to secure access to the USA. (The U.S. Border Patrol refers to those from other countries as "Other Than Mexican").

Possible expansion

U.S. Congressman Duncan Hunter (R-CA), then chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, proposed a plan to the House on Thursday, November 3, 2005 calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States – Mexican border. This would also include a 100 yard border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to H.R. 4437 passed in the U.S. House of Representatives. This plan calls for mandatory fencing along 698 miles (1,123 km) of the Mexican border.^[1] On May 17,2006 the U.S. Senate approved with S. 2611 what could be 370 miles of triple layered-fencing and a vehicle fence.

The government of Mexico, as well as intellectuals of that country and ministers of several Latin American countries have condemned the plans.^[2] Rick Perry, governor of Texas, also expressed his opposition saying that instead of closing the border it should be opened more and through technology support legal and safe migration.^[3] The barrier expansion has also been opposed by a unanimous vote of the Laredo, Texas City Council.James Rowley, "U.S.-Mexico Border Fence Plan Will Be 'Revisited' By Congress," Bloomberg, January 17, 2007.

Fence Bill voting history

House Resolution 6061 (H.R. 6061), "Secure Fence Act of 2006", was introduced on September 13, 2006. It passed through the U.S. House of Representatives on September 14, 2006 with a vote of 283 to 138.
On September 29, 2006, by a vote of 80 to 19 the U.S. Senate confirmed H.R. 6061 authorizing, and partially funding the "possible" construction of 700 miles (1,125 km) of physical fence/barriers along the border. The very broad support implies that many
assurances have been made by the Administration, to the Democrats, Mexico, and the pro "Comprehensive immigration reform" minority within the GOP, that Homeland Security will proceed very cautiously. Michael Chertoff, announced that an eight-month test of the
virtual fence, he favors, will precede any construction of a physical barrier. Any large scale fence construction will occur late in the Bush presidency, if at all, prior to a new administration.
On October 26, 2006, President George W. Bush signed H.R. 6061 which was voted upon and passed by the 109th Congress of the United States.^[4] The signing of the bill comes right after a CNN poll shows us that most Americans "prefer the idea of more Border Patrol agents to a 700-mile (1,125-kilometer) fence."^[5] There is a down payment of $1.2 billion to the Department of Homeland Security marked for border security, but not specifically for the border fence.

Rethinking the expansion

House Majority Leader Steny H. Hoyer (D-MD) announced in January 2007 that Congress will revisit the fence plan, while committee chairs are holding up funding until a comprehensive border security plan is presented by the Department of Homeland Security. Both Senators from Texas, John Cornyn (R-TX) and Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX), advocate revising the plan.
Construction of the border fence will not be subject to any laws. This is because in 2005 the Real ID Act, attached as a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, decreed, “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary’s sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section.” On September 22, 2005, Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff used his new power to “waive in their entirety” the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego . The Real ID Act further stipulates that his decisions are not subject to judicial review, and in December 2005 a federal judge dismissed legal challenges by the Sierra Club, the Audubon Society, and others to Chertoff’s decision.

Controversy

There are three Native American Nations whose lands would be divided by the proposed border fence.^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. ^[11] (Map of proposed route: [1])
Mexico has urged the US to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying they would damage the environment and harm wildlife.[2]
In June 2007 it was announced that a section of the barrier had been mistakenly built from 1 to 6 feet inside Mexican territory. This will necessitate that section being moved, at an estimated cost of over 3 million dollars. [3]

Public opinion in the United States

An August 18, 2007 Rasmussen Reports poll reported that polled Americans favored building a fence along the U.S. border with Mexico, by a margin of 56 percent in favor and 31 percent against. This issue is more volatile among Republican voters than among the populace at large. The poll found that 75 percent of surveyed Republicans support building a fence along the border. ^[12]

References

1. HUNTER PROPOSAL FOR STRATEGIC BORDER FENCING PASSES HOUSE
2. Mexico Promises to Block Border Wall Plan
3. Rechaza gobernador de Texas muro fronterizo
4. ABC News: Bush Signs U.S.-Mexico Border Fence Bill
5. Bush OKs 700-mile border fence - CNN.com
6. Border Fence to Divide Three Native American Nations
7. O'odham tell U.N. rapporteur of struggles Indian Country, October 31, 2005
8. Fence In The Sky -- Border Wall Cuts Through Native Land
9. As Border Crackdown Intensifies, A Tribe Is Caught in the Crossfire Washington Post, September 15, 2006
10. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS IN THE BORDER REGION WITH MEXICO Amnesty International, May 20, 1998
11. Some Texans Fear Border Fence Will Sever Routine of Daily Life New York Times, June 20, 2007
12. Joe Murray, "Poll: Americans Frustrated With Immigration Crisis," [Philadelphia] "Evening Bulletin, August 21, 2007

See also

★ Immigration to the United States

★ Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border

★ Israeli West Bank barrier

★ List of United States Immigration Acts

★ List of walls

★ Operation Gatekeeper

★ United States-Mexico relations

★ United States–Mexico border

★ United States Border Patrol

★ Wall of shame (epithet)

External links

★ Library of Congress Bill Summary & Status on H.R. 6061

★ Fences and Mushrooms Along the Border, JURIST

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