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(Redirected from Um Qasr)
'Umm Qasr' (, also transliterated as : ''Um-qasir'', ''Um-qasser''), is a port city in southern Iraq. It stands on the canalised Khawr az-Zubayr, part of the Khawr Abd Allah estuary which leads to the Persian Gulf. It is separated from the border of Kuwait by a small inlet; prior to the Persian Gulf War traffic between Kuwait and Iraq flowed over a bridge across the waterway.
Umm Qasr was originally a small fishing town but was used as a military port on a few occasions. It was said to have been the site of Alexander the Great's landing in Mesopotamia in 325 BC. During the Second World War a temporary port was established there by the Allies to unload supplies to dispatch to the Soviet Union. It fell back into obscurity after the war, but the government of King Faisal II sought to establish a permanent port there in the 1950s.[2]
After the Iraqi Revolution of 1958, a naval base was established at Umm Qasr. The port was subsequently founded in 1961 by the Iraqi ruler General Abdul-Karim Qassem. It was intended to serve as Iraq's only "deep water" port, reducing the country's dependence on the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway that marks the border with Iran. The port facilities were built by a consortium of companies from West Germany, Sweden and Lebanon, with a railway line connecting it to Basra and Baghdad.[3]
During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) its importance increased as fighting restricted access to other ports further east. Umm Qasr was threatened after the successful Iranian invasion and occupation of the al-Faw peninsula in 1986. However, the port never fell during the Iran-Iraq War.
Access to the port was a significant issue in the territorial dispute with Kuwait which led to the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Both countries contested ownership of the inlet leading to Umm Qasr as well as control of the nearby Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah.[4] After the war, during which the port was bombed, control of the inlet was transferred to Kuwait, and a large trench and sand berm was constructed along the border of the two nations. The Iraqi government rejected the border changes and continued to claim Kuwaiti territory near the port.[5] Meanwhile the Iraqi government shifted much commerce to Umm Qasr away from Basra in order to punish the Basrans economically for their support of the post-war rebellions against the rule of Saddam Hussein.
★ See: Battle of Umm Qasr
Umm Qasr was the target of one of the first major military operations in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, on March 29, 2003. The assault on the port was spearheaded by British Royal Marines and Polish GROM troops, but Iraqi forces put up unexpectedly strong resistance, requiring several days' fighting before the area was cleared of defenders.[6] After the waterway was de-mined by Australian Clearance Diving Team Three, Naval Special Clearance Team ONE of the U.S. Navy and a Royal Navy Clearance Diving Detachment and reopened, Umm Qasr played an important role in the shipment of humanitarian supplies to Iraqi civilians.[7]
During a House of Commons debate in late March 2003, British Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon compared Umm Qasr to the southern English city of Southampton. The analogy was met with scepticism among the troops on the ground. A British soldier was widely quoted in media reports as retorting, "There's no beer, no prostitutes and people are shooting at us. It's more like Portsmouth." [8]
In January 2006, the 100th British soldier to die in Iraq, Corporal Gordon Pritchard, was killed in a bomb explosion in the town.[9]
Population estimates are around 46,000 people living in Umm Qasr town at the outbreak of the 2003 war. Having grown from a tiny fishing village in 1958, the town is laid out in planned housing tracts, with workers living near the previously state-owned industries which employed them. Almost the entire population were relocated from other parts of Iraq to work in state run industries. The port (and its workforce) were dramatically expanded following the first Gulf War, in part to remove vital functions from Basra, scene of a major anti-government uprising. A mapping project shortly thereafter stated "In total, the town is composed of 82 streets; each street has 72 houses. Up to three to four families live in each house." It then described three main neighborhoods: [10]
★ ''North Indian Camp'' (''Hindi Court'') in the north, with 6,600 people and 37 streets
★ ''South Indian Camp'' to the west of town, mostly to house port workers. It was reported by USAID that the previous government had forcebly relocated this entire neighborhood away from the main port (the east) at an indeterminate recent date, presumably for security reasons.
★ ''Port/Customs Office'' with housing and offices for the Iraqi Ministry of Industry; housing for workers in the pipe, steel, and cement factories.
As of the war, Umm Qasr had 13 primary schools (four for boys, four for girls, and five coeducational), two intermediate schools for boys, and five secondary schools (two for boys, one night school for boys, and two for girls). There was a single hospital for the town.[11]
A branch of the main Iraqi Republic Railways line connects Umm Qasr to Basra from Shouaiba Junction (near Basra) via the port of Khor Az Zubair.
Umm Qasr has an Civil aviation airport, with the of ORUQ.
★ List of places in Iraq
★ Camp Bucca
1. Dilip Hiro. The Essential Middle East: A Comprehensive Guide. Carroll & Graf (2003), pp.166. ISBN 0786712694 and Action Dominic Nutt, Churches Together International (ACT). Lack of security hampers aid efforts. April 16, 2003.
2. "Iraq Hopes For Revival As An International Highway", ''The Times'', 15 May 1961
3. "General Kassim Founds £15M. Port", ''The Times'', 27 March 1961
4. "Iraq - First Persian Gulf War - Causes", Encyclopædia Britannica (2006)
5. "Kuwait - The First Persian Gulf War and its aftermath", Encyclopædia Britannica (2006)
6. "Fierce battle around port," ''The Guardian'', 24 March 2003
7. "Iraq aid confined to south", ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2003
8. "War games", ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2003
9. "Latest victim was one of the first liberators of Iraq", ''The Times'', 1 February 2006
10. USAID: DART Assessment of Umm Qasr and Relief Efforts, April 7, 2003.
11. USAID. DART Assessment of Umm Qasr and Relief Efforts. April 4, 2003.
★ The Sunday Times April 6, 2003 Colonel Cox has a whole town to build. The commando ‘mayor of Umm Qasr’ is starting from scratch, he tells Christina Lamb.
★ United States trade group report on re-opening of Umm Qasr Port.
★ United States Military. Road trip: SDDC Southwest Asia works up front at Iraqi port of Umm Qasr. in Translog: Journal of Military Transportation Management, Fall, 2004 by Randall Ramian
★ 2003 UNJLC Reports on Umm Qasr Port.
★ UNIKOM Images of Umm Qasr Port.
★ University of Texas: Area Map.
★ Umm Qasr, Iraq
'Umm Qasr' (, also transliterated as : ''Um-qasir'', ''Um-qasser''), is a port city in southern Iraq. It stands on the canalised Khawr az-Zubayr, part of the Khawr Abd Allah estuary which leads to the Persian Gulf. It is separated from the border of Kuwait by a small inlet; prior to the Persian Gulf War traffic between Kuwait and Iraq flowed over a bridge across the waterway.
| Contents |
| History |
| Village to Port |
| Iran - Iraq War |
| First Gulf War |
| Second Gulf War |
| Today |
| Town |
| Public services |
| Railline |
| Airport |
| See also |
| References |
| External link |
History
Village to Port
Umm Qasr was originally a small fishing town but was used as a military port on a few occasions. It was said to have been the site of Alexander the Great's landing in Mesopotamia in 325 BC. During the Second World War a temporary port was established there by the Allies to unload supplies to dispatch to the Soviet Union. It fell back into obscurity after the war, but the government of King Faisal II sought to establish a permanent port there in the 1950s.[2]
After the Iraqi Revolution of 1958, a naval base was established at Umm Qasr. The port was subsequently founded in 1961 by the Iraqi ruler General Abdul-Karim Qassem. It was intended to serve as Iraq's only "deep water" port, reducing the country's dependence on the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway that marks the border with Iran. The port facilities were built by a consortium of companies from West Germany, Sweden and Lebanon, with a railway line connecting it to Basra and Baghdad.[3]
Iran - Iraq War
During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) its importance increased as fighting restricted access to other ports further east. Umm Qasr was threatened after the successful Iranian invasion and occupation of the al-Faw peninsula in 1986. However, the port never fell during the Iran-Iraq War.
First Gulf War
Access to the port was a significant issue in the territorial dispute with Kuwait which led to the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Both countries contested ownership of the inlet leading to Umm Qasr as well as control of the nearby Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah.[4] After the war, during which the port was bombed, control of the inlet was transferred to Kuwait, and a large trench and sand berm was constructed along the border of the two nations. The Iraqi government rejected the border changes and continued to claim Kuwaiti territory near the port.[5] Meanwhile the Iraqi government shifted much commerce to Umm Qasr away from Basra in order to punish the Basrans economically for their support of the post-war rebellions against the rule of Saddam Hussein.
Second Gulf War
★ See: Battle of Umm Qasr
Umm Qasr was the target of one of the first major military operations in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, on March 29, 2003. The assault on the port was spearheaded by British Royal Marines and Polish GROM troops, but Iraqi forces put up unexpectedly strong resistance, requiring several days' fighting before the area was cleared of defenders.[6] After the waterway was de-mined by Australian Clearance Diving Team Three, Naval Special Clearance Team ONE of the U.S. Navy and a Royal Navy Clearance Diving Detachment and reopened, Umm Qasr played an important role in the shipment of humanitarian supplies to Iraqi civilians.[7]
During a House of Commons debate in late March 2003, British Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon compared Umm Qasr to the southern English city of Southampton. The analogy was met with scepticism among the troops on the ground. A British soldier was widely quoted in media reports as retorting, "There's no beer, no prostitutes and people are shooting at us. It's more like Portsmouth." [8]
In January 2006, the 100th British soldier to die in Iraq, Corporal Gordon Pritchard, was killed in a bomb explosion in the town.[9]
Today
Town
Population estimates are around 46,000 people living in Umm Qasr town at the outbreak of the 2003 war. Having grown from a tiny fishing village in 1958, the town is laid out in planned housing tracts, with workers living near the previously state-owned industries which employed them. Almost the entire population were relocated from other parts of Iraq to work in state run industries. The port (and its workforce) were dramatically expanded following the first Gulf War, in part to remove vital functions from Basra, scene of a major anti-government uprising. A mapping project shortly thereafter stated "In total, the town is composed of 82 streets; each street has 72 houses. Up to three to four families live in each house." It then described three main neighborhoods: [10]
★ ''North Indian Camp'' (''Hindi Court'') in the north, with 6,600 people and 37 streets
★ ''South Indian Camp'' to the west of town, mostly to house port workers. It was reported by USAID that the previous government had forcebly relocated this entire neighborhood away from the main port (the east) at an indeterminate recent date, presumably for security reasons.
★ ''Port/Customs Office'' with housing and offices for the Iraqi Ministry of Industry; housing for workers in the pipe, steel, and cement factories.
Public services
As of the war, Umm Qasr had 13 primary schools (four for boys, four for girls, and five coeducational), two intermediate schools for boys, and five secondary schools (two for boys, one night school for boys, and two for girls). There was a single hospital for the town.[11]
Railline
A branch of the main Iraqi Republic Railways line connects Umm Qasr to Basra from Shouaiba Junction (near Basra) via the port of Khor Az Zubair.
Airport
Umm Qasr has an Civil aviation airport, with the of ORUQ.
See also
★ List of places in Iraq
★ Camp Bucca
References
1. Dilip Hiro. The Essential Middle East: A Comprehensive Guide. Carroll & Graf (2003), pp.166. ISBN 0786712694 and Action Dominic Nutt, Churches Together International (ACT). Lack of security hampers aid efforts. April 16, 2003.
2. "Iraq Hopes For Revival As An International Highway", ''The Times'', 15 May 1961
3. "General Kassim Founds £15M. Port", ''The Times'', 27 March 1961
4. "Iraq - First Persian Gulf War - Causes", Encyclopædia Britannica (2006)
5. "Kuwait - The First Persian Gulf War and its aftermath", Encyclopædia Britannica (2006)
6. "Fierce battle around port," ''The Guardian'', 24 March 2003
7. "Iraq aid confined to south", ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2003
8. "War games", ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2003
9. "Latest victim was one of the first liberators of Iraq", ''The Times'', 1 February 2006
10. USAID: DART Assessment of Umm Qasr and Relief Efforts, April 7, 2003.
11. USAID. DART Assessment of Umm Qasr and Relief Efforts. April 4, 2003.
★ The Sunday Times April 6, 2003 Colonel Cox has a whole town to build. The commando ‘mayor of Umm Qasr’ is starting from scratch, he tells Christina Lamb.
★ United States trade group report on re-opening of Umm Qasr Port.
★ United States Military. Road trip: SDDC Southwest Asia works up front at Iraqi port of Umm Qasr. in Translog: Journal of Military Transportation Management, Fall, 2004 by Randall Ramian
★ 2003 UNJLC Reports on Umm Qasr Port.
★ UNIKOM Images of Umm Qasr Port.
★ University of Texas: Area Map.
External link
★ Umm Qasr, Iraq
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