UVULAR CONSONANT

'Uvulars' are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be plosives, fricatives, nasal stops, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not provide a separate symbol for the approximant, and the symbol for the voiced fricative is used instead. Uvular affricates can certainly be made but are very rare: they may occur in a few African and Native American languages.
The uvular consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
		Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
Xsampa-Nslash.png	uvular nasal	Japanese	日本 ''Nihon''	[]	Japan
Xsampa-q.png	voiceless uvular plosive	Kazakh	Қазақ ''Qazaq''	[]	Kazakh
Xsampa-Gslash.png	voiced uvular plosive	Inuktitut	utirama		because I return
Xsampa-x2.png	voiceless uvular fricative	Castilian Spanish	hijo		son
Xsampa-R2.png	voiced uvular fricative	Lakhota (LLC orthography)	aúyapi	[]	bread
Xsampa-Rslash.png	uvular trill	French (Standard Paris Dialect)	Paris	[]	Paris
IPA uvular ejective.png	uvular ejective	Cusco Quechua	q'allu	[]	tomato sauce
Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png	voiced uvular implosive	Mam		[]	fire

English has no uvular consonants, and they are unknown in the indigenous languages of Australia and the Pacific. Uvular consonants are however found in many African and Middle-Eastern languages, most notably Arabic, and in Native American languages. In parts of the Caucasus mountains and northwestern North America, nearly every language has uvular stops and fricatives. Two uvular Rs are found in north-western Europe, where they spread from northern French.
The voiceless uvular plosive is transcribed as in both the IPA and SAMPA. It is pronounced somewhat like the voiceless velar plosive , but with the middle of the tongue further back, against the uvula rather than the velum. The most familiar use will doubtless be in the transliteration of Arabic place names such as ''Qatar'' and ''Iraq'' into English, though, since English lacks this sound, this is generally pronounced as the most similar sound that occurs in English, .
, the voiced equivalent of , is much rarer. It is like the voiced velar plosive , but articulated in the same uvular position as . Few languages use this sound, but it is found in some varieties of Persian and in several Northeast Caucasian languages, notably Tabasaran.
The voiceless uvular fricative is similar to the voiceless velar fricative , except that it is articulated on the uvula. It is found instead of in some dialects of German and Arabic.
The Tlingit language of the Alaskan Panhandle has ten uvular consonants:

tenuis plosive		''tree spine''
aspirated plosive		''basket''
ejective stop		''screech owl''
labialized tenuis plosive		''octopus''
labialized aspirated plosive		''people, tribe''
labialized ejective stop		''cooking pot''
voiceless fricative		''fingernail''
ejective fricative		''freshwater sockeye salmon''
labialized voiceless fricative		''canvas, denim''
labialized ejective fricative		''down (feathers)''

and the Ubykh language of Turkey has 20.

Contents

Uvular Rhotics

See also

Uvular Rhotics

The uvular trill is used in certain dialects (especially those associated with European capitals) of French, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish and Norwegian, as well as Hebrew, for the rhotic phoneme. In many of these it has a uvular fricative (either voiced or voiceless ) as an allophone when it follows one of the voiceless stops , , or at the end of a word, as in ''maître'' .
As with most trills, uvular trills are often reduced to a single contact, especially between vowels.
Unlike other uvular consonants, the uvular trill is articulated without a retraction of the tongue, and therefore doesn't lower neighboring high vowels the way uvular stops commonly do.
Several other languages, including Inuktitut, Abkhaz and some varieties of Arabic, have a voiced uvular fricative but do not treat it as a rhotic consonant.
In Lakhota the uvular trill is an allophone of the voiced uvular fricative before .

See also

★ Place of articulation

★ List of phonetics topics

★ Guttural R