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A 'vaporizer' (or ''vapouriser'') is a device commonly used to release medicinal and/or psychoactive compounds from plant material, commonly cannabis, although it can also be used for tobacco or to release certain therapeutic compounds from herbs and other plants, a practice now commonly known as Phyto-Inhalation (also see aromatherapy).
For medical or recreational cannabis users, vaporizing is an alternative to smoking. Rather than burning the cannabis, a vaporizer heats it enough (typically around 200 degrees Celsius) so that the volatile psychoactive and medicinal constituents contained in the plant's oily glandular secretions melt and phase into an aromatic vapor that does not contain the particulate matter (tars) found in the smoke.
Subsequently, the vapor is inhaled in the case of most vaporizers such as the dry extraction and hose delivery as seen in the vapor brothers or vapezilla models, or is moisture conditioned and/or ice cooled in the case of the modular vaporization "tools" and "system" approach. With less or no smoke formed, and a cooler temperature, the irritating or harmful effects of smoke and associated toxins are greatly reduced or even eliminated.
The shortcomings of smoked cannabis have been widely viewed as a major obstacle for approval of crude cannabis for medical users even though many studies clearly indicate that the strong expectorant activity of THC probably compensates for much of the ingested tars in a manner not akin to the smoking of tobacco by causing the user to cough up the tars in mucous discharges subsequent to the smoking. Nevertheless, in response to the concerns several scientific studies have tried to establish whether vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe method of cannabis use. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have always found vaporization superior to smoking, and high-end vaporizers used with High Grade Hybrid Cannabis strains containing elevated levels of THC (the medicinal and psychoactive ingredient in cannabis) have been found to entirely eliminate inhalation of undesired compounds in a manner consistent enough for clinical trials.
In comparison to cannabis use methods such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhaling THC: rapid onset, direct delivery into the bloodstream, and the possibility to gradually increase delivery until the desired level is reached, in this manner enabling more effective self-dosage.
Vaporizers are available in many varieties. The simplest models use a lighter as heat source such as the simple Ubie, or even a car lighter, as is the case of the VaporBat, and come at a price as low as a few bucks. Other models use electrical heating elements with the more advanced models featuring temperature control. High-end models may cost several hundred dollars.
High-end models for the purist may cost several hundred dollars, such as the American engineered Vapezilla, or the German Volcano Vaporization Systemby Storz and Bickel, while the mid-range and standard "wood box and whip” vaporizers such as the Vapor Brothers start at around $125 for the thrifty utilitarian.
Broadly, vaporizers can be classified into how they heat the substance: by convection or conduction:
▪ With convection heating, the substance itself never touches a heating element. Instead, hot air passes over it heating it rapidly and allowing the release of the active constituents. This method of heating is by far superior, and releases far more active constituents than conduction heating.
▪ With conduction heating, the substance is placed on a metal plate or other hot surface that is then heated to release the active constituents. These vaporizers are inferior as the direct contact between hot surfaces and the herbs can cause them to burn.
Vaporizers also differ in other respects, such as how the vapors are 'delivered'. With direct lung delivery, the user initiates the vapor creation by inhaling to draw the hot air through the herbs, in some cases with a fan assist. This creates the freshest and most bioactive vapor possible as oxidation is minimized. With stored vapor delivery, the machine creates vapor and stores it in a glass dome or plastic bag for later inhalation such as seen with the original “fish bowl” vaporizers of the seventies or the BC vaporizer, and the newer Volcano Vaporizer which utilizes a balloon bag for stored vapor delivery that addresses some of the oxidation issues associated with storage of vapor.
Depending on the type of filling chamber equipped in/on the vaporizer, whole plant material or liquid samples (e.g., aromatic oil, extract, or pure compounds in solution) can be used.
Perhaps the most important classifications for vaporizers include the type of materials used in the heating element, the extraction chambers, and delivery means. Most common "wood box and whip" type vaporizers use a ceramic soldering iron element with a glass extraction chamber and a plastic hose for delivery. This is a low cost and effective approach; however, there are concerns about off-gassing of mercury gas from the solder that is present in wiring of the box and many enthusiasts cringe at the idea of inhaling aromatic vapors through a petroleum based hose for delivery. Some companies, such as VaporBrothers, are now using a higher-grade plastic hose while the makers of the higher end Vapezilla have opted for a silicone hose. The high end Volcano vaporizer uses an aluminum element that works quite well and a metallic extraction chamber with a food grade plastic bag for storage and delivery. Although the FDA considers aluminum heating elements that have not been anodized with a pigment to be compliant, there are concerns about using aluminum in any thermally sensitive application for long durations. The use of metal, a highly conductive material, in the extraction chamber means that to get consistent subsequent vapor extractions one must incrementally dial down the heat to compensate for the heat that is collected in the metal; the upside is that it is very durable.
Regardless of the benefits of medical cannabis, the widely perceived health risks of smoking as a route of administration have been viewed as a major obstacle for the legal approval of cannabis for medical uses, though some studies indicate that the expectorant activity of THC may help the lungs remove much of the inhaled tar through coughing. In response to the concerns, several studies have aimed to establish whether or not vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe route of administration for cannabis. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have consistently found vaporization superior to smoking and with best case (high-end vaporizers used with potent cannabis) results showing an elimination of undesired compounds suitable for clinical trials.
In comparison to other routes of administering cannabis such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhalation - immediate delivery into the bloodstream, rapid onset of effect, and more precise titration, the ability to more accurately control the dosage to produce a desired effect.
At least four scientific studies have examined vaporizers. Studies have found the release of harmful constituents dramatically reduced [1] or completely eliminated [2]. Substantial reductions were also found for the M1-volatizer [3]. However, a 1996 study [4] including two simple vaporizers still found ten times more tar in the vapor than THC, although this was nevertheless up to a 30% improvement compared to the best alternative smoking method.
The most recent study (2006) [5] , performed by researchers at Leiden University, tested a Volcano Vaporizer with preparations of pure THC and found that:
When using plant material (crude flower tops), besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. However, using pure THC in the Volcano, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds) were detected by HPLC analysis. Also, a substantially larger fraction of the THC was delivered to the vapor by using pure THC.
Analysis of the vapor from the Volcano found that using multiple passes it delivered 36% - 61% of the THC in the sample [6] - a more recent study using pure cannabinoid preparations achieved a maximum of 54%.
For comparison, studies of cannabis cigarettes smoked via a smoking machine under varying conditions of puff duration and air speed found very similar efficiencies of 34% to
61%. Consequently, users can achieve the desired effect with a similar amount of material as when smoking.
In a 2001 study testing a device called the M1 Volatizer® , the researchers found that "it is possible to vaporize medically active THC by heating marijuana to a temperature short of the point of combustion, thereby eliminating or substantially reducing harmful smoke toxins that are normally present in marijuana smoke." The M1 Volatizer, produced THC at a temperature of 365 degrees Fahrenheit (185 degrees Celsius), while completely eliminating three measured combustion products, benzene, toluene and naphthalene. Carbon monoxide and smoke tars were also reduced, but not quantified.
These positive results are in contrast to MAPS/NORML's previous studies into vaporizers which found less encouraging results, leading one to the conclusion that the effectiveness of vaporization varies greatly from vaporizer to vaporizer. See Factors affecting vaporizer output for possible causes of variation.
A 1996 MAPS study tested two simple vaporizer models against water pipes and filtered and unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (joints). The smoke produced by each was analyzed for solid particulates (tars) and 3 major cannabinoids. The various smoking methods were then rated based on their cannabinoid-to-tar ratio. The two tested vaporizers performed up to 25% better than unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (second best) in terms of tar delivery. However, both vaporizers produced more than ten times more tars than cannabinoids, which may partly be attributable to the low potency (2.3%) of the NIDA-supplied cannabis used in the study. Surprisingly, the same study found that water pipes (bongs) and filtered cigarettes performed 30% ''worse'' than regular, unfiltered joints. The reason was that waterpipes and filters filter out psychoactive THC with the tars, thereby requiring users to smoke more to reach their desired effect. The study did not, however, rule out the possibility that waterpipes could have other benefits, such as filtering out harmful gases such as carbon monoxide.
These studies have not measured the presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, though previous studies have indicated unquantified decreases in carbon monoxide with vaporization.
Although vaporizers produce cleaner vapors than smoking, they do not completely eliminate respiratory irritation. A puff of strong vaporized cannabis will occasionally cause coughing. This however, could be due to THC itself, which is known to have a strong expectorant effect.
The wide range of results from tests of different vaporizers suggest that the choice of vaporizer is a major factor in determining extraction and delivery efficiency as well as the amount of harmful byproducts produced, or not produced, as in the case of a superior system. In Cannabis, and many other medicinal plants, the components responsible for the aromatic nature of the plant will often vaporize at a low-end temperature in the range of extraction temperature values for all the bioactive components. In Cannabis, the temperature range across which the actives will vaporize is at least 132 degrees F starting at around 260F where only aromatic compounds of minimal bioactivity will release and going all the way up to 392F with the higher end of this range representing where the cannabinoids of higher bioactivity appear to be released. It is believed that both the total amount of actives delivered as well as the breadth of spectrum delivered per inhalation is critical in determining the value of the delivered dose and, in turn, systems that deliver the highest amount of actives and broadest spectrum of actives per inhalation are believed to be the most effective for medicinal applications.
Proposed factors affecting output include , :
★ temperature;
★ specimen density,
★ weight, content of water and essential oils,
★ consistency of material in the filling chamber
★ variety and potency of cannabis used;
★ different preparations such as crude flowertops, hashish, hash oil, etc.
★ storage time of the vapor
★ proportion of THC exhaled (breathing technique)
Not all those have been scientifically tested. Research using the vaporizer found the delivery efficiency highest at around 226 degrees Celsius, falling to about half efficiency at 150 to 180 degrees depending on material .
The purest preparations produced the highest efficiencies, about 54% for pure THC versus 29% for plant material (female flowertops) with 12% THCA content. Besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. Using pure THC in the Volcano, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds were detected by HPLC analysis [5] .
The longer vapor is stored, the more of the THC is lost as it condenses on the surface of the vaporizer or the balloon. This loss may be negligible over a few minutes but may exceed 50% after 90 minutes .
Interestingly, the Leiden Univsersity study found that as much as 30%–40% of inhaled THC was not absorbed by the lungs and simply exhaled. However, they did not find large individual differences in the amounts exhaled.
'Browns or Duff' are the used up herb after vaporization. Instead of being black like ashes they are brown. Though they are in low concentrations, cannaboids may be recovered from an accumulation of Browns using an extraction (such as ethanol) or may be re-vaped.
'Scrapings' are the buildup of resin in a vaporizer. This buildup may be ''scraped'' and vaped for a potent effect, similar to kief.
[8]
Although there are a multitude of ways in which to draw vapor from a vaporizer (and much will depend on the type/model of the vaporizer used) the technique used to absorb the maximum amount of THC is also the same way one would enhance lung capacity through exercise. The technique:
★ 1.) Expel all air from lungs.
★ 2.) Take very deep breath of air, filling from the abdomen up.
★ 3.) Expel all air from lungs.
★ 4.) Fill lungs to 2/3 their capacity from vaporizer, filling from the abdomen up, drawing from fast to slow
★ 5.) Fill rest of lung with air and if applicable remove vaporizer from heat source, continuing to draw off of the vaporizer (in order to cool vaporizer, stopping vaporization when not in use).
★ 6.) Hold breath a moment.
★ 7.) Inhale one last bit of air.
★ 8.) Hold breath a while (as long as comfortable/possible).
★ 9.) Exhale slowly and controlled through the nose.
1. ''Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds'' By D. Gieringer et.al. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 4(1) 2004, [1]
2. ''Evaluation of a Vaporizing Device (Volcano) for the Pulmonary Administration of Tetrahydrocannabinol''. By A. HAZEKAMP, R. RUHAAK, et.al. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VOL. 95, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 abstract
3. ''Cannabis Vaporization: A Promising Strategy for Smoke Harm Reduction''. By D. Gieringer, published in Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics Vol. 1#3-4: 153-70 (2001) [Summary].
4. ''Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study''. By D. Gieringer. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
MAPS - Volume 6 Number 3 Summer 1996 [2]
5.
6.
7.
8. http://www.gotvape.com/vaporizer-blog/2005/07/lung-expansion-through-vaporization.html
★ Health issues and the effects of cannabis
★ Alcohol without liquid
★ How to build a convection vaporizer
★ How to build a conduction vaporizer
★ Nearly all available Vaporizers
★ About Eagle Bill, the vaporizer pioneer
:''
A conduction-style vaporizer from the 1970s. The material to be vaporized is placed on the electrically heated metal plate in the center. The vapors are contained in the glass bell and inhaled through the plastic tube in the foreground.
A 'vaporizer' (or ''vapouriser'') is a device commonly used to release medicinal and/or psychoactive compounds from plant material, commonly cannabis, although it can also be used for tobacco or to release certain therapeutic compounds from herbs and other plants, a practice now commonly known as Phyto-Inhalation (also see aromatherapy).
For medical or recreational cannabis users, vaporizing is an alternative to smoking. Rather than burning the cannabis, a vaporizer heats it enough (typically around 200 degrees Celsius) so that the volatile psychoactive and medicinal constituents contained in the plant's oily glandular secretions melt and phase into an aromatic vapor that does not contain the particulate matter (tars) found in the smoke.
Subsequently, the vapor is inhaled in the case of most vaporizers such as the dry extraction and hose delivery as seen in the vapor brothers or vapezilla models, or is moisture conditioned and/or ice cooled in the case of the modular vaporization "tools" and "system" approach. With less or no smoke formed, and a cooler temperature, the irritating or harmful effects of smoke and associated toxins are greatly reduced or even eliminated.
The shortcomings of smoked cannabis have been widely viewed as a major obstacle for approval of crude cannabis for medical users even though many studies clearly indicate that the strong expectorant activity of THC probably compensates for much of the ingested tars in a manner not akin to the smoking of tobacco by causing the user to cough up the tars in mucous discharges subsequent to the smoking. Nevertheless, in response to the concerns several scientific studies have tried to establish whether vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe method of cannabis use. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have always found vaporization superior to smoking, and high-end vaporizers used with High Grade Hybrid Cannabis strains containing elevated levels of THC (the medicinal and psychoactive ingredient in cannabis) have been found to entirely eliminate inhalation of undesired compounds in a manner consistent enough for clinical trials.
In comparison to cannabis use methods such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhaling THC: rapid onset, direct delivery into the bloodstream, and the possibility to gradually increase delivery until the desired level is reached, in this manner enabling more effective self-dosage.
Types of vaporizers
The Volcano vaporization system.
Vaporizers are available in many varieties. The simplest models use a lighter as heat source such as the simple Ubie, or even a car lighter, as is the case of the VaporBat, and come at a price as low as a few bucks. Other models use electrical heating elements with the more advanced models featuring temperature control. High-end models may cost several hundred dollars.
High-end models for the purist may cost several hundred dollars, such as the American engineered Vapezilla, or the German Volcano Vaporization Systemby Storz and Bickel, while the mid-range and standard "wood box and whip” vaporizers such as the Vapor Brothers start at around $125 for the thrifty utilitarian.
Broadly, vaporizers can be classified into how they heat the substance: by convection or conduction:
▪ With convection heating, the substance itself never touches a heating element. Instead, hot air passes over it heating it rapidly and allowing the release of the active constituents. This method of heating is by far superior, and releases far more active constituents than conduction heating.
▪ With conduction heating, the substance is placed on a metal plate or other hot surface that is then heated to release the active constituents. These vaporizers are inferior as the direct contact between hot surfaces and the herbs can cause them to burn.
Vaporizers also differ in other respects, such as how the vapors are 'delivered'. With direct lung delivery, the user initiates the vapor creation by inhaling to draw the hot air through the herbs, in some cases with a fan assist. This creates the freshest and most bioactive vapor possible as oxidation is minimized. With stored vapor delivery, the machine creates vapor and stores it in a glass dome or plastic bag for later inhalation such as seen with the original “fish bowl” vaporizers of the seventies or the BC vaporizer, and the newer Volcano Vaporizer which utilizes a balloon bag for stored vapor delivery that addresses some of the oxidation issues associated with storage of vapor.
Depending on the type of filling chamber equipped in/on the vaporizer, whole plant material or liquid samples (e.g., aromatic oil, extract, or pure compounds in solution) can be used.
Perhaps the most important classifications for vaporizers include the type of materials used in the heating element, the extraction chambers, and delivery means. Most common "wood box and whip" type vaporizers use a ceramic soldering iron element with a glass extraction chamber and a plastic hose for delivery. This is a low cost and effective approach; however, there are concerns about off-gassing of mercury gas from the solder that is present in wiring of the box and many enthusiasts cringe at the idea of inhaling aromatic vapors through a petroleum based hose for delivery. Some companies, such as VaporBrothers, are now using a higher-grade plastic hose while the makers of the higher end Vapezilla have opted for a silicone hose. The high end Volcano vaporizer uses an aluminum element that works quite well and a metallic extraction chamber with a food grade plastic bag for storage and delivery. Although the FDA considers aluminum heating elements that have not been anodized with a pigment to be compliant, there are concerns about using aluminum in any thermally sensitive application for long durations. The use of metal, a highly conductive material, in the extraction chamber means that to get consistent subsequent vapor extractions one must incrementally dial down the heat to compensate for the heat that is collected in the metal; the upside is that it is very durable.
Health and Medical Use
Regardless of the benefits of medical cannabis, the widely perceived health risks of smoking as a route of administration have been viewed as a major obstacle for the legal approval of cannabis for medical uses, though some studies indicate that the expectorant activity of THC may help the lungs remove much of the inhaled tar through coughing. In response to the concerns, several studies have aimed to establish whether or not vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe route of administration for cannabis. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have consistently found vaporization superior to smoking and with best case (high-end vaporizers used with potent cannabis) results showing an elimination of undesired compounds suitable for clinical trials.
In comparison to other routes of administering cannabis such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhalation - immediate delivery into the bloodstream, rapid onset of effect, and more precise titration, the ability to more accurately control the dosage to produce a desired effect.
Scientific studies
At least four scientific studies have examined vaporizers. Studies have found the release of harmful constituents dramatically reduced [1] or completely eliminated [2]. Substantial reductions were also found for the M1-volatizer [3]. However, a 1996 study [4] including two simple vaporizers still found ten times more tar in the vapor than THC, although this was nevertheless up to a 30% improvement compared to the best alternative smoking method.
The most recent study (2006) [5] , performed by researchers at Leiden University, tested a Volcano Vaporizer with preparations of pure THC and found that:
When using plant material (crude flower tops), besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. However, using pure THC in the Volcano, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds) were detected by HPLC analysis. Also, a substantially larger fraction of the THC was delivered to the vapor by using pure THC.
Analysis of the vapor from the Volcano found that using multiple passes it delivered 36% - 61% of the THC in the sample [6] - a more recent study using pure cannabinoid preparations achieved a maximum of 54%.
For comparison, studies of cannabis cigarettes smoked via a smoking machine under varying conditions of puff duration and air speed found very similar efficiencies of 34% to
61%. Consequently, users can achieve the desired effect with a similar amount of material as when smoking.
In a 2001 study testing a device called the M1 Volatizer® , the researchers found that "it is possible to vaporize medically active THC by heating marijuana to a temperature short of the point of combustion, thereby eliminating or substantially reducing harmful smoke toxins that are normally present in marijuana smoke." The M1 Volatizer, produced THC at a temperature of 365 degrees Fahrenheit (185 degrees Celsius), while completely eliminating three measured combustion products, benzene, toluene and naphthalene. Carbon monoxide and smoke tars were also reduced, but not quantified.
These positive results are in contrast to MAPS/NORML's previous studies into vaporizers which found less encouraging results, leading one to the conclusion that the effectiveness of vaporization varies greatly from vaporizer to vaporizer. See Factors affecting vaporizer output for possible causes of variation.
A 1996 MAPS study tested two simple vaporizer models against water pipes and filtered and unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (joints). The smoke produced by each was analyzed for solid particulates (tars) and 3 major cannabinoids. The various smoking methods were then rated based on their cannabinoid-to-tar ratio. The two tested vaporizers performed up to 25% better than unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (second best) in terms of tar delivery. However, both vaporizers produced more than ten times more tars than cannabinoids, which may partly be attributable to the low potency (2.3%) of the NIDA-supplied cannabis used in the study. Surprisingly, the same study found that water pipes (bongs) and filtered cigarettes performed 30% ''worse'' than regular, unfiltered joints. The reason was that waterpipes and filters filter out psychoactive THC with the tars, thereby requiring users to smoke more to reach their desired effect. The study did not, however, rule out the possibility that waterpipes could have other benefits, such as filtering out harmful gases such as carbon monoxide.
These studies have not measured the presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, though previous studies have indicated unquantified decreases in carbon monoxide with vaporization.
Although vaporizers produce cleaner vapors than smoking, they do not completely eliminate respiratory irritation. A puff of strong vaporized cannabis will occasionally cause coughing. This however, could be due to THC itself, which is known to have a strong expectorant effect.
Factors affecting vaporizer extraction and delivery capabilities and the breadth of spectrum of actives deliverable
The wide range of results from tests of different vaporizers suggest that the choice of vaporizer is a major factor in determining extraction and delivery efficiency as well as the amount of harmful byproducts produced, or not produced, as in the case of a superior system. In Cannabis, and many other medicinal plants, the components responsible for the aromatic nature of the plant will often vaporize at a low-end temperature in the range of extraction temperature values for all the bioactive components. In Cannabis, the temperature range across which the actives will vaporize is at least 132 degrees F starting at around 260F where only aromatic compounds of minimal bioactivity will release and going all the way up to 392F with the higher end of this range representing where the cannabinoids of higher bioactivity appear to be released. It is believed that both the total amount of actives delivered as well as the breadth of spectrum delivered per inhalation is critical in determining the value of the delivered dose and, in turn, systems that deliver the highest amount of actives and broadest spectrum of actives per inhalation are believed to be the most effective for medicinal applications.
Proposed factors affecting output include , :
★ temperature;
★ specimen density,
★ weight, content of water and essential oils,
★ consistency of material in the filling chamber
★ variety and potency of cannabis used;
★ different preparations such as crude flowertops, hashish, hash oil, etc.
★ storage time of the vapor
★ proportion of THC exhaled (breathing technique)
Not all those have been scientifically tested. Research using the vaporizer found the delivery efficiency highest at around 226 degrees Celsius, falling to about half efficiency at 150 to 180 degrees depending on material .
The purest preparations produced the highest efficiencies, about 54% for pure THC versus 29% for plant material (female flowertops) with 12% THCA content. Besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. Using pure THC in the Volcano, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds were detected by HPLC analysis [5] .
The longer vapor is stored, the more of the THC is lost as it condenses on the surface of the vaporizer or the balloon. This loss may be negligible over a few minutes but may exceed 50% after 90 minutes .
Interestingly, the Leiden Univsersity study found that as much as 30%–40% of inhaled THC was not absorbed by the lungs and simply exhaled. However, they did not find large individual differences in the amounts exhaled.
Byproducts
'Browns or Duff' are the used up herb after vaporization. Instead of being black like ashes they are brown. Though they are in low concentrations, cannaboids may be recovered from an accumulation of Browns using an extraction (such as ethanol) or may be re-vaped.
'Scrapings' are the buildup of resin in a vaporizer. This buildup may be ''scraped'' and vaped for a potent effect, similar to kief.
Vaporizing For Enhanced Lung Capacity Technique
[8]
Although there are a multitude of ways in which to draw vapor from a vaporizer (and much will depend on the type/model of the vaporizer used) the technique used to absorb the maximum amount of THC is also the same way one would enhance lung capacity through exercise. The technique:
★ 1.) Expel all air from lungs.
★ 2.) Take very deep breath of air, filling from the abdomen up.
★ 3.) Expel all air from lungs.
★ 4.) Fill lungs to 2/3 their capacity from vaporizer, filling from the abdomen up, drawing from fast to slow
★ 5.) Fill rest of lung with air and if applicable remove vaporizer from heat source, continuing to draw off of the vaporizer (in order to cool vaporizer, stopping vaporization when not in use).
★ 6.) Hold breath a moment.
★ 7.) Inhale one last bit of air.
★ 8.) Hold breath a while (as long as comfortable/possible).
★ 9.) Exhale slowly and controlled through the nose.
References
1. ''Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds'' By D. Gieringer et.al. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 4(1) 2004, [1]
2. ''Evaluation of a Vaporizing Device (Volcano) for the Pulmonary Administration of Tetrahydrocannabinol''. By A. HAZEKAMP, R. RUHAAK, et.al. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VOL. 95, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 abstract
3. ''Cannabis Vaporization: A Promising Strategy for Smoke Harm Reduction''. By D. Gieringer, published in Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics Vol. 1#3-4: 153-70 (2001) [Summary].
4. ''Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study''. By D. Gieringer. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
MAPS - Volume 6 Number 3 Summer 1996 [2]
5.
6.
7.
8. http://www.gotvape.com/vaporizer-blog/2005/07/lung-expansion-through-vaporization.html
See also
★ Health issues and the effects of cannabis
★ Alcohol without liquid
External links
★ How to build a convection vaporizer
★ How to build a conduction vaporizer
★ Nearly all available Vaporizers
★ About Eagle Bill, the vaporizer pioneer
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