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EspañolVEGETARIANISM OF ADOLF HITLER
According to many biographical sources, 'Adolf Hitler' practiced some form of 'vegetarianism' from the early 1930s until his death in 1945. The nature and extent of his vegetarianism is a matter of dispute, due in part to conflicting anecdotes, frequent changes in Hitler's diet, and the ideological implications of associating the Nazi leader with vegetarianism. There is a broad consensus that Hitler severely restricted his consumption of meat, though there is less agreement as to whether he ought to be regarded as a vegetarian in the modern sense.
Most of Adolf Hitler's biographers assert that he was a vegetarian from 1931 until his death in 1945. They believe that Hitler's diet was influenced by essays of composer Richard Wagner which promoted vegetarianism. Hitler idolized Wagner as a young adult, saying: "I don't touch meat largely because of what Wagner says on the subject."
The confusion around Hitler's vegetarianism is likely due to his frequent dietary modifications where his meat consumption was reduced though not eliminated entirely. Vegetarianism is the elimination of meat from one's diet, and by modern definition the reduction of meat from one's diet does not constitute vegetarianism. See "Arguments against considering Hitler a vegetarian" below for further information.
Biographers Robert Proctor and John Toland propose that Hitler may have interpreted his stomach cramps as an early sign of cancer, a disease that killed his mother Klara Hitler when he was 18. Proctor describes Hitler as "a vegetarian, of sorts" who ate meat on occasion: "Hitler was indeed, for the most part, a vegetarian — though he did occasionally allow himself a dish of meat."
There is some anecdotal evidence that Hitler continued to eat meat after his experiment with a vegetarian diet. Dione Lucas's 1964 ''Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook'' included a recipe for squab (four week-old fledgling pigeon) with a short anecdote: "I do not mean to spoil your appetite for stuffed squab, but you might be interested to know that it was a great favorite with Mr Hitler, who dined at the hotel often. Let us not hold that against a fine recipe though."
After the war Rudolf Diels (who headed the early Gestapo for a year before narrowly avoiding execution) wrote that Hitler sometimes ate Bavarian Leberknödel (liver dumplings) but only when they were prepared by his photographer friend Heinrich Hoffmann.
Historian Thomas Fuchs reports that Hitler's experiments with vegetarianism as a young adult were "far from absolute in his adherence": "In the early, frantic days of Nazi organizing, he was often too busy to sit down to a full meal. He ate on the run, gnawing chunks of sausage...in September 1931, he manifested an active loathing for meat," which followed the suicide of Geli Raubal, "the niece with whom Hitler had been in love."
American author and historian John Toland mentions that after Raubal's death Hitler became a near-vegetarian and "he meant it. From that moment on, she [Frau Hess] said, Hitler never ate another piece of meat except for liver dumplings. 'Suddenly! He ate meat before that. It is very difficult to understand or explain.'" Biographies by the German journalist Joachim Fest and British historian Ian Kershaw also state that Hitler became a near-vegetarian after the 1931 death of Geli Raubal, an event which is said to have left Hitler in great distress.
In private conversations, Hitler often recited the benefits of eating raw vegetables, fruit, and grains, particularly for children and soldiers. In an attempt to disgust dinner guests and provoke them into shying away from meat, he reportedly told graphic stories of visits he had made to a slaughterhouse in the Ukraine. Food writer Bee Wilson writes that after Raubal's suicide Hitler's diet was "free of flesh," describes his strict vegetarian regime and notes, "It amused him to spoil carnivorous guests' appetites... As they put their forks down in disgust, he would harangue them for hypocrisy. 'That shows how cowardly people are,' he would say. 'They can't face doing certain horrible things themselves, but they enjoy the benefits without a pang of conscience.'"
In a May 30, 1937 article in ''The New York Times'' entitled "Where Hitler Dreams and Plans", Otto D. Tolischus wrote: "It is well known that Hitler is a vegetarian and does not drink or smoke. His lunch and dinner consist, therefore, for the most part of soup, eggs, vegetables and mineral water, although he occasionally relishes a slice of ham and relieves the tediousness of his diet with such delicacies as caviar, luscious fruits, and similar titbits. He is outspoken about having a sweet tooth and loves confectionery, especially chocolates."
In a November 1938 article for the English magazine ''Homes & Gardens'' describing Hitler's mountain home, ''The Berghof'', Ignatius Phayrethe wrote, "A life-long vegetarian at table, Hitler's kitchen plots are both varied and heavy in produce. Even in his meatless diet Hitler is something of a gourmet—as Sir John Simon and Anthony Eden were surprised to note when they dined with him in the Presidial Palace at Berlin. His Bavarian chef, Herr Kannenberg, contrives an imposing array of vegetarian dishes, savoury and rich, pleasing to the eye as well as to the palate, and all conforming to the dietic standards which Hitler exacts."
Martin Bormann, who as head of the Party Chancellery (and private secretary to Hitler) is considered by most historians to have been the second most powerful Nazi official in Germany, built Hitler a large greenhouse at Berchtesgaden in order to keep him supplied with fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the war. Personal photographs of Bormann's children tending the greenhouse survive (see above).
Finally, in his personal life Hitler showed anti-meat tendencies. Hitler disapproved of cosmetics since they contained animal by-products. He frequently teased his mistress Eva Braun about her habit of wearing makeup. The remnants of Hitler's private library, now held by the United States Library of Congress, contain a French vegetarian cookbook by Maia Charpentier. He also made fun of Hermann Göring for being a hunter.[1]
While it is true that Hitler's doctors put him on a vegetarian diet to cure him of flatulence and a chronic stomach disorder, his biographers such as Albert Speer, Robert Payne, John Toland, et al, have attested to his liking for ham sausages and other cured meats. Spencer qualifies Hitler's vegetarianism as follows:
Author Rynn Berry maintins that, although at various times Hitler reduced the amount of meat in his diet, he never stopped eating meat completely for any significant length of time. According to Berry's research, while Hitler for the most part followed a vegetarian diet, some of his favorite treats were liver dumplings, ham, and caviar.
In his essay, “Why Hitler Was Not a Vegetarian,” Berry writes of the famous chef Dione Lucas who cooked for Hitler:
Lucas claims in her book, ''The Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook,'' that she prepared squab for Hitler on several occasions:
Robert Payne writes that Hitler’s “vegetarianism” was a “legend” and a “fiction” invented by Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Minister of Propaganda. In his book, ''Hitler: The Life and Death of Adolph Hitler'', Payne writes:
In sum, there are many solid reasons to believe that Hitler's vegetarianism may have been greatly exaggerated for propaganda purposes, though he does seem to have favored a meat-reduced diet at various points in his life.
According to stenographic transcripts translated by Hugh Trevor-Roper of conversations between Hitler and his inner circle which took place between July 1941 and November 1944, Hitler regarded himself as a vegetarian (however, British historian Alan Bullock argues that Hitler would not allow the use of a tape recorder and that the written transcripts were edited by Bormann). According to these transcripts dated November 11, 1941 Hitler said, "One may regret living at a period when it's impossible to form an idea of the shape the world of the future will assume. But there's one thing I can predict to eaters of meat: the world of the future will be vegetarian." On January 12, 1942, he said, "The only thing of which I shall be incapable is to share the sheiks' mutton with them. I'm a vegetarian, and they must spare me from their meat."
In a diary entry dated April 26, 1942, Joseph Goebbels described Hitler as a committed vegetarian, writing, "An extended chapter of our talk was devoted by the Führer to the vegetarian question. He believes more than ever that meat-eating is harmful to humanity. Of course he knows that during the war we cannot completely upset our food system. After the war, however, he intends to tackle this problem also. Maybe he is right. Certainly the arguments that he adduces in favor of his standpoint are very compelling."
Traudl Junge, who became his secretary in 1942, reported that he "always avoided meat" but that his Austrian cook Kruemel sometimes added a little animal broth or fat to his meals. "Mostly the Fuehrer would notice the attempt at deception, would get very annoyed and then get tummy ache," Junge said. "At the end he would only let Kruemel cook him clear soup and mashed potato." [2] In 1943, Marlene von Exner became his dietitian and reportedly added bone marrow to his soups without his knowledge because she "despised" his vegetarian diet.
In his post-war reminiscence The Enigma of Hitler, Belgian SS General, and friend of Hitler's, Léon Degrelle wrote: "He could not bear to eat meat, because it meant the death of a living creature. He refused to have so much as a rabbit or a trout sacrificed to provide his food. He would allow only eggs on his table, because egg-laying meant that the hen had been spared rather than killed."
Savitri Devi Mukherji, an Esoteric Hitlerist placed great significance on Hitler's advocacy of animal rights, and admired his aim of "a continent without slaughterhouses," apparently ignoring the bitter irony of this phrase.
★ Reductio ad Hitlerum
# Kohler, Joachim. (1998). ''Nietzsche and Wagner: A lesson in Subjugation''. Translated by Ronald Taylor. Yale University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-300-07640-1
# Proctor, Robert N. (2000). ''The Nazi War on Cancer''. Princeton University Press. pp. 135-137. ISBN 0-691-07051-2
# Spencer, Colin. (2004). ''Vegetarianism: A History''. Four Walls Eight Windows. pp. 283-284. ISBN 1-56858-291-9
# Fuchs, Thomas. (2000). ''A Concise Biography of Adolph Hitler''. Berkeley. pp. 77-82. ISBN 0-425-17340-2
# Wilson, Bee (October 9, 1998). "Mein Diat - Adolf Hitler's diet". ''New Statesman''. (Archived version)
# Tolischus, Otto D. (1937). "Where Hitler Dreams and Plans". ''The New York Times''. May 30. p. 85, 3 pgs. ISSN 03624331
# Bullock, Alan. (1993). ''Hitler and Stalin : Parallel Lives''. Vintage; Reprint edition. p. 679. ISBN 0-679-72994-1
# Section 66 in ''Hitler's Table Talk: 1941-1944'', translated by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Enigma Books, ISBN 1-929631-05-7.
# ''The Goebbels Diaries'', pg. 215, translated by Louis P. Lochner, Charter Books, ISBN 0-441-29550-9.
# Ryback, Timothy W. (2003). "Hitler's Forgotten Library". ''The Atlantic Monthly''. May v291 i4 p76(12)
# Savitri Devi, ''The Lightning and the Sun'' (Calcutta: Savitri Devi Mukherji, 1958), p. 29, http://www.savitridevi.org/lightning-02.html. See also: Savitri Devi, ''Pilgrimage'' (Calcutta: Savitri Devi Mukherji, 1958), pp. 60-62, http://www.savitridevi.org/pilgrimage-03.html
# Doyle, D. (2005). "Adolf Hitler's Medical Care". ''The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh''. 35(1): 75-82.
★ Tristram, Stuary (2006). ''Bloodless Revolution: A Cultural History of Vegetarianism from 1600 to Modern Times '' W W Norton & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-393-05220-6 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian)
★ Tristram, Stuary (2006). ''The Bloodless Revolution: Radical Vegetarians and the Discovery of India'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-712892-4 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian) Reviewed
★ Spencer, Colin (1993) ''The Heretic's Feast: History of Vegetarianism '' Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-85702-078-2 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian)
★ Berry, R. (2004). ''Hitler: Neither Vegetarian Nor Animal Lover.'' Pythagorean Books. ISBN 0-9626169-6-6
★ Ferguson, R. (2001). ''Hitler Was A Vegetarian.'' Famedram Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-905489-71-3
★ Carni-Fuhrer: Why one vegetarian activist is obsessed with Hitler's diet
★ Hitler a vegetarian?
| Contents |
| Evidence of Hitler's Diet |
| Arguments against considering Hitler a vegetarian |
| Hitler's self-perception |
| See also |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
Evidence of Hitler's Diet
Most of Adolf Hitler's biographers assert that he was a vegetarian from 1931 until his death in 1945. They believe that Hitler's diet was influenced by essays of composer Richard Wagner which promoted vegetarianism. Hitler idolized Wagner as a young adult, saying: "I don't touch meat largely because of what Wagner says on the subject."
The confusion around Hitler's vegetarianism is likely due to his frequent dietary modifications where his meat consumption was reduced though not eliminated entirely. Vegetarianism is the elimination of meat from one's diet, and by modern definition the reduction of meat from one's diet does not constitute vegetarianism. See "Arguments against considering Hitler a vegetarian" below for further information.
Biographers Robert Proctor and John Toland propose that Hitler may have interpreted his stomach cramps as an early sign of cancer, a disease that killed his mother Klara Hitler when he was 18. Proctor describes Hitler as "a vegetarian, of sorts" who ate meat on occasion: "Hitler was indeed, for the most part, a vegetarian — though he did occasionally allow himself a dish of meat."
There is some anecdotal evidence that Hitler continued to eat meat after his experiment with a vegetarian diet. Dione Lucas's 1964 ''Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook'' included a recipe for squab (four week-old fledgling pigeon) with a short anecdote: "I do not mean to spoil your appetite for stuffed squab, but you might be interested to know that it was a great favorite with Mr Hitler, who dined at the hotel often. Let us not hold that against a fine recipe though."
After the war Rudolf Diels (who headed the early Gestapo for a year before narrowly avoiding execution) wrote that Hitler sometimes ate Bavarian Leberknödel (liver dumplings) but only when they were prepared by his photographer friend Heinrich Hoffmann.
Historian Thomas Fuchs reports that Hitler's experiments with vegetarianism as a young adult were "far from absolute in his adherence": "In the early, frantic days of Nazi organizing, he was often too busy to sit down to a full meal. He ate on the run, gnawing chunks of sausage...in September 1931, he manifested an active loathing for meat," which followed the suicide of Geli Raubal, "the niece with whom Hitler had been in love."
American author and historian John Toland mentions that after Raubal's death Hitler became a near-vegetarian and "he meant it. From that moment on, she [Frau Hess] said, Hitler never ate another piece of meat except for liver dumplings. 'Suddenly! He ate meat before that. It is very difficult to understand or explain.'" Biographies by the German journalist Joachim Fest and British historian Ian Kershaw also state that Hitler became a near-vegetarian after the 1931 death of Geli Raubal, an event which is said to have left Hitler in great distress.
In private conversations, Hitler often recited the benefits of eating raw vegetables, fruit, and grains, particularly for children and soldiers. In an attempt to disgust dinner guests and provoke them into shying away from meat, he reportedly told graphic stories of visits he had made to a slaughterhouse in the Ukraine. Food writer Bee Wilson writes that after Raubal's suicide Hitler's diet was "free of flesh," describes his strict vegetarian regime and notes, "It amused him to spoil carnivorous guests' appetites... As they put their forks down in disgust, he would harangue them for hypocrisy. 'That shows how cowardly people are,' he would say. 'They can't face doing certain horrible things themselves, but they enjoy the benefits without a pang of conscience.'"
In a May 30, 1937 article in ''The New York Times'' entitled "Where Hitler Dreams and Plans", Otto D. Tolischus wrote: "It is well known that Hitler is a vegetarian and does not drink or smoke. His lunch and dinner consist, therefore, for the most part of soup, eggs, vegetables and mineral water, although he occasionally relishes a slice of ham and relieves the tediousness of his diet with such delicacies as caviar, luscious fruits, and similar titbits. He is outspoken about having a sweet tooth and loves confectionery, especially chocolates."
In a November 1938 article for the English magazine ''Homes & Gardens'' describing Hitler's mountain home, ''The Berghof'', Ignatius Phayrethe wrote, "A life-long vegetarian at table, Hitler's kitchen plots are both varied and heavy in produce. Even in his meatless diet Hitler is something of a gourmet—as Sir John Simon and Anthony Eden were surprised to note when they dined with him in the Presidial Palace at Berlin. His Bavarian chef, Herr Kannenberg, contrives an imposing array of vegetarian dishes, savoury and rich, pleasing to the eye as well as to the palate, and all conforming to the dietic standards which Hitler exacts."
Martin Bormann, who as head of the Party Chancellery (and private secretary to Hitler) is considered by most historians to have been the second most powerful Nazi official in Germany, built Hitler a large greenhouse at Berchtesgaden in order to keep him supplied with fresh fruit and vegetables throughout the war. Personal photographs of Bormann's children tending the greenhouse survive (see above).
Finally, in his personal life Hitler showed anti-meat tendencies. Hitler disapproved of cosmetics since they contained animal by-products. He frequently teased his mistress Eva Braun about her habit of wearing makeup. The remnants of Hitler's private library, now held by the United States Library of Congress, contain a French vegetarian cookbook by Maia Charpentier. He also made fun of Hermann Göring for being a hunter.[1]
Arguments against considering Hitler a vegetarian
While it is true that Hitler's doctors put him on a vegetarian diet to cure him of flatulence and a chronic stomach disorder, his biographers such as Albert Speer, Robert Payne, John Toland, et al, have attested to his liking for ham sausages and other cured meats. Spencer qualifies Hitler's vegetarianism as follows:
"It would be true to say that up to 1931, he preferred a vegetarian diet, but on some occasions would deviate from it."
Author Rynn Berry maintins that, although at various times Hitler reduced the amount of meat in his diet, he never stopped eating meat completely for any significant length of time. According to Berry's research, while Hitler for the most part followed a vegetarian diet, some of his favorite treats were liver dumplings, ham, and caviar.
In his essay, “Why Hitler Was Not a Vegetarian,” Berry writes of the famous chef Dione Lucas who cooked for Hitler:
“During the 1930s, prior to her coming to the United States, she had worked as a chef at a hotel in Hamburg, where Adolph Hitler was one of her regular customers.”
Lucas claims in her book, ''The Gourmet Cooking School Cookbook,'' that she prepared squab for Hitler on several occasions:
“I learned this recipe when I worked as a chef before World War II, in one of the large hotels in Hamburg, Germany. I do not mean to spoil your appetite for stuffed squab, but you might be interested to know that it was a great favorite of Mr. Hitler, who dined at the hotel often. Let us not hold that against a fine recipe, though.”
Robert Payne writes that Hitler’s “vegetarianism” was a “legend” and a “fiction” invented by Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi Minister of Propaganda. In his book, ''Hitler: The Life and Death of Adolph Hitler'', Payne writes:
“Hitler’s asceticism played an important part in the image he projected over Germany. According to the widely believed legend, he neither smoked nor drank, nor did he eat meat or have anything to do with women. Only the first was true. He drank beer and diluted wine frequently, had a special fondness for Bavarian sausages and kept a mistress, Eva Braun… His asceticism was fiction invented by Goebbels to emphasize his total dedication, his self-control, the distance that separated him from other men. By this outward show of asceticism, he could claim that he was dedicated to the service of his people. In fact he was remarkably self-indulgent and possessed none of the instincts of the ascetic.”
In sum, there are many solid reasons to believe that Hitler's vegetarianism may have been greatly exaggerated for propaganda purposes, though he does seem to have favored a meat-reduced diet at various points in his life.
Hitler's self-perception
According to stenographic transcripts translated by Hugh Trevor-Roper of conversations between Hitler and his inner circle which took place between July 1941 and November 1944, Hitler regarded himself as a vegetarian (however, British historian Alan Bullock argues that Hitler would not allow the use of a tape recorder and that the written transcripts were edited by Bormann). According to these transcripts dated November 11, 1941 Hitler said, "One may regret living at a period when it's impossible to form an idea of the shape the world of the future will assume. But there's one thing I can predict to eaters of meat: the world of the future will be vegetarian." On January 12, 1942, he said, "The only thing of which I shall be incapable is to share the sheiks' mutton with them. I'm a vegetarian, and they must spare me from their meat."
In a diary entry dated April 26, 1942, Joseph Goebbels described Hitler as a committed vegetarian, writing, "An extended chapter of our talk was devoted by the Führer to the vegetarian question. He believes more than ever that meat-eating is harmful to humanity. Of course he knows that during the war we cannot completely upset our food system. After the war, however, he intends to tackle this problem also. Maybe he is right. Certainly the arguments that he adduces in favor of his standpoint are very compelling."
Traudl Junge, who became his secretary in 1942, reported that he "always avoided meat" but that his Austrian cook Kruemel sometimes added a little animal broth or fat to his meals. "Mostly the Fuehrer would notice the attempt at deception, would get very annoyed and then get tummy ache," Junge said. "At the end he would only let Kruemel cook him clear soup and mashed potato." [2] In 1943, Marlene von Exner became his dietitian and reportedly added bone marrow to his soups without his knowledge because she "despised" his vegetarian diet.
In his post-war reminiscence The Enigma of Hitler, Belgian SS General, and friend of Hitler's, Léon Degrelle wrote: "He could not bear to eat meat, because it meant the death of a living creature. He refused to have so much as a rabbit or a trout sacrificed to provide his food. He would allow only eggs on his table, because egg-laying meant that the hen had been spared rather than killed."
Savitri Devi Mukherji, an Esoteric Hitlerist placed great significance on Hitler's advocacy of animal rights, and admired his aim of "a continent without slaughterhouses," apparently ignoring the bitter irony of this phrase.
See also
★ Reductio ad Hitlerum
References
# Kohler, Joachim. (1998). ''Nietzsche and Wagner: A lesson in Subjugation''. Translated by Ronald Taylor. Yale University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-300-07640-1
# Proctor, Robert N. (2000). ''The Nazi War on Cancer''. Princeton University Press. pp. 135-137. ISBN 0-691-07051-2
# Spencer, Colin. (2004). ''Vegetarianism: A History''. Four Walls Eight Windows. pp. 283-284. ISBN 1-56858-291-9
# Fuchs, Thomas. (2000). ''A Concise Biography of Adolph Hitler''. Berkeley. pp. 77-82. ISBN 0-425-17340-2
# Wilson, Bee (October 9, 1998). "Mein Diat - Adolf Hitler's diet". ''New Statesman''. (Archived version)
# Tolischus, Otto D. (1937). "Where Hitler Dreams and Plans". ''The New York Times''. May 30. p. 85, 3 pgs. ISSN 03624331
# Bullock, Alan. (1993). ''Hitler and Stalin : Parallel Lives''. Vintage; Reprint edition. p. 679. ISBN 0-679-72994-1
# Section 66 in ''Hitler's Table Talk: 1941-1944'', translated by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Enigma Books, ISBN 1-929631-05-7.
# ''The Goebbels Diaries'', pg. 215, translated by Louis P. Lochner, Charter Books, ISBN 0-441-29550-9.
# Ryback, Timothy W. (2003). "Hitler's Forgotten Library". ''The Atlantic Monthly''. May v291 i4 p76(12)
# Savitri Devi, ''The Lightning and the Sun'' (Calcutta: Savitri Devi Mukherji, 1958), p. 29, http://www.savitridevi.org/lightning-02.html. See also: Savitri Devi, ''Pilgrimage'' (Calcutta: Savitri Devi Mukherji, 1958), pp. 60-62, http://www.savitridevi.org/pilgrimage-03.html
# Doyle, D. (2005). "Adolf Hitler's Medical Care". ''The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh''. 35(1): 75-82.
Further reading
★ Tristram, Stuary (2006). ''Bloodless Revolution: A Cultural History of Vegetarianism from 1600 to Modern Times '' W W Norton & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-393-05220-6 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian)
★ Tristram, Stuary (2006). ''The Bloodless Revolution: Radical Vegetarians and the Discovery of India'' HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-712892-4 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian) Reviewed
★ Spencer, Colin (1993) ''The Heretic's Feast: History of Vegetarianism '' Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-85702-078-2 (book proclaims he was a Vegetarian)
★ Berry, R. (2004). ''Hitler: Neither Vegetarian Nor Animal Lover.'' Pythagorean Books. ISBN 0-9626169-6-6
★ Ferguson, R. (2001). ''Hitler Was A Vegetarian.'' Famedram Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-905489-71-3
External links
★ Carni-Fuhrer: Why one vegetarian activist is obsessed with Hitler's diet
★ Hitler a vegetarian?
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