VELCRO

'Velcro' is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners used for connecting objects. The term ''VELCRO'' is a registered trademark in most countries. Generic terminology for these fasteners includes "hook and loop", "burr" and "touch" fasteners. The ''VELCRO'' company headquarters is in Manchester, New Hampshire, USA.

Contents

History

Composition

Use

Applications

Velcro in popular culture

External links

History

The hook-loop fastener was invented in 1941 by George de Mestral, a Swiss engineer. The idea came to him after he took a close look at the Burdock seeds which kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur on their daily walk in the Alps, during the summer. He examined their condition and saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion. He developed the hook and loop fastener and submitted his idea for patent in 1951. De Mestral named his invention "VELCRO" after the French words ''velours'', meaning 'velvet', and ''crochet'', or 'hook'. The uses and applications of the product are numerous. Today, the VELCRO mark is the subject of more than 300 trademark registrations in over 160 countries.

Composition

Hook and fasteners consist of two layers: a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny plastic hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" plastic loops. There are many variations to this which include hooks on both sides, for example. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together. When the layers are separated, the strips make a characteristic ripping sound.

Use

The strength of the hook and loop bond depends on how well the hooks are embedded in the loops and the nature of the force pulling it apart. If hooks and loops are used to bond two rigid surfaces, e.g. auto body panels and frame, the bond is particularly strong because any force pulling the pieces apart is spread evenly across all hooks. Also, any force pushing the pieces together is evenly applied over the entire surface, engaging more hooks and loops. Vibration can also cause rigid pieces to improve their bond.
When one or both of the pieces is flexible, e.g. a pocket flap, the pieces can be pulled apart with a peeling action which applies the force to relatively few hooks at a time. If a flexible piece is pulled parallel to the plane of the fastener surface the force is spread evenly as with very rigid pieces.

Two ways to maximize the strength of a bond with one or more flexible pieces are:

★ increase the area of the bond, e.g. long purse straps.

★ ensure that the force is applied parallel to the plane of the fastener surface, e.g. bending around a corner or pulley. For example, shoe closures can resist a large force with little bonding area by wrapping a strap through a slot which reduces the force on the fastener by ensuring the force is parallel to the plane of the fastener and by halving the force on the bond by acting as a pulley system.

Applications

Because it is easy to use, maintenance free, and totally safe, the hook-and-loop fasteners have been used for just about every conceivable application where a temporary bond is required. It is especially popular in clothing where it replaces buttons or zippers, and as a shoe fastener for children who have not yet learned to tie shoelaces and for those who choose hook-and-loop over laces.
A stronger version of the hook-and-loop material has even made it possible to create semi-permanent bonds (where it is extremely hard to separate the hooks from the loops), useful for higher stress applications (see section above).
The strength of a hook and loop bond depends on how much surface area is in contact with the hooks: full-body hook and loop suits have been made that can hold a person to a suitably-covered wall.
Hook and loop fasteners made from stainless steel are used in the automotive industry to attach parts such as bumpers. Rather than loosening the fasteners (as would happen with a bolt), the vibration of the automobile actually maintains the bond (since any hooks that come loose are more likely to re-attach due to random motion).

Velcro in popular culture

★ Privates (PV1) in the U.S. Army are now known as "Velcros." On the new Army Combat Uniform, the rank insignia is affixed to the uniform by hook and loop fasteners. However, privates that have yet to attain the rank of PV2 have no rank insignia so they only have a square of loop fastener visible that is waiting for the PV2 insignia once they receive their first advancement.

★ In 1978 while out in California, Alan Gelfand, inventor of the Ollie, a hands-free aerial trick used in skateboarding, and later in surfing and snowboarding, was accused by several skateboarders of using Velcro to hold the board to his feet.

★ In the 1985 film ''Back to the Future'', Doc Brown from the year 1955 is wearing shoes with Velcro straps in the climactic clock tower scene. This was a mistake as Velcro was not used on shoes in 1955. (But Doc Brown invented the time machine so it is possible that he could have used the new technology for shoes.)

★ In the 1997 film ''Men in Black'', Velcro is hinted to be alien technology confiscated by the MIB and adapted for use on Earth. This is a play on how NASA is popularly credited with the invention of hook-and-loop fasteners.

★ In the 1997 film ''The Full Monty'', the four male participants in a strip show decide to cut their trousers and reattach it with Velcro, so as to tear their clothes off quickly, gracefully and in unison.

★ In the season 2 episode of '' "Carbon Creek", T'Pol's great-grandmother T'Mir and her crewmates crash land on Earth in 1957. To accumulate money for a college fund for a young-man the Vulcans befriended, she takes a Vulcan pouch, with a hook-and-loop flap, to a speculator who buys her invention. She claims it is an "idea that will change the world". According to T'Pol's story, Velcro is of Vulcan origin. However, T'Pol never claims her story to be true, and it is implied at the episode's end that it is just a "story". Eventually T'Pol retrieves the purse that was seen earlier in the show, proving that the story has ties in truth. The invention is credited to another of the Vulcan crew, Mestral, named after the real inventor of hook-and-loop fasteners.

★ David Letterman, host of CBS's ''Late Show with David Letterman'', refers to Velcro as "the miracle fabric of the '80s". His show also popularized the Velcro suit, where one dons a suit covered with hook strips and jumps from a trampoline onto a wall covered with loop strips or with fuzzy fabric that acts as loops.

★ In an episode of the fictional UK football drama ''Dream Team'', the player Casper Rose claims that his grandfather created VELCRO and became a billionaire and passed the fortune onto him.

★ In an episode of ''Seinfeld'', Jerry's father, a retired clothing designer and salesman, becomes startled by the tearing sound of Velcro and reveals his disdain for the product and his past vow to never use it.

★ The band ZZ Top wrote and performed a song called "Velcro Fly".

★ Comedian Mitch Hedberg joked that his choice of taking a hook-and-loop wallet to a casino was a bad idea, dubbing the tearing sound "the sound of his addiction."

★ In an episode of Weebl and Bob, "velcro face" was used as an insult.

★ In the "Red Gryphon" storyline (1968-69) of the comic strip ''Modesty Blaise'', Modesty wears a skirt fastened with Velcro.

★ In the 2004 film ''Garden State'', Jesse (Armando Riesco), the slacker friend of protagonist Andrew Largeman (Zach Braff), becomes an overnight millionaire by inventing "'silent velcro'" and selling the patent to the U.S government. A sample of this innovative product is briefly shown in one scene (an ordinary hook-and-loop fastener with sound removed). Soon the rumours about military busy in developing "silent velcro" have become an urban legend.

External links

★ -- "''Velvet type fabric and method of producing same''"

★ VELCRO® -- Official company website

★ Nikon Small World Image -- Hi-res image taken by Tracy E. Anderson

★ VELCRO® brand Hook and Loop Animation -- Microscopic animation of Velcro® brand Hook and Loop

★ ''The Suit of Velcro'' -- Late Show with David Letterman with a reference to Velcro as "the miracle fabric of the '80s", February 28, 1984

★ ''How a Swiss invention hooked the world : Georges de Mestral, a Swiss engineer born 100 years ago, might not be a name around your house, but it's highly likely that one of his inventions is'', Swissinfo, January 4, 2007