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(Redirected from Vercingétorix)
'Vercingetorix' ( in Gaulish) (died 46 BC), was chieftain of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of Gergovia and known as the man who led the Gauls in their ultimately unsuccessful war against Roman rule under Julius Caesar. Known primarily through Caesar's accounts, Vercingetorix's revolt is frequently used as a heroic example of Gallic virtue and resolve.
Having been appointed governor of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis (modern Provence) in 58 BC, Julius Caesar proceeded to conquer the Gallic tribes beyond over the next few years, maintaining control through a careful divide and rule strategy. He made use of the factionalism among the Gallic elites, favouring certain noblemen over others with political support and Roman luxuries such as wine. Attempts at revolt, such as that of Ambiorix in 60 BC, had secured only local support, but Vercingetorix, whose father, Celtillus, had been put to death by his own countrymen for seeking to rule all of Gaul, managed to unify the Gallic tribes against the Romans and adopted more modern styles of warfare.
The revolt that Vercingetorix came to lead began in early 52 BC while Caesar was raising troops in Cisalpine Gaul. Believing that Caesar would be distracted by the turmoil in Rome following the death of Clodius, the Carnutes, under Cotuatus and Conetodunus, made the first move, slaughtering the Romans who had settled in their territory.
Vercingetorix, a young nobleman of the Arvernian city of Gergovia, roused his dependents to join the revolt, but he and his followers were expelled by the nobles of the city, including his own uncle Gobanitio, who thought opposing Caesar too great a risk. Undeterred, Vercingetorix raised an army of the poor, took Gergovia and was hailed as king. He made alliances with other tribes, and having been unanimously given supreme command, imposed his authority through harsh discipline and the taking of hostages. He adopted the policy of retreating to natural fortifications, and undertook an early example of a scorched earth strategy by burning towns to prevent the Roman legions from living off the land.
Vercingetorix and his army won some initial minor engagements with the Romans units led by Caesar and his chief lieutenant Titus Labienus. However, the Romans captured the tribal capital at Avaricum (Bourges), killing the entire population of 120,000. The next major battle was at Gergovia, where Vercingetorix defeated Caesar, inflicting heavy losses. However, the victory cost Vercingetorix many men, including many noblemen. Due to these losses he retreated and moved to another stronghold, Alesia.
In the Battle of Alesia Caesar built a fortification around the city to besiege it. However, Caesar's army was surrounded by the rest of Gaul, and Vercingetorix had summoned his Gallic allies to attack the besieging Romans, so Caesar built another outer fortification against the expected relief armies (resulting in a doughnut-shaped fortification). The relief came in insufficient numbers: an estimated 300,000 soldiers (although Caesar claimed there were 750,000). Vercingetorix, the tactical leader, was cut off from them on the inside, and without his guidance the attacks were initially unsuccessful. However, the attacks did reveal a weak point in the fortifications and the combined forces on the inside and the outside almost made a breakthrough. Only when Caesar personally led the last reserves into battle did he finally manage to prevail. This was a decisive battle in the creation of the Roman empire.
According to legend Vercingetorix surrendered in magnificent fashion, allegedly riding his horse out of Alesia and around Caesar's camp before throwing his arms at Caesar's feet, stripping himself of his armor and kneeling to Caesar with a flourish.[1] Caesar provides a first-hand contradiction of this account, describing Vercingetorix's surrender much more modestly.[2] He was imprisoned in the Tullianum in Rome for five years, before being publicly displayed in Caesar's triumph in 46 BC. He was executed after the triumph, probably by strangulation in his prison, as ancient custom would have it.[3]
The name ''Vercingetorix'' can be analysed as Gaulish ''ver-'' ("over, superior" - an etymological cognate of Latin ''super'' or Greek ''hyper''),[4] ''cingeto-'' ("warrior", related to roots meaning "tread, step, walk", so possibly "infantry"),[5] ''rix'' ("king").[6]
Napoleon III erected a seven metre statue of Vercingetorix in 1865 , created by the sculptor Aimé Millet, on the supposed site of Alesia. The architect for the memorial was Viollet-le-Duc.[7] The impressive statue still stands. The inscription on the base, written by Viollet-le-Duc, reads (in French):
:« La Gaule unie
:Formant une seule nation
:Animée d'un même esprit,
:Peut défier l'Univers. »
Which translates to:
:« United Gaul
:Forming a single nation
:Animated by a same spirit,
:Can defy the Universe. »
There is a statue of Vercingetorix by Bartholdi on Place de Jaude in Clermont-Ferrand (see first image).
It is worth noting that in France, Vercingetorix is often considered a folk hero to this day (although he was not technically French). This is because he represented the unique, free, Gallic (French) culture and stood up for his people, even against incredible odds.
★ Vercingetorix appears in the ''Asterix'' series of comics, notably in ''Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield'' and ''Asterix the Gaul''.
★ A 2001 French film, ''Vercingétorix'', also known as ''Vercingétorix: la légende du druide roi'' ("Vercingetorix: the legend of the druid king"), released as ''Druids'' in English, was directed by Jacques Dorfmann and co-written by Dorfmann and Norman Spinrad, starring Christopher Lambert in the title role. It was neither a critical nor a box-office success, but did far better in Europe than the United States of America. Spinrad went on to write a novel, ''The Druid King'', released in 2003.
★ Vercingetorix appeared in the 2002 TNT television miniseries ''Julius Caesar'', played by Heino Ferch.
★ Vercingetorix's campaign against Caesar is the subject of Morgan Llywelyn's 1992 novel ''Druids''.
★ The "King of all the Gauls" appears in the 2005 HBO/BBC series ''Rome'', played by Giovanni Calcagno. He is in the episodes The Stolen Eagle and Triumph.
★ Vercingetorix appears in the popular PC game "Praetorians" in one of the many levels as an enemy of the Roman Empire.
★ Vercingetorix also appears as an enemy in the PC game Age Of Empires
★ Rix, a shortened form of Vercingetorix, was the name of Dominique San Juste's horse in Michele Hauf's novel, Seraphim
★ Vercingetorix appears as a French warrior in the Anachronism card game.
★ Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' Book 7
★ Dio Cassius, ''Roman History'' ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#33 40:33-41, ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#19 43:19
★ Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'' ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#25 25-27
★ Yonge, Charlotte M. (1864), "The Chief of the Arverni", in Charlotte M. Yonge, ''A Book of Golden Deeds'', London: Blackie & Son, Ltd., n.d.
★ Popular comic strip by Goscinny & Uderzo's [Asterix][1] the Gaul.
1. ''Plutarch's Lives'', Everyman's Edition, 1910, reprinted 1953, (Dryden translation), vol. ii, page 551. Medieval French Historians are also partly responsible for romanticising Vercingetorix's surrender. ''Romancing the Past: The Rise of Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France'', by Gabrielle M. Spiegel, page 143, Berkeley: 1993.
2. ''Commentaries on the Gallic Wars'', Everyman's Edition, 1953 (Trans: John Warrington)
3. Birkhan, ''Die Kelten'' (1997) p. 238.
4. Proto-Celtic:
★ wor, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
5. Proto-Celtic:
★ kengeto-, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
6. Proto-Celtic:
★ r–g-, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
7. Statue of Vercingetorix,
''Art and Architecture'', 2006
★ A reconstructed portrait of Vercingetorix, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
★ Curchin, Leonard A. Lingua Gallica (The Gaulish Language). Retrieved Aug. 21, 2003 from http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/labyrinth/gallica.htm
★
★ Paul Marius Martin, ''Vercingétorix : le politique, le straège.'' Paris : Perrin, 260 p.
Statue of Vercingetorix by Bartholdi, on Place de Jaude, in Clermont-Ferrand
'Vercingetorix' ( in Gaulish) (died 46 BC), was chieftain of the Arverni, originating from the Arvernian city of Gergovia and known as the man who led the Gauls in their ultimately unsuccessful war against Roman rule under Julius Caesar. Known primarily through Caesar's accounts, Vercingetorix's revolt is frequently used as a heroic example of Gallic virtue and resolve.
| Contents |
| History |
| Etymology |
| Memorial |
| Popular culture |
| References |
| Primary sources |
| Secondary sources |
| Notes |
| External links |
History
Vercingetorix as depicted on a contemporary coin
Having been appointed governor of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis (modern Provence) in 58 BC, Julius Caesar proceeded to conquer the Gallic tribes beyond over the next few years, maintaining control through a careful divide and rule strategy. He made use of the factionalism among the Gallic elites, favouring certain noblemen over others with political support and Roman luxuries such as wine. Attempts at revolt, such as that of Ambiorix in 60 BC, had secured only local support, but Vercingetorix, whose father, Celtillus, had been put to death by his own countrymen for seeking to rule all of Gaul, managed to unify the Gallic tribes against the Romans and adopted more modern styles of warfare.
The revolt that Vercingetorix came to lead began in early 52 BC while Caesar was raising troops in Cisalpine Gaul. Believing that Caesar would be distracted by the turmoil in Rome following the death of Clodius, the Carnutes, under Cotuatus and Conetodunus, made the first move, slaughtering the Romans who had settled in their territory.
Vercingetorix, a young nobleman of the Arvernian city of Gergovia, roused his dependents to join the revolt, but he and his followers were expelled by the nobles of the city, including his own uncle Gobanitio, who thought opposing Caesar too great a risk. Undeterred, Vercingetorix raised an army of the poor, took Gergovia and was hailed as king. He made alliances with other tribes, and having been unanimously given supreme command, imposed his authority through harsh discipline and the taking of hostages. He adopted the policy of retreating to natural fortifications, and undertook an early example of a scorched earth strategy by burning towns to prevent the Roman legions from living off the land.
Vercingetorix and his army won some initial minor engagements with the Romans units led by Caesar and his chief lieutenant Titus Labienus. However, the Romans captured the tribal capital at Avaricum (Bourges), killing the entire population of 120,000. The next major battle was at Gergovia, where Vercingetorix defeated Caesar, inflicting heavy losses. However, the victory cost Vercingetorix many men, including many noblemen. Due to these losses he retreated and moved to another stronghold, Alesia.
Gold stater of Vercingetorix, Cabinet des Médailles
In the Battle of Alesia Caesar built a fortification around the city to besiege it. However, Caesar's army was surrounded by the rest of Gaul, and Vercingetorix had summoned his Gallic allies to attack the besieging Romans, so Caesar built another outer fortification against the expected relief armies (resulting in a doughnut-shaped fortification). The relief came in insufficient numbers: an estimated 300,000 soldiers (although Caesar claimed there were 750,000). Vercingetorix, the tactical leader, was cut off from them on the inside, and without his guidance the attacks were initially unsuccessful. However, the attacks did reveal a weak point in the fortifications and the combined forces on the inside and the outside almost made a breakthrough. Only when Caesar personally led the last reserves into battle did he finally manage to prevail. This was a decisive battle in the creation of the Roman empire.
According to legend Vercingetorix surrendered in magnificent fashion, allegedly riding his horse out of Alesia and around Caesar's camp before throwing his arms at Caesar's feet, stripping himself of his armor and kneeling to Caesar with a flourish.[1] Caesar provides a first-hand contradiction of this account, describing Vercingetorix's surrender much more modestly.[2] He was imprisoned in the Tullianum in Rome for five years, before being publicly displayed in Caesar's triumph in 46 BC. He was executed after the triumph, probably by strangulation in his prison, as ancient custom would have it.[3]
Etymology
The name ''Vercingetorix'' can be analysed as Gaulish ''ver-'' ("over, superior" - an etymological cognate of Latin ''super'' or Greek ''hyper''),[4] ''cingeto-'' ("warrior", related to roots meaning "tread, step, walk", so possibly "infantry"),[5] ''rix'' ("king").[6]
Memorial
Napoleon III erected a seven metre statue of Vercingetorix in 1865 , created by the sculptor Aimé Millet, on the supposed site of Alesia. The architect for the memorial was Viollet-le-Duc.[7] The impressive statue still stands. The inscription on the base, written by Viollet-le-Duc, reads (in French):
:« La Gaule unie
:Formant une seule nation
:Animée d'un même esprit,
:Peut défier l'Univers. »
Which translates to:
:« United Gaul
:Forming a single nation
:Animated by a same spirit,
:Can defy the Universe. »
There is a statue of Vercingetorix by Bartholdi on Place de Jaude in Clermont-Ferrand (see first image).
It is worth noting that in France, Vercingetorix is often considered a folk hero to this day (although he was not technically French). This is because he represented the unique, free, Gallic (French) culture and stood up for his people, even against incredible odds.
Popular culture
Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar. Illustration by Alphonse Marie de Neuville from the English 1883 edition of
François Guizot's ''The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789''.
François Guizot's ''The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789''.
★ Vercingetorix appears in the ''Asterix'' series of comics, notably in ''Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield'' and ''Asterix the Gaul''.
★ A 2001 French film, ''Vercingétorix'', also known as ''Vercingétorix: la légende du druide roi'' ("Vercingetorix: the legend of the druid king"), released as ''Druids'' in English, was directed by Jacques Dorfmann and co-written by Dorfmann and Norman Spinrad, starring Christopher Lambert in the title role. It was neither a critical nor a box-office success, but did far better in Europe than the United States of America. Spinrad went on to write a novel, ''The Druid King'', released in 2003.
★ Vercingetorix appeared in the 2002 TNT television miniseries ''Julius Caesar'', played by Heino Ferch.
★ Vercingetorix's campaign against Caesar is the subject of Morgan Llywelyn's 1992 novel ''Druids''.
★ The "King of all the Gauls" appears in the 2005 HBO/BBC series ''Rome'', played by Giovanni Calcagno. He is in the episodes The Stolen Eagle and Triumph.
★ Vercingetorix appears in the popular PC game "Praetorians" in one of the many levels as an enemy of the Roman Empire.
★ Vercingetorix also appears as an enemy in the PC game Age Of Empires
★ Rix, a shortened form of Vercingetorix, was the name of Dominique San Juste's horse in Michele Hauf's novel, Seraphim
★ Vercingetorix appears as a French warrior in the Anachronism card game.
References
Primary sources
★ Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico'' Book 7
★ Dio Cassius, ''Roman History'' ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#33 40:33-41, ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#19 43:19
★ Plutarch, ''Life of Caesar'' ★ class=wikiexternal target=_blank>.html#25 25-27
Secondary sources
★ Yonge, Charlotte M. (1864), "The Chief of the Arverni", in Charlotte M. Yonge, ''A Book of Golden Deeds'', London: Blackie & Son, Ltd., n.d.
★ Popular comic strip by Goscinny & Uderzo's [Asterix][1] the Gaul.
Notes
1. ''Plutarch's Lives'', Everyman's Edition, 1910, reprinted 1953, (Dryden translation), vol. ii, page 551. Medieval French Historians are also partly responsible for romanticising Vercingetorix's surrender. ''Romancing the Past: The Rise of Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France'', by Gabrielle M. Spiegel, page 143, Berkeley: 1993.
2. ''Commentaries on the Gallic Wars'', Everyman's Edition, 1953 (Trans: John Warrington)
3. Birkhan, ''Die Kelten'' (1997) p. 238.
4. Proto-Celtic:
★ wor, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
5. Proto-Celtic:
★ kengeto-, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
6. Proto-Celtic:
★ r–g-, ''An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic''
7. Statue of Vercingetorix,
''Art and Architecture'', 2006
External links
★ A reconstructed portrait of Vercingetorix, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style.
★ Curchin, Leonard A. Lingua Gallica (The Gaulish Language). Retrieved Aug. 21, 2003 from http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/labyrinth/gallica.htm
★
★ Paul Marius Martin, ''Vercingétorix : le politique, le straège.'' Paris : Perrin, 260 p.
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