VICTIMOLOGY

'Victimology' is the study of why certain people are victims of crime and how lifestyles affect the chances that a certain person will fall victim to a crime. The field of victimology can cover a wide number of disciplines, including sociology, psychology, criminal justice, law and advocacy.

Contents

Victim of a crime

Consequences of crimes

Victimization

Examples

Studies

National Crime Victimization Survey

Society as crime victim

References

See also

Further Reading

External links

Victim of a crime

A 'victim of a crime', or ''crime victim'', is in criminology and criminal law, the identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator or defendant, rather than merely society as a whole. Not all criminologists even accept the concept of victimization or victimology. It also remains a controversal topic within women's studies.

Consequences of crimes

'Emotional distress' as the result of crime is a recurring theme for all victims of crime. The most common problem, affecting three quarters of victims, were psychological problems, including: fear, anxiety, nervousness, self-blame, anger, shame, and difficulty sleeping.^[1] These problems often result in the development of chronic PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Post crime distress is also linked to pre-existing emotional problems and sociodemographic variables. This has known to become a leading case of the elderly to be more adversely affected.
Victims suffer from the following:

★ Increase in the belief of personal vulnerability.

★ The perception of the world as unmeaningful and incomprehensible.

★ The view of themselves in a negative light.^[1]
The experience of victimization results in an increasing fear of the victim of the crime, and the spread of fear in the community.

Victimization

One of the most controversal sub-topics within the broader topic is victimization ^[3] The concept of "victim-proneness" is a "highly moralistic way of assigning guilt" to the ''victim of a crime'', also known as 'victim-blaming'. ^[4]
One theory, the ''environmental theory'', posits that the location and context of the crime gets the victim of the crime and the perpetrator of that crime together. ^[5] That may just be an academic way of stating that the victim was in the wrong place at the wrong time.
There have been some studies recently to quantify the real existence of victim-proneness.^[6] Contrary to the urban legend that more women are repeat victims, and thus more victim-prone than men, actually men in their prime (24 to 34 year old males) are more likely to be victims of repeated crimes. ^[7] While each study used different methodology, their results must be taken seriously and further studies are warranted. ^[8]
The study of victimology may also include the "culture of victimhood," wherein the victim of a crime revels in his status, proclaiming that self-created victimhood throughout a community by winning the sympathy of professionals and peers. ^[9]

Examples

One particularly well known example of a class at increased risk to varying forms of attacks is the prostitute. These people have been known anecdotally to have an abnormally high incidence of violent crime, and such crimes go unresolved frequently. Victimological studies of the matter might investigate current societal mores (expectations, roles, social status), legal status of prostitutes, typical working/living conditions, statistical analysis of the actual increased risk and secondary risk factors, and the economic activity of a prostitute.
Another example is when the victim actively precipitates or initiates the crime scene, for example, by starting a fight or baiting another individual. ^[10]
A sexual assault or rape is a poor example; in fact, such ideas about ''provocation'' are "gut-level and irrational." ^[11]

Studies

The study of victims is multidisciplinary. It does not just cover victims of crime, but also victims of (traffic) accidents, natural disasters, war crimes and abuse of power. The professionals involved in victimology may be scientists, practitioners and policy makers.
Studying victims can be done from the perspective of the individual victim but also from an epidemiolomical point of view.

National Crime Victimization Survey

The 'National Crime Victimization Survey' (NCVS) is a tool to measure the existence of actual, rather than reported crimes -- the 'victimization rate'. ^[12] The National Crime Victimization Survey is the United State's:
"primary source of information on crime victimization. Each year, data are obtained from a nationally represented sample of 77,200 households comprising nearly 134,000 persons on the frequency, characteristics and consequences of criminal victimization in the United States. This survey enables the (government) to estimate the likelihood of victimization by rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft for the population as a whole as well as for segments of the population such as women, the elderly, members of various racial groups, city dwellers, or other groups." ^[12]
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the NCVS reveals that, from 1994 to 2005, violent crime rates have declined, reaching the lowest levels ever recorded. ^[12] Property crimes continue to decline. ^[12]

Society as crime victim

There is one strain of thought that society itself is the victim of many crimes, especially such homicide felonies as murder and manslaughter. This "no man is an island ... ask not for whom the bell tolls" ^[16] sentiment has been espoused by many lawyers, judges, and academics. Some district attorneys feel they represent all of society, while some feel they are the lawyer for the crime victim.

References

1. Sebba, L., (1996). Third Parties, Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.
2. Sebba, L., (1996). Third Parties, Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.
3. Or ''victim-proneness''. For an overview of victimization, see Lucia Zedner's article at[1]
4. Id., see [2]
5. Harrison on the ''environmental theory'', at Theory
6. David Thissen (The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas) and Howard Wainer (Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey), ''Toward the Measurement and Prediction of Victim Proneness'', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 20, No. 2, 243-261 (1983), abstract retrieved at [3]
7. Johannes Kingma, ''Repeat Victimization of Victims of Violence: A Retrospective Study From a Hospital Emergency Department for the Period 1971-1995'' Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 14, No. 1, 79-90 (1999), abstract retrieved at [4]
8. See, e.g., [5]
9. See [6], [7], [8].
10. One quarter or 25 % of all homicides have been historically victim-precipitated. Id., see [9]
11. See, David O. Friedrichs, University of Scranton, ''The problem of reconciling divergent perspectives on urban crime: Personal experience, social ideology and scholarly research'', Qualitative Sociology, Volume 4, Number 3 (September, 1981), at pp. 217-228, abstract retrieved at [10]
12. Official web site
13. Official web site
14. Official web site
15. Official web site
16. John Donne, ''For Whom the Bell Tolls''.

See also

★ British Crime Survey - United Kingdom

★ Bullying

★ Causes of rape

★ Crime in the United States

★ Crime fiction

★ Criminology

★ Crime prevention

★ Cyber-bullying

★ Effects of rape and aftermath

★ Hate speech

★ Male rape research

★ National Crime Victimization Survey - United States

★ Rape

★

★ Stockholm syndrome

★ Victim Support

★ Victim study

Further Reading

★ Wishart, G.D. (2003) The Sexual Abuse of People with Learning Difficulties: Do We Need A Social Model Approach To Vulnerability?, Journal of Adult Protection, Volume 5 (Issue 3)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming"

External links

★ American Society of Victimology

★ International Victimology Institute Tilburg

★ International Victimology Website

★ Tokiwa International Victimology Institute

★ World Society of Victimology