(Redirected from Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra)
The 'Vienna Philharmonic' (in
German: 'Wiener Philharmoniker') an
orchestra in
Austria, regularly considered as one of the finest in the world.
Its home base is
Musikverein. The members of the orchestra are chosen from the Orchestra of the
Vienna State Opera. This process is a long one, with each musician having to prove their capability for a minimum of three years playing for the Opera and Ballet. Once this is achieved they can then ask the Board of the Wiener Philharmoniker to consider their application for a position in the Vienna Philharmonic.
History
The orchestra can trace its origins to 1842, when
Otto Nicolai formed the ''Philharmonische Academie''; which was a fully independent orchestra and which took all its decisions by a democratic vote of all its members. These are principles the orchestra still holds today.
With Nicolai's departure in 1847, the orchestra nearly folded, and was not very active until 1860, when
Carl Eckert joined as conductor. He gave a series of four subscription concerts, and since then, the orchestra has given concerts continuously.
From 1875 to 1898
Hans Richter was principal conductor, except for the season 1882-1883 when he was in dispute with the orchestral committee. During Richter's tenure, the orchestra gave the premieres of the ''
Symphony No. 2'' and ''
Symphony No. 3'' of
Johannes Brahms, and
Anton Bruckner's ''
Symphony No. 8''.
Gustav Mahler held the post from 1898 to 1901, and under his baton the orchestra played abroad for the first time at the 1900
Paris World Expedition. Subsequent conductors were
Felix Weingartner,
Wilhelm Furtwängler and
Clemens Krauss.
Since 1933, the orchestra has had no single principal conductor, but instead has a number of guest conductors. These have included a great many of the world's best known conductors, including
Richard Strauss,
Arturo Toscanini,
Hans Knappertsbusch, Wilhelm Furtwängler,
Karl Böhm,
John Barbirolli,
Herbert von Karajan,
Georg Solti,
Erich Kleiber,
James Levine,
Zubin Mehta,
Carlos Kleiber,
Leonard Bernstein,
Claudio Abbado,
Nikolaus Harnoncourt,
Pierre Boulez,
Mariss Jansons and
Valery Gergiev. Three conductors however were particularly associated with the post-war era: Karajan and Böhm, who were made honorary conductors, and Bernstein, who was made an honorary member of the orchestra.
Each
New Year's Day since
January 1 1941, the VPO has sponsored the
Vienna New Year's Concerts, dedicated to the music of the Strauss family composers, and particularly that of
Johann Strauss II.
Popularity
Overflow crowd outside Taiwan's National Concert Hall for a performance by Simon Rattle and the Vienna Philharmonic.
The Vienna Philharmonic was named as Europe's finest in a recent survey by seven leading trade publications, two radio stations and a daily newspaper.
[1] Attending a VPO concert is a feat not to be undertaken lightly. While on international tour, tickets are typically, at the minimum, double what one would normally pay to hear the local orchestra. Ticket demand for the Vienna Philharmonic at their home,
Musikverein, are listed on the orchestra's website as being completely sold out. The waiting list for weekday concert subscriptions is six years and thirteen years for weekend subscriptions.
In 2006 an Austrian Airlines, was outfitted with a livery featuring the gold coin and logo of the Wiener Philharmoniker.
[2] The long-range
Airbus A340-300 aircraft was flown primarily between Vienna and
Tokyo for approximately one year serving as promotional tool for the orchestra and the Philharmoniker, 24 karat gold coin issued by
Münze Österreich AG (Austrian Mint).
[3]
Sound and Instruments
The characteristic sound of the Vienna Philharmonic can be attributed in part to the use of instruments and playing-styles that are fundamentally different from those used by other major orchestras:
★ The
clarinet has a special fingering-system.
★ The
bassoon has special fingering-combinations and reeds.
★ The
trumpet has a rotary-valve system and a narrower measurements.
★ The
trombone and the
tuba have a different fingering and valve-system.
★ The
timpani use natural goat hide instead of synthetic hide.
★ The
double-bass retains the traditional theater-placement in a row behind the brass.
★ The Viennese
oboe has a special bore, measurement, reed, and fingering-system. It is very different from the otherwise internationally used French oboe.
★ The
Viennese horn is a variation of the
natural horn with a valved crook in F inserted, so that the chromatic scale can be played. It has a narrower measurement, longer tubing, and a piston-valve system. These valves have the advantage of providing a tone which is not so sharply defined, as well as possibilities for smoother connections between notes. Moreover, the Viennese horn is made of stronger materials than, for example, the
French horn (Double Horn in both F and Bb).
These instruments and their characteristic tone-colors have been the subject of extensive scientific studies by the Associate Professor Magister
Gregor Widholm of the
Institute for Viennese Tone-Culture at the
Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien.
Sexism and racism controversy
Although the orchestra is widely acknowledged as one of the world's finest, in the 1990s it came in for some criticism by feminist groups because until 1997 it did not allow women to become full members of the orchestra (although some women performed with the orchestra, they were not full members). In 1997 the first woman, harpist
Anna Lelkes, became a member after performing with the orchestra as a "non-member" for over twenty years. After Ms. Lelkes' retirement, another woman harpist
Charlotte Balzereit eventually replaced her as the orchestra's only woman member.
[4] Meanwhile the orchestra claims to have several female members.
Also, for a long time no woman had ever conducted the orchestra. In January 2005, the
Australian conductor
Simone Young made history by becoming the first female to conduct the orchestra.
In addition there were claims that the orchestra in the past had not accepted members who were visibly members of ethnic minorities. In 2001 a violinist who was half-Asian became a member.
[ Why Did the Vienna Philharmonic Fire Yasuto Sugiyama? William Osborne ]
Some people associated with the organisation have been criticised for saying that it is important to maintain the ethnic uniformity of the orchestra (i.e., white Europeans) in order to maintain high playing standards.
In 1970 Otto Strasser, the former chairman of the Vienna Philharmonic, wrote in his memoirs:
:"I hold it incorrect that today the applicants play behind a screen; an arrangement that was brought in after the Second World War in order to assure objective judgments. I continuously fought against it, especially after I became Chairman of the Philharmonic, because I am convinced that to the artist also belongs the person, that one must not only hear, but also see, in order to judge him in his entire personality. [...] Even a grotesque situation that played itself out after my retirement was not able to change the situation. An applicant qualified himself as the best, and as the screen was raised, there stood a Japanese before the stunned jury. He was, however, not engaged, because his face did not fit with the ‘Pizzicato-Polka’ of the New Year’s Concert."
The first flautist in the Vienna Philharmonic said in a radio interview broadcast in 1996:
:"From the beginning we have spoken of the special Viennese qualities, of the way music is made here. The way we make music here is not only a technical ability, but also something that has a lot to do with the soul. The soul does not let itself be separated from the cultural roots that we have here in central Europe. And it also doesn't allow itself to be separated from gender. So if one thinks that the world should function by quota regulations, then it is naturally irritating that we are a group of white skinned male musicians, that perform exclusively the music of white skinned male composers. It is a racist and sexist irritation. I believe one must put it that way. If one establishes superficial egalitarianism, one will lose something very significant. Therefore, I am convinced that it is worthwhile to accept this racist and sexist irritation, because something produced by a superficial understanding of human rights would not have the same standards."[5]
In 2003, an orchestra member said in a magazine interview:
:"Three women are already too many. By the time we have twenty percent, the orchestra will be ruined. We have made a big mistake, and will bitterly regret it."[6]
Conductors
Subscription Conductors (1842-1933)
The Vienna Philharmonic does not have principal conductors. Each year they chose an artist to conduct all concerts of the respective season at Vienna's Musikverein. These conductors were called ''abonnementdirigenten'' (''subscription conductors'') as they were to conduct all the concerts included in the Philharmonic's subscription at the Musikverein. Some of these annual hirings were renewed for many years, others lasted only for a few years. At the same time the Vienna Philharmonic also worked with other conductors, e. g. at the Salzburg Festival, for recordings or special occasions. With the widening of the Philharmonic's activities the orchestra decided to abandon this system in 1933. From then on there were only guest conductors hired for each concert, both in Vienna and elsewhere.
Guest Conductors (since 1933)
★ Bruno Walter
★ Fritz Busch
★ Arturo Toscanini
★ Richard Strauss
★ Josef Krips
★ Wilhelm Furtwängler
★ Hans Knappertsbusch
★ Sir John Barbirolli
★ Erich Kleiber
★ Karl Böhm
★ Herbert von Karajan
★ Rafael Kubelik
★ George Szell
★ Carl Schuricht
★ Carlos Kleiber
★ Wolfgang Sawallisch
★ Carlo Maria Giulini
★ Leonard Bernstein
★ Seiji Ozawa
★ Claudio Abbado
★ James Levine
★ Zubin Mehta
★ Lorin Maazel
★ Simon Rattle
★ Mstislav Rostropovitch
★ André Previn
★ Giuseppe Sinopoli
★ Vaclav Neumann
★ Riccardo Muti
★ Georges Prêtre
★ Valery Gergiev
★ Nikolaus Harnoncourt
★ Pierre Boulez
★ John Eliot Gardiner
★ Roger Norrington
★ Marcello Viotti
★ Christian Thielemann
★ Franz Welser-Möst
★ Daniele Gatti
★ Gilbert Kaplan
★ Mariss Jansons
★ Simone Young
Selection of recordings
★ Mozart, ''Symphonies No 38, 39, 40, 41'' conducted by Karl Böhm
★ Mozart, ''The Marriage of Figaro'' conducted by Erich Kleiber
★ Mozart, ''Don Giovanni'' conducted by Josef Krips
★ Beethoven, ''Symphony No 3'' conducted by Felix Weingartner
★ Beethoven, ''Symphony No 3'' conducted by Erich Kleiber
★ Beethoven, ''Symphony No 5'', ''Symphony No 7'' conducted by Carlos Kleiber
★ Beethoven, ''Symphony No 9'', conducted by Karl Böhm
★ Beethoven, Complete Symphonies conducted by Simon Rattle
★ Brahms, ''Symphony No. 2'' conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler
★ Brahms, ''Symphony No. 4'' conducted by Carlos Kleiber
★ Khachaturian, Excerpts from ''Spartacus'' and ''Gayaneh'' conducted by Aram Khachaturian
★ Schubert , ''Symphony No 8'' conducted by Carl Schuricht
★ Schubert, ''Symphony No 9'' conducted by Josef Krips
★ Wagner, ''The Valkyrie'', first act, conducted by Bruno Walter
★ Wagner, ''The Valkyrie'' (complete), conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler
★ Wagner, ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'', conducted by Georg Solti, voted by ''Gramophone Magazine'' as the century's finest classical record.
★ Bruckner, ''Symphony No 4'' conducted by Karl Böhm
★ Mahler, ''The Song of the Earth'' (''Das Lied von der Erde'') with Kathleen Ferrier (contralto), conducted by Bruno Walter
★ Mahler, ''Das Lied von der Erde'', with James King and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, conducted by Leonard Bernstein
★ Mahler, ''Symphony No 3'' conducted by Pierre Boulez
★ Dvořák, ''Symphony 8 in G major, Op. 88'' conducted by Karajan
★ Johann Strauss II and Strauss family, works recorded at the traditional New Year's Day concert conducted by Herbert von Karajan, Claudio Abbado, Carlos Kleiber, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Riccardo Muti etc. (See also: The New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra)
★ Brahms: Piano Concerto no. 1 featuring Krystian Zimerman and conducted by Leonard Bernstein
★ Brahms: Complete Symphonies conducted by Leonard Bernstein
★ Tchaikovsky: Ballet Suites conducted by James Levine
★ Tchaikovsky: Symphonies nos. 4-6 conducted by Valery Gergiev
★ Smetana: Má vlast conducted by James Levine
★ Mendelssohn: Complete Symphonies conducted by Christoph von Dohnanyi
References
1. Vienna Philharmonic Named Europe's Finest Orchestra Clemens Hellsberg
2. The Wiener Philharmoniker-Airbus (High Resolution image)
3. Der "Wiener Philharmoniker-Airbus" ist startklar Münze Österreich AG
4. Ursula Plaichinger Takes Leave of Absence William Osborne
5. The Image of Purity William Osborne
6. Vienna Philharmonic Flyer William Osborne
External links
★ Vienna Philharmonic website
★ Musikverein website
★
★ VPO Watch website of the International Alliance for Women in Music
★ "Complete Stereophonic Discography", including unpublished recordings
★ The sound of the Vienna Philharmonic
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