VIETNAM PEOPLE'S AIR FORCE

'Vietnamese Air force' or ''Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam'' is the air force of Vietnam. It was the successor the North Vietnamese Air Force and absorbed the Republic of Vietnam Air Force following the re-unification of Vietnam in 1975.

Contents

General History

Beginning-1964 (North Vietnam)

1964-1974 (North Vietnam)

1975-2006 (Reunified Vietnam)

Bases

Aircraft

See also

External links

References

General History

Beginning-1964 (North Vietnam)

The first Vietnamese aircraft were two trainers, a De Havilland Tiger Moth and a Morane-Saulnier that were initially owned privately by the emperor Bao Dai. In 1945, Bao Dai gave the aircraft to the Vietnamese government. On March 9, 1949, Ho Chi Minh ordered the organization of the Air Force Research Committee (''Bản Nghiên Cứu Không Quân''). The first task was to send pilots and mechanics to the USSR and China for training. The first Vietnamese service aircraft flight was made by the Tiger Moth on August 15, 1949.
1956 saw the first organized pilot training schools in North Vietnam. The first unit of the Air Force (''Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam'') was the No. 919 Transport Regiment (''Trung Đoàn Không Quân Vận Tải 919''), organized on May 1, 1959, followed by the No. 910 Training Regiment (''Trung Đoàn Không Quân 910'') with Yak-18 trainers.
In 1963 the Air Force and Air Defense Force were merged into the Air and Air Defence Force (''Phòng Không - Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam'').

1964-1974 (North Vietnam)

The first North Vietnamese combat plane was a T-28 Trojan trainer , captured from the Laotian Air Force by its pilot, and utilized from early 1964 by the Vietnamese as a night fighter (shooting down the first US aircraft C-123 on February 15, 1964).
North Vietnam received its first fighter aircraft, the MiG-17 in February 1964, but they first arrived at air bases in China, where the pilots were trained. On February 3, 1964, the first fighter regiment No. 921 "Sao Do" was formed (''Trung Đoàn Không Quân Tiêm Kích 921''), and on August 6 it arrived from China in Vietnam with its MiG-17s. On September 7, the No. 923 fighter regiment "Yen The", led by Lt. Binh Bui, was formed. In May 1965, No. 929 bomber squadron (''Đại Đội Không Quân Ném Bom 929'') was formed with Il-28 twin engine bombers. Only one Il-28 sortie was flown in 1972 against Laotian forces. Many were destroyed in US air strikes.
The North Vietnamese fighters first air-to-air engagement with U.S. aircraft was on April 3, 1965. The Vietnamese claimed the shooting down of one US Navy F-8 Crusader, which was not confirmed by US sources although they acknowledged having encountered MiGs. Therefore, April 3 became the Vietnamese Air Force Day. On April 4 the VPAF scored the first confirmed victories acknowledged by both sides. The US fighter community was shocked when relatively slower, post-Korean era MiG-17 fighters shot down advanced F-105 Thunderchief fighters-bombers on a bombing mission. The two F-105s lost were carrying a heavy bomb load and did not react to their attackers.
In 1965, the Vietnamese were supplied supersonic MiG-21s by the USSR that were used in high speed GCI controlled hit and run intercepts against USAF strike groups. The MiG-21 tactics became so effective by late 1966 that an operation was mounted to especially deal with the MiG-21 threat. Led by Colonel Robin Olds on January 7, 1967, Operation Bolo lured MiG-21s into the air thinking they were intercepting a F-105 strike group, but instead found a sky full of missile armed F-4 Phantoms eager for aerial combat. The result was loss of almost half the inventory of MiG-21 interceptors and no US losses. The VPAF stood down for training after such a reversal in fortune.
Meanwhile, disappointing performance of US Air Force and US Navy pilots in supposedly advanced aircraft with a legacy of success from WWII and the Korean War resulted in a total revamping of air combat training in 1968 for the Navy, and the design of an entire generation of aircraft with design optimized for daylight dog fighting against the range of old and emerging MiG fighters. US forces could not completely track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictive Rules of Engagement (ROE) were required to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable even when used.
There were also other many political restrictions placed on when Vietnamese fighters could be attacked. The successful exchange ratio enjoyed by Americans over the North Korean MiGs was not be repeated over Vietnam except for notable success by the U.S. Navy after the impact of TOPGUN training bore fruit in 1972. Overall, by the end of the War, the exchange ratio had reverted back in favor of the U.S. Forces.
The VPAF was primarily defensive and did not challenge US air supremacy over South Vietnam or their counterparts, the VNAF of the Saigon government, or over US Navy carriers stationed off the coast. Two Mig-17s that ventured over water were shot down with Surface-to-Air Missiles fired by U.S. Navy ships.
The VPAF did not engage most US sorties. Most US aircraft were destroyed by SA-2 Surface to Air Missiles or Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA). Typically, most VPAF MiGs would not engage unless it was to their advantage. Tactics were used like the ones in Operation Bolo to lure the VPAF to fight.
On March 24, 1967 regiments Nos. 921, 923 and 919 were incorporated into the 371st Air Division "Thang Long" (''Sư Đoàn Không Quân 371''). In 1969, No. 925 fighter regiment was formed, flying the Shenyang J-6 (the Chinese-built MiG-19). In 1972 the fourth fighter regiment, No. 927 "Lam Son", was formed.
There were several times during the war that the U.S. bombing restrictions of North Vietnamese Airfields was lifted. Many VPAF aircraft were destroyed on the ground and many fled to sanctuary in China during these times. During Operation Linebacker I & II in 1972 the VPAF fighter force was virtually destroyed and made ineffective by heavy US bombing. The North Vietnamese exhausted their supply of Surface to Air Missiles trying to down the high flying B-52 raids over the North. The North Vietnamese Air Defense Network was degraded by Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) and other Suppression of Enemy Defenses (SEAD)measures. However the sheer volume of missiles claimed many slow, older B-52s.
After the negotiated end of American involvement in early 1973, the No. 919 transport corps (''Lữ Đoàn Không Quân 371''), was formed and equipped with aircraft and helicopters in November.
During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam used the MiG-17F, PF (J-5); MiG-19 (J-6), MiG-21F-13, PF, PFM and MF fighters.

1975-2006 (Reunified Vietnam)

The VPAF did not play much of a role during the Ho Chi Minh Campaign in 1975. The only sorties flown were with five captured VNAF A-37s. SA-2s were transported into South Vietnam to counter possible US military air strikes.
After the end of the Vietnam War (called the American War in Vietnam) in May 1975, more regiments were formed. No. 935 fighter regiment "Dong Nai" and no. 937 fighter-bomber regiment "Hau Giang" (''Trung Đoàn Không Quân Cường Kích 937''), followed by no. 918 transport regiment "Hong Ha" (''Trung Đoàn Không Quân Vận Tải 918'') and no. 917 mixed transport regiment "Dong Thap" were created in July 1975. In September 1975, the four newly created regiments were formed into the 372nd Air Division (''Sư Đoàn Không Quân 372''). In December 1975, the 370th Air Division "Hai Van" was formed, including among others the 925th fighter regiment.
On May 31, 1977, the Vietnam People's Air Force (''Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam'') was separated from the Air Defense Force (''Phòng Không Việt Nam'').
When Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979, former VNAF A-37s flew most of the ground support missions. These aircraft were more suited to the role than the MiGs. Former VNAF F-5Es, C-123s, C-130s, and UH-1s were used by the VPAF for many years after the end of the War.
Today the VPAF operates late model Mig-21s, Su-22s and Su-27/30s as their combat aircraft. Most of the Air Forces in the region are much better equipped and trained than the VPAF is today. Most of the Anti-Aircraft Missiles and Artillery is outdated and would be ineffective against Western or Western Equipped Air Forces. Many of those Air Forces use lessons learned in the Vietnam War.
==Vietnam War (US)==
'Air Division and Regimental Names of the VPAF^[1]'

Regiment/Division	Name	English Translation
370th Air Division	Hai Van	''Pass of the Ocean Clouds''
371st Air Division	Thang Long	''The Dragon Ascendant''
372nd Air Division	Le Loi	''Founder of the Le Dynasty''
910th Air Training Regiment	Julius Fučík	Named for the Czeck Marxist publicist
917th Mixed Air Transport Regiment	Dong Thap	Named for a province in South Vietnam
918th Air Transport Regiment	Hong Ha	Old name for the Red River
921st Fighter Regiment	Sao Do	''Red Star''
923rd Fighter Regiment	Yen The	''Hill of the Peaceful Site''
927th Fighter Regiment	Lam Son	''Blue Hill''
935th Fighter Regiment	Dong Nai	Named for a province in South Vietnam
937th Fighter-Bomber Regiment	Hau Giang	Named for a province in South Vietnam

'MiG-17 and MiG-21 Aces of the VPAF^[1][2]'

Name	Victories	VPAF Aircraft	Regiment	Service
Nguyen Van Bay	Seven kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Luu Huy Chao	Six kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1966-68
Le Hai	Six kills	MiG-17	923rd Fighter Regiment	1967-72
Nguyen Nhat Chieu	Six Kills	MiG-17/MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1965-67
Nguyen Van Coc	Nine kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-69
Pham Thanh Ngan	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-69
Nguyen Hong Nhi	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Mai Van Cuong	Eight kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-68
Dang Ngoc Ngu	Seven kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-72
Vu Ngoc Dinh	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1966-70
Nguyen Ngoc Do	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-68
Le Thanh Dao	Six kills	MiG-21	927th Fighter Regiment	1971-72
Nguyen Dang Kinh	Six kills	MiG-21	921st Fighter Regiment	1967-68
Nguyen Duc Soat	Six kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1969-72
Nguyen Tien Sam	Six kills	MiG-21	921st/927th Fighter Regiment	1968-72
Nguyen Van Nghia	Five kills	MiG-21	927th Fighter Regiment	1972

Bases

Some airbases in the south were built by the United States Air Force or United States Navy for South Vietnam. The northern bases were likely built with assistance and/or use by the Soviet Union during the Vietnam War.

★ Kep Airbase

★ Bien Hoa Air Base

★ Dong Hoi Airport - under reconstruction to serve commercial flights

★ Hoa Lac Airbase

★ Gia Lam Airbase

★ Lang Son Airbase

★ Nha Trang Airport

★ Anh Son Airfield

★ Thanh Son Airbase

★ Thanh Hoa Airbase

★ Truong Sa Airfield

★ Yen Bai Airbase
The following bases have been retired from the VPAF:

★ Ben Tre – Ben Tre Airfield

★ Bien Hoa – Xuan Loc Airfield

★ Binh Thuan – Phan Thiet Airfield

★ Can Tho – Binh Thuy Air Base

★ Dak Lak – An Khe Airport

★ Hanoi – Bach Mai Airfield

★ Long An – Tan An Airfield

★ Quang Tri – Dong Ha Airfield

★ Tay Ninh – Tay Ninh AIrfield

★ Tra Vinh – Tra Vinh Airport

★ Vinh Long – Vinh Long Airfield

Aircraft

Most of the VPAF's aircraft were from the Soviet Union, but some were left over from the Americans via the Republic of Vietnam.
''Fighter:''

★ 150 MiG-21 Fishbed

★ 53 Su-22 Fitter

★ 12 Su-27 Flanker

★ 4 Su-30 Flanker
In 1996, VPAF tried to procure 2 squadron of Mirage fighter from France, but the transaction was cancelled due to United States arms embargo.
''Trainer:''

★ MiG-21 Fishbed trainer

★ L-39 jet trainer

★ Yak-52 prop trainer
''Transportation:''

★ An-30 Clank reconnaissance

★ 12 An-26 Curl

★ An-24 Coke regional airliner/transport

★ An-38 - stretched version of the An-28

★ PZL M-28 twin-engined high-wing cantilever monoplane

★ Vietnam Airlines fleet could also be requisited.
''Rotor:''

★ 30 Mi-8 Hip transport helicopter

★ Mi-17 Hip H transport helicopter

★ 3 Ka-25 Hormone

★ Ka-27 Helix ASW helicopter

★ Bell Helicopter UH-1H Huey utility helicopter

★ 26 Mi-24 Hind-A

★ SA-330J Puma Civilian transport helicopter - from the Ministry of Defence

★ Aérospatiale Super Puma AS-332L2 tranport helicopter - from the Ministry of Defence
''Other:''

★ HL-1, HL-2, VNS-41 domestic produced amphibious light plane

★ M-400 UAV
'Retired:'

★ Aero L-29 - Jet trainer

★ Antonov An-2 - STOL transport

★ Beriev Be-12 - Maritime patrol amphibian

★ Ilyushin Il-28 - Medium bomber

★ Ilyushin Il-18 - Transport

★ Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 - Jet fighter

★ Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 - Jet fighter

★ Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 - Supersonic fighter-bomber

★ Mil Mi-2 - Light helicopter

★ Mil Mi-6 - Heavy-lift helicopter

★ A-1 Skyraider - Prop attacker

★ A-37B Dragonfly - Jet attacker

★ F-5 Freedom Fighter - Supersonic light fighter

★ C-47 Skytrain - Transport

★ C-119 Flying Boxcar - Medium transport

★ C-130 Hercules - Medium transport

★ CH-47 Chinook - Heavy-lift helicopter

★ O-1 Bird Dog - Army co-operation/light recon

★ T-28 Trojan - Basic trainer/light attack

★ Cessna T-37 - Jet trainer

See also

★ Republic of Vietnam Air Force

★ Vietnam People's Army

★ Vietnam People's Navy

★ Vietnam People's Coast Guard

★ Colonel Nguyen Toon

External links

★ Vietnamese Aces

★ Khong Quan Nhan Dan Viet Nam

★ Vietnam Air Force Museum

References

1. ''MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War'' by István Toperczer
2. ''MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War'' by István Toperczer