VIRGIN MEDIA

'Virgin Media Inc.' (formerly known as 'NTL:Telewest', comprising a merger of 'NTL Incorporated' with 'Telewest Global, Inc.'), a company based mainly in the United Kingdom, became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media-company in the UK, bringing together a so-called "quad play" service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services. This is to compete with the same services (with the exception of mobile phones) that Sky offer. While the company has its headquarters in New York City, its activities focus heavily on the United Kingdom, with operational headquarters in Hook, North Hampshire. On July 1 2007 it emerged that the private equity investment firm The Carlyle Group had initiated discussions to acquire Virgin Media Inc.^[1]^[2]

History

frame

Telewest (1984-2006)

Main articles: Telewest (former)

Telewest originated in Croydon in 1984 under the name "Croydon Cable". In 1988 United Cable of Denver, US, acquired Croydon Cable. Franchises extended the company scope in Edinburgh and the south west and south-east of England. In 1989 United Cable merged with United Artists Cable International. In 1991 United Artists merged with their largest shareholder TCI (now Liberty Media), to form the largest cable-operator in the US. TCI and US West announced a joint venture, and in 1992 the joint venture company became Telewest Communications. In 1995 Telewest merged with SBC Communications, adding franchises in the Midlands and North West serving 1.3 million homes.
In 1998 Telewest announced a merger with General Cable, and acquired an outstanding interest in Birmingham Cable, adding a further 1.7 million franchise homes in Yorkshire, west London and Birmingham. Telewest purchased the remaining 50% stake in Cable London from NTL in 1999, adding 0.4 million franchise homes in north London. In April 2000 Telewest merged with Flextech, and in November extended its cable network with the acquisition of Eurobell, taking the total number of homes passed to 4.9 million. The company later became known as "Telewest Broadband" in a re-brand during 2001.^[3]
In subsequent years Telewest experienced many financial problems due to the huge debts it incurred as a result of constructing its cable-network and of acquiring other cable-companies and assets. In 2004 Telewest re-structured itself by swapping its unsecured debt for 98.5% of its shares. The London FTSE then de-listed the consolidated shares. Major Telewest shareholders included Huff and Liberty Media (run by cable tycoon John Malone). Afterwards the company emerged from financial restructuring and completed a merger with NTL in 2006.
Telewest also provided the broadband service 'Blueyonder', using the same cable-system as its television-service.

NTL (1993-2006)

The NTL logo

Barclay Knapp and George Blumenthal, the founders of the cellular network company Cellular Communications, Inc. (sold to Airtouch in 1996), established ''International CableTel'' in 1993. They founded CableTel in order to take advantage of the deregulation of the UK cable market. Initially, Cabletel acquired local cable-franchises covering Guildford, Northern Ireland and parts of Central Scotland and South Wales. In 1996 CableTel acquired National Transcommunications Limited (NTL), the privatised UK Independent Broadcasting Authority transmission-network. In 1998 CableTel adopted "NTL" as its new name.
The company spent heavily on expanding its network and on acquisitions — including the consumer cable division of Cable and Wireless, bought for $10bn, and partly paid for with a $5.5bn investment from France Telecom. NTL also began to expand outside the UK in 2000, buying into markets on continental Europe and in Ireland.
A collapse of the telecommunications markets from mid-2000 dealt a serious blow to the company. This, combined with NTL's rapid acquisition of local cable-operators, led to severe problems of integration. NTL, struggling to cope with rapid expansion and suffering from significant customer-service problems, then had to contend with the setting up in November 2002 of one of the UK's first consumer lobby-groups, nthellworld, with following shortly after.
Devalued and struggling with debts of around $18bn, NTL had to seek Chapter-11 bankruptcy-protection in May 2002 in order to organise a refinancing deal. The company did not emerge from protection until January 2003, having converted around $11 billion of debt into shares. Technically, this amounted to the largest debt default in US corporate history. The company reduced its debt to $6.4bn. A re-organisation split NTL itself into NTL Inc. (covering the UK and Irish markets) and NTL Europe Inc. (for the French, Swiss and German parts of the corporation). New executives replaced the NTL president, CEO and co-founder Barclay Knapp, as well as Stephen Carter, the MD and COO.
After exiting from Chapter-11 protection, NTL produced an operating profit. In 2004 it announced plans to split its broadcasting division off from the main company. In December 2004 NTL sold its broadcast-unit to a consortium led by Macquarie Communications Infrastructure Group (MCG) for £1.27 billion. (Macquarie renamed the division ''Arqiva'' in May 2005.) This sale allowed NTL to focus on its "core businesses" of providing communications packages and cable-services.
In autumn 2004 NTL purchased the remaining shares of the Internet service provider (ISP) virgin.net, originally a joint venture between NTL and Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Group.^[4]
By 2005 NTL's UK network consisted of a 7,800 km fibre backbone with the potential to reach 8.4 million residential homes and around 610,000 businesses. In January of that year, NTL started rolling out Video On Demand. With content selected by NTL, this service covered genres including music videos, children's programming and adult entertainment. This provided an extension to the basic "pay per view" services the company offered for film and sport content. The new service allowed customers to rewind, fast-forward and pause content.
Despite NTL Ireland turning a profit, in May 2005, NTL sold its Dublin, Galway and Waterford cable business (which it had acquired in 1999 for €825 million from the Irish government) to UGC Europe for €325 million; this after having spent in excess of €100 million on network infrastructure. Thus NTL made a gross loss of €500 million (more than 50%) over what it had paid. As of May 2007 Liberty continues to use the NTL brand in Ireland, under license.
By July 2005, NTL had cut its debt to £1.445 billion, with an operating cashflow of £178 million. The company had 3.2 million customers buying at least one service from it, with the 1.4 million subscribers to broadband services making NTL the market leader in this field.

NTL Internet

After trials in the Guildford area from summer 1999, NTL launched its original broadband services at the same time that NTL acquired the Cable business of Cable and Wireless (spring 2000). In the "original NTL" (also known as "Langley") areas, NTL has always supplied broadband services via DOCSIS cable-modems. In these areas the digital television set-top boxes (STBs) used an incompatible standard, DAVIC.
The roll-out of broadband services in the ex-Cable and Wireless franchises started in mid-2001. Initially, NTL provided ex-Cable and Wireless subscribers with broadband through the set-top box also used for digital television services, adopting the rationale that subscribers could self-install. Accordingly, NTL supplied a "Self Install Kit" consisting of connecting cable, adapters and an install-CD. Following demonstrated problems, NTL gradually introduced cable-modems and phased out the Set Top Box self-install approach,
Although capable of higher speeds (up to 4 Mbit/s), NTL did not make speeds higher than 1 Mbit/s available on Set Top Box, due to degradation of the digital television (DTV) service.
NTL eventually replaced the Pace set-top boxes with Samsung models which used a dual-processor architecture, overcoming the shortcomings of the Pace, and which could give much better downstream performance. The Samsung Set Top Box had its own limitations, with initially only a 10 Mbit/s single duplex connection on the customer side of the device. However, with the advent of higher "Tiers of Service" of 10, then 20 Mbit/s downstream, plus the reducing cost of NTL's cable modems,^[5]
NTL came to supply all subscribers with cable modems.
A historical view of NTL cable modems appears at the Chetnet site.^[6]

Virgin.net

The Virgin.net logo

'Virgin.net' operated as an Internet service provider (ISP) in the UK from November 1996 onwards. Once a joint venture between NTL and the Virgin Group, the ISP became wholly owned by NTL in 2004.^[7]
It sold a range of ADSL broadband packages through BT landlines to those living outside areas served by NTL's cable-television network. Virgin.net broadband customers could receive up to 8 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream, with usage-allowances depending on which package the user took. Virgin.net also offered bundled phone-services via Carrier Preselect (CPS) to broadband subscribers. The service offered various usage-allowances depending on which package a user took. Virgin.net also offered subscription-based and subscription-free dial-up Internet access. Prior to acquiring Virgin.net, NTL offered a similar package called ''NTL Freedom''.
On February 8 2007, the services provided by Virgin.net became integrated into the new Virgin Media brand.

NTL:Telewest (March 2006 - February 2007)

From late 2003 discussions commenced on a merger between Telewest and NTL. Thanks to their geographically distinct areas, NTL and Telewest had co-operated previously, as in re-directing potential customers living outside their respective areas. On October 3, 2005, NTL announced a USD$6 billion purchase of Telewest, forming one of the largest media companies in the UK. The merger agreement as structured would have left NTL having to negotiate with BBC Worldwide (the BBC's commercial arm) due to a change-of-ownership clause written into the agreement for UKTV, a joint venture with Telewest's Flextech content division. To prevent this, Telewest instead acquired NTL.
The parties completed the merger on March 3, 2006, making the merged company the UK's largest cable-provider, with more than 90% of the market. Once merged, the combined company renamed itself to NTL Incorporated, with ex-NTL shareholders controlling 75% of the stock and ex-Telewest shareholders 25%. Nine of the eleven directors of the new board came from NTL and two from Telewest.

The merger of Virgin Mobile and NTL:Telewest

In December 2005 NTL:Telewest and Virgin Mobile announced that talks had taken place regarding a merger. It should be remembered that Virgin Mobile is an MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator). It does not own or operate a mobile phone network, it simply reached a commercial agreement with the T-Mobile GSM 1800 network to resell airtime branded as Virgin Mobile. They were so successful, T-Mobile quickly added Virgin Mobile's subscriber connections to their own to boost network numbers.
Virgin Mobile's independent directors rejected the original bid of £817 million ($1.4 billion), taking the view that NTL Incorporated's bid "undervalued the business". Sir Richard Branson reportedly expressed confidence that a re-structured deal could go ahead, and in January 2006 NTL Incorporated increased its offer to £961 m (372p per share). On 4 April 2006, NTL Incorporated announced a £962.4 m recommended offer for Virgin Mobile. According to reports, Branson accepted a mix of shares and cash, making him a 10.7% shareholder of the combined company.
The takeover completed on 4 July 2006, setting up the UK's first 'quadruple play' media company, bringing together television, Internet broadband, mobile phone and fixed-line phone services. The deal included a 30-year exclusive branding agreement that saw NTL adopt the "Virgin" name after it completed its merger with Telewest. As a result, on November 8 2006 NTL:Telewest announced it would change its name to "Virgin Media Inc".

Rumoured private equity bid

On August 16 2006, ''The Times'' reported that the ntl Incorporated group could become the subject of a £10bn takeover bid from a private-equity firm consortium made up of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Bain, Cinven, Blackstone and Providence Private Equity, with a formal approach expected within a fortnight. The £10bn figure would include £6bn worth of debt already on the NTL balance-sheet. Additional new banking facilities would probably fund the private-equity bid. No such bid materialised whatsoever.

ITV merger proposal

On Thursday, November 9 2006, NTL announced that it had approached commercial television broadcaster ITV about a proposed merger,^[8] after a similar announcement by ITV.^[9] BSkyB effectively blocked the merger on 2006-11-17 when it controversially bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc,^[10] a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson,^[11] and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom.^[12] On 2006-12-06 NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move, and that it would withdraw its attempt to buy ITV plc, stating that it did not believe that it could currently make a deal on favourable terms.^[13]

The Virgin Media era

Sky's letter counteracting Virgin Media's removal of non-premium Sky channels.

thumb

NTL Group's services — previously marketed under the ''NTL'', ''Telewest'' and ''Virgin.net'' brands — merged with ''Virgin Mobile'' under the "Virgin Media" brand on February 8, 2007, referred to by Virgin as ''V Day''.^[14]

Virgin Media vs. BSkyB

A channel agreement for Virgin Media to keep non-premium Sky channels ended at midnight on 1 March, 2007. Virgin Media and Sky failed to reach agreement on the issue, and Sky reacted by posting a letter to the public in major UK newspapers on 28 February 2007.
Despite Sky's letter, Virgin Media blamed Sky for bullying them and forcing consumers to switch. The companies failed to resolve their differences, and subsequently after midnight on 1 March 2007, Virgin Media replaced the Sky One, Sky Two, Sky Travel, Sky Travel Extra, Sky Sports News and Sky News channel content with a standard message. The reason behind the rate rise was attributed, in part by sky, to the fact that the new deal would also include Sky Three, Sky Arts and undisclosed high definition and video on demand content. Sky said the deal would cost only 3p per customer per day (roughly £35,000,000 per year), but Virgin said that a minimum payment-guarantee included in the contract meant that the actual amount due would exceed twice the current payment.^[15]
Virgin Central, an on-demand service, has recently gained the rights to begin showing episodes of the television show ''Lost'' (already shown on Sky One), and other shows including ''Alias'' and ''The OC''. This service extends the on-demand service previously known as ''Teleport TV''. Teleport TV remains available, offering recently-broadcast shows and other shows and series.
On 2 March 2007 The National Consumer Council accused Sky and Virgin of "behaving like children" and stated that at the end of March 2007 it would consider whether or not to raise a super-complaint against them "that will help to knock heads together".^[16]
On 5 March 2007 Virgin Media threatened to take legal action against BSkyB if the matter remained unresolved in 30 days.^[17]
On 12 April 2007 Virgin Media filed a legal case in the High Court against BSkyB under the UK Competition Act 1998 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty. BSkyB claimed that Virgin Media made little effort to further arbitration.^[18]
On 20 July 2007, it was announced that Virgin had struck a deal with Setanta Sports to offer six Setanta channels free-of-charge to XL- package customers, including 46 live Premier League football matches, 60 live Scottish Premier League games and US PGA Tour golf.^[19]

Market-share

Broadband

Virgin Broadband currently ranks as the UK's second-largest broadband-supplier. Figures show Virgin to have a 28.1% market-share across the UK compared to its major competitor, BT, which had a 38% market-share as of 27 July2007.^[20]

Television

Virgin Television has currently around 3.39 million subscribers.^[21]

Services

Virgin Broadband

The broadband division combines NTL's cable-broadband operations (broadband Internet access connections through cable), 'Blueyonder' (Telewest's cable-broadband operations) and 'Virgin.net' (ADSL; broadband internet access through a non-cable telephone line). The cable service operates through both stand-alone cable modems and television set-top boxes.
Current download speeds offered to cable-users include 2 Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s and 20 Mbit/s, having upload speeds of 256 kbit/s, 384 kbit/s, and 768 kbit/s respectively.^[22]
Non-cable (ADSL) users have options of up-to 1 Mbit/s and up-to 8 Mbit/s.
Non-cable

As with all ADSL services, actual speed available varies depending on distance from the telephone exchange.
Virgin Media also offers dial-up Internet services. Virgin Phone subscribers have two options; pay-as-you-go at 3p/minute,^[23] or a fixed monthly fee of £14.99 for unlimited usage.^[24] Subscribers with a BT telephone line have only the option of pay-as-you-go, costing from 1p/minute.
Non-cable

Bandwidth throttling

The cable broadband services do not have a specific bandwidth-cap, however on 3 May 2007 Virgin introduced traffic management. This means that customers have unlimited usage and need pay no extra charges related to the amount of data downloaded, however between 4pm (or sometimes earlier) and midnight, the system will half speeds after a customer has downloaded a certain amount of data (350 Mb for the 2Mb package, 750 Mb for the 4Mb package and 3 Gb for the 10/20Mb package).
Virgin Broadband .

The actual speed decrease depends on the package subscribed to, and ranges from 50% to 75%.

In its fourth quarter results in 2006, Virgin Media announced plans to launch a 50 Mbit/s service in the summer of 2008.
Virgin Media reportedly started conducting trials of a 100 Mbit/s broadband service on its cable network in April 2006.^[25]^[26]

Proxy servers

Virgin Media previously redirected web-browser traffic on port 80 through transparent proxy servers with a view to saving on bandwith costs and improving browsing performance. This did not apply to any other form of traffic. Up to 15 proxy-server addresses hosted each area^[27]
The use of proxy servers (generally, not specific to Virgin Media) also caused problems for websites which use less sophisticated methods to identify IP addresses to ban and/or track users. Users of Mac OS X had also experienced incompatibilities when using some sites (including myspace.com).
Virgin Media removed the use of all transparent proxy servers in Spring 2007.^[28]

Virgin Television

Main articles: List of channels on Virgin Television

Virgin Television, the digital cable television service from Virgin Media, currently ranks as the UK's second largest pay TV service, having 3.3m subscribers,^[29] compared to BSkyB's 8.4m^[30] as of Q4 2006.
Virgin's digital cable television uses Nagravision 1, which has been compromised since 1999.
Virgin's network currently passes only 55% of UK households,^[31]
while anyone in the UK with a line-of-site view of the satellite has the ability to receive Sky's service. In areas it services, Virgin Television ranks as the number one provider of pay TV. Virgin plans to expand availability in the rest of the UK using DSL technology. It plans to do this both by signing a contract with another telecoms company and by installing its own equipment in BT exchanges.³¹
As of Virgin Media functions as a single company, however it continues to rely on three existing infrastructures: the Langley-based NTL, Bromley-based Cable and Wireless and Knowsley-based Telewest platforms.

Non-digital areas

Where NTL and Telewest have not upgraded their network, Virgin Media has analogue homes. Virgin Media does not have broadband and digital TV available in these areas. Parts of Westminster, Milton Keynes, Southampton and Slough remain analogue-only. No plans currently exist to upgrade these areas, however Virgin TV FAQs mention a feasibly study to see how long and how much it will cost to upgrade these areas. Where Digital services remain unavailable, Virgin Media has not reduced the analogue TV service (Virgin Media has not turned off analogue TV in any area, and it is not clear when they plan to do so).

PVR and high-definition services

Main articles: V+

Virgin Television brands its High-definition Television (HDTV) and Digital Video Recorder (PVR) service as ''V+''. Virgin Media (when branded as Telewest) became the first UK broadcaster to offer HDTV, launching its service several months earlier than that of its chief competitor, Sky Digital. The service uses a PVR set-top-box, with three tuners and a 160-GB hard disk for up to 80 hours recording. The presence of three tuners means that V+ can record two channels at the same time while viewers watch a third. This contrasts with most other PVR systems such as Sky+, which supports only two tuners.

Video on demand

Virgin Media ranks as the UK's largest provider of on-demand content, with over 3 million Video on Demand (VoD) customers.
The company currently brands its VOD service as "On Demand". In contrast to the proposed system from Sky Digital, Virgin Media offers a "true" VOD system. The service allows customers to stream programmes as and when they want to watch them from servers at the customer's local head-end. As the broadcaster automatically stores content on Virgin Media servers, this removes the need to pre-record many programmes. Users can search through a large library of programmes (called "TV Choice") from content-providers including the BBC, France 24, Channel 4, HBO, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, Warner Brothers and Virgin Media Television; and watch them when they want to. Subscribers to Virgin Media's premier television package, ''Size: XL'', have the content included in their subscription, while other customers can pay £5 per month for unlimited access, or can utilise pay-per-view. In addition, Virgin Media offers a "Catch-up" service, which includes a free 7-day "watch-again" feature for selected television programmes broadcast by the BBC, Channel 4 and selected Virgin Media Television channels. The service also offers over 500 films (service-branded "FilmFlex"), and more than 1000 music-videos. As of July 2007 the music videos became free for all XL customers: see http://diginews.name/digital/virgin-media-free-music-on-demand/

Virgin Media Television (formerly Flextech)

Main articles: Virgin Media Television

Virgin Media Television, the content subsidiary of Virgin Media (formerly called Flextech), has a number of wholly-owned channels (including Bravo, LIVING and Challenge). Additionally, Virgin Media Television has a 50% share in UKTV (with BBC Worldwide), and owns Sit-Up Ltd, which operates the Screenshop, bid tv, price-drop tv and speed auction tv.
In June 2007 Virgin announced plans to launch a new television channel on Freeview and cable, replacing Ftn on Freeview. The new channel, provisionally called ''"Virgin 1"'', will broadcast a mix of British and American programming.^[32]

Virgin Mobile

Main articles: Virgin Mobile

Virgin Media owns Virgin Mobile Holdings (UK) plc, the leading virtual mobile-network operator in the United Kingdom, with over four million subscribers.^[33]

Virgin Phone

Virgin Phone offers landline telephone services; it ranks as the number-two service behind the former UK state monopoly, BT Group. ^[34]

Corporate affairs

Virgin Media have entered into a 30-year licensing agreement with Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Enterprises Limited to licence out all the relevant Virgin sub-brands for a term of 30 years, with a ten year opt-out clause.^[35]
Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Entertainment Investment Holdings Limited owns 34,260,959 Virgin Media common stock as of February 2007.^[36]
The present company formed in 2006 as a merger of the operations of Virgin Mobile and of the UK's primary cable-television operator, NTL:Telewest. Virgin Media ranks currently as the UK's second-largest broadband Internet and fixed-line telephone company (after BT)[1] and as the fifth-largest mobile-phone group. It functions as the United Kingdom's second-largest pay TV provider (after BSkyB) and third-largest digital TV provider (after BSkyB and Freeview). Virgin Media dominates cable operations in the United Kingdom, controlling more than 90% of the market. In August 2007, Virgin Media's CEO Stephen Burch resigned following boardroom rows with chairman Jim Mooney and key investor Bill Huff.^[37]

Business divisions

★ 'ntl:Telewest Business' (part of the Virgin Media Group) offers commercial telephony and data-network services that provide a significant portion of its revenue stream. ntl:Telewest Business originated in 2006 through the merger of the business divisions of ntl Incorporated (ntl Business) and Telewest Global Inc (Telewest Business). It serves the following markets:

★ Public sector: sells flexible services offering communication solutions.

★ Corporate and enterprise: portfolio of products and services, offering integration, reliability and security

★ Small and medium businesses: offers a range of broadband, telephony and site-to-site connectivity products and services

★ Service-providers: delivers wholesale and carrier services to a range of customers, including mobile operators, Internet service providers and other telcos.

Advertising

Virgin Media launched to much fanfare in February 2007, with a public relations event and an expensive advertising campaign which covered major UK television-channels, newspapers and billboards. In an effort to increase awareness of the group and its services, Virgin Media's campaign used bright red colours to portray its brand-image. Current television-advertising features actress Uma Thurman and comedienne Ruby Wax, whilst the print-advertising features bold typography. Virgin Media also sponsor the Channel 4 reality TV show '' Big Brother''.

Redundancies

In March 2007, 150 workers at Virgin Media's Teesside site were given notices of redundancy that went into effect in July. The workers were given the option to relocate to other sites, the nearest being in Manchester (approximately 120 miles away). Several were moved to other departments at the Teesside site.

Notes

1.
Compare
Virgin Media Confirms Review of Strategic Alternatives

2.
Carlyle Courts Virgin Media

3.
ntl:Telewest Business - Company history

4.
NTL takes control of Virgin Net

5.
Ambit Broadband

6. Chetnet Knowledge Base
7.
NTL takes control of Virgin Net

8.
9.

10. Sky buys 17.9% of ITV James Welsh
11. Sky/ITV: Branson statement in full Neil Wilkes
12. Ofcom examines impact of Sky's ITV stake James Welsh

13.
NTL complains about Sky as it drops plans for ITV Ofcom Joanne Oatts

14.
Virgin Media to launch on February 8 James Welsh

15. UPDATE 1-BSkyB's basic TV channels withdrawn from Virgin Media
16. Consumer body angry at BSkyB row
17. Virgin TV in BSkyB legal threat
18.
Virgin TV in BSkyB court action

19.

20.
http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/business/s/1012/1012193_bt_broadband_pledge.html

21. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/58122.html
22. Download and Upload speeds of Virgin Broadband
23.
PAYG Dial Up

24.
Subscription Dial Up

25.
Digital Media Asia: News - NTL to begin 100 Mbit/s broadband trial in March

26.
ntl: Announces Technology Trials 1 - Chetnet Unofficial NTLworld Forums

27.
Chetnet Knowledge Base

28.
Virgin Media and Proxy Servers - Chetnet Unofficial NTLworld Forums

29.
http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/13/135/135485/items/233391/FINALVM_Q406_PressRelease.pdf

30.
http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/10/104016/press/PR310107.pdf
31.
Virgin media launch to cost £20m Dominic White

32.
http://www.ukfree.tv/fullstory.php?storyid=1107051255 http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/

33. http://about.virginmobile.com/aboutus/
34. http://www.ntltelewestbusiness.co.uk/about_us/corporate_info/who_we_are/merger_qa.aspx
35.
NTL confirms £1bn Virgin Mobile takeover Digital Spy

36.
VIRGIN ENTERTAINMENT INVESTMENT HOLDINGS LTD: Declared Holdings Yahoo Finance
37. Burch quits at Virgin Media after power struggle in boardroom (Times Online)

External links

★ Virgin Media (digital TV, broadband, phone and mobile)

★ ntl:Telewest Business

★ http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/13/135/135485/items/223735/MediaWeekDec2007FINAL.pdf
BRENDAN COOLING ,DIRECTOR(Marketer)

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