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The 'voiceless palato-alveolar fricative' or 'domed postalveolar fricative' (IPA ) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English, Italian and French, where it may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated.

Contents

Symbol

Features

Occurrence

See also

Symbol

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral sign ∫), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is š, an ''s'' with háček, originating with the Czech alphabet of Jan Hus (also used in Gaj's Latin alphabet as well as scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic).

Features

Features of the voiceless postalveolar fricative:

★ Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.

★ Its place of articulation is ''palato-alveolar'', that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.

★ Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.

★ It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.

★ It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.

★ The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Occurrence

★ Albanian: '''sh'tëpi'' , "house"

★ Arabic: , "legal"

★ Auvergnat: ''mai'ss'ant'' , "bad"

★ Basque: ''kai'x'o'' , "hello"

★ Bulgarian: юна'ш'ки , "heroically"

★ Catalan: '''x'arel-lo'' , "muscatel grape"

★ Coptic: ⲁ'ϣ' , "who"

★ Croatian: '''š'uma'' , "forest"

★ Czech: ''ka'š'e'' , "mash"

★ Dutch: '''sj'abloon'' , "template" (may also be realized as )

★ English: '''sh'eep''

★ Esperanto: '''ŝ'elko'' , "suspenders"

★ Faroese: '''sj'úkrahús'' , "hospital"

★ French: ''dou'ch'e'' , "shower"

★ Galician: ''via'x'e'' , "way"

★ Gascon: ''mai'sh'ant'' , "bad"

★ German: '''sch'raffieren'' , "to shade"

★ Hungarian: '''s'egít's'ég'' , "help"

★ Ilocano: '''si'ák'', [], 'I'

★ Italian: ''fa'sc'e'' , "bands"

★ Kabardian: 'ш'ыд , "donkey"

★ Kabyle: '''c'iwer'' , "to consult"

★ Latvian: '''š'alle'' , "scarf"

★ Limousin: '''s'on'' , "his"

★ Lingala: '''sh'akú'' , "Afrikan gray parrot"

★ Lithuanian: '''š'arvas'' , "armour"

★ Lombard (canzés): ''fe'sc'ia'' , "nuisance"

★ Maltese: '''x''ismek'' , "what's your name?"

★ Norwegian (Bokmål): '''sk'y'' , "cloud"

★ Norwegian (Nynorsk): '''sj'ukehuset'' , "hospital"

★ Portuguese: '''ch'eirar'' , "to smell"

★ Tagalog: '''sh'ampu'', [], 'shampoo'

★ Vlax Romani: ''de'š''' , "ten"

★ Romanian: '''ş'efi'' , "bosses"

★ Scottish Gaelic: '''s'einn'' , "sing"

★ Serbian: двори'ш'те , "garden"

★ Slovenian: '''š'óla'' , "school"

★ Somali: '''sh'an'' , "five"

★ Spanish: '''X'elajú'' "Xelaju" (a place in Guatemala)

★ Rioplatense Spanish: ''ca'll'e'' , "street" (some speakers' dialect)

★ Swahili: ''ku'sh'oto'' , "left"

★ Tunica: '''š'íhkali'' , "stone"

★ Turkish: ''güne'ş''' , "sun"

★ Urdu: شکریہ , "thank you"

★ Welsh:

★
★ Southern dialects: ''mi's''' , "month"

★
★ Standard Welsh '''si'arad'' , "speak"

★ Zhuang: '''c'ib'' , "ten"
The sound in Russian denoted by <ш> is commonly transcribed as a postalveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

See also

★ List of phonetics topics