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:''This article is about Welsh people who are considered to be an ethnic group and a nation. For information about residents of Wales, see demographics of Wales.''
The 'Welsh' are, according to Hastings (1997), an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language, which is a Celtic language.

Contents

History

Culture

Language

Religion

Symbols

Welsh emigration

See also

External links

References

Further reading

History

Main articles: History of Wales

During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli.^[1] Speaking Brythonic, a Celtic language, these tribes are traditionally thought to have arrived in Britain from Europe over the preceding centuries. However, some archaeologists argue that there is no evidence for large-scale Iron Age migrations into Great Britain.^[2] The claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British and Irish Isles as early as the early Neolithic (or even earlier), with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously.^[3] Current genetic research supports the idea that people living in the British and Irish Isles are likely mainly descended from the indigenous European Paleolithic (Old Stone Age hunter gatherers) population (about 80%), with a smaller Neolithic (New Stone Age farmers) input (about 20%).^[4] Paleolithic Europeans seem to have been a homogeneous population, possibly due to a population bottleneck (or near-extinction event) on the Iberian peninsula, where a small human population is thought to have survived the glaciation, and expanded into Europe during the Mesolithic. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe and stronger Paleolithic representation in the west of Europe.^[5] Most in Wales today regard themselves as Celtic, claiming a heritage back to the Iron Age tribes, which themselves, based on modern genetic analysis, would appear to have had a predominantly Paleolithic and Neolithic indigenous ancestry. When the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others.^[6]
In two recently published books, ''Blood of the Isles'', by Brian Sykes and ''The Origins of the British'', By Stephen Oppenheimer, both authors state that according to genetic evidence, most Welsh people and most Britons descend from the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of different migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and the Neolithic eras, and which laid the foundations for the present-day populations in the British Isles, indicating an ancient relationship among the populations of Atlantic Europe.[3][4][5] According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia. Genetic research on the Y-chromosome has shown that the Welsh, like the Irish are genetically very similar to the Basques of Northern Spain and South Western France although the Welsh do contain more Neolithic input than both the Irish and the Basques. [6][7]Genetic marker R1b averages from 83-89% amongst the Welsh.[8][9] [10]
The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, as did some other Celts in areas of Great Britain. The surviving poem ''Y Gododdin'' is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne.^[7] John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700.^[8] Offa's Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia.^[9]
The process of coming to think of themselves as Welsh is not clear. There is plenty of evidence of the use of the term ''Brythoniaid'' (Britons); by contrast, the earliest use of the word ''Kymry'' (referring not to the people but to the land—and possibly to northern Britain in addition to modern day territory of Wales) is found in a poem dated to about 633. The name of the region in northern England now known as Cumbria is believed to be derived from the same root.^[10] Only gradually did Cymru (the land) and Cymry (the people) come to supplant Brython. Although the Welsh language was certainly used at the time, Gwyn A. Williams argues that even at the time of the erection of Offa's Dyke, the people to its west saw themselves as Roman, citing the number of Latin inscriptions still being made into the 8th century.^[11] However, it is unclear whether such inscriptions reveal a general or normative use of Latin as a marker of identity or its selective use by the early Christian Church.
The word Cymru is believed to be derived from the Brythonic ''combrogi'', meaning fellow-countrymen,^[8] and thus Cymru carries a sense of "land of fellow-countrymen", "our country"- and, of course, notions of fraternity. The name "Wales", however, comes from a Germanic root word meaning (ironically) "stranger" or "foreigner," and as such is related to the names of several other European regions where Germanic peoples came into contact with indigenous non-Germanic cultures, including: Wallonia (Belgium), Valais (Switzerland), and Wallachia (Romania), as well as the "-wall" of Cornwall and even the "wal-" in the walnut tree. However, it has also been suggested that the prefix "Wall" acknowledges a people who had contact with the Roman empire (see Vlach). There are two words in modern Welsh for the English and this reflects the idea held by some that the modern English derive from various Germanic tribes (although there is little evidence for the extinction of the pre-Germanic inhabitants of England, and the idea ignores both the Scandinavian settlers in England and the Roman and Norman-French influences on English language, culture and identity): Saeson (singular: Sais), meaning originally Saxon; and: Eingl, denoting:-Angles,; meaning Englishmen in modern Welsh. The Welsh word for the English language is Saesneg, while the Welsh word for England is Lloegr.
There was immigration to Wales after the Norman Conquest, several Normans encouraged immigration to their new lands; the Landsker Line dividing the Pembrokeshire "Englishry" and "Welshry" is still detectable today.^[13] The terms Englishry and Welshry are used similarly about Gower.
The population of Wales increased from 587,128 in 1801 to 1,162,139 in 1851 and had reached 2,420,921 by 1911.^[14] Part of this increase can be attributed to the demographic transition seen in most industrialising countries during the Industrial Revolution, as death-rates dropped and birth-rates remained steady. However, there was also a large-scale migration of people into Wales during the industrial revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of many other ethnic groups.^[15][16]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Wales

Language

Main articles: Welsh language

The 2001 census found that 20.5 percent of people living in Wales speak Welsh, up from 18.5 percent in 1991). However, the same census shows that 25 percent of residents were born outside Wales. The number of Welsh speakers in other places in Britain is uncertain, but numbers are high in the main cities and there are speakers along the Welsh-English border.
Even among the Welsh speakers, very few people speak only Welsh, with nearly all being bilingual in English. However, a large number of Welsh speakers are more comfortable expressing themselves in Welsh than in English and vice versa, usually depending on the area spoken. Many prefer to speak English in South Wales or the urbanised areas and Welsh in the North or in rural areas. A speaker's choice of language can vary according to the subject domain (known in linguistics as code-switching).
Thanks to the work of the Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin (Welsh Nursery School Movement), recent census data reveals a reversal in decades of linguistic decline: there are now more Welsh speakers under five years of age than over 60. For many young people in Wales, the acquisition of Welsh is a gateway to better careers and increased cultural opportunity: Wales's third greatest revenue earner is media products and Cardiff boasts a world-class animation industry.
Although Welsh is a minority language, and thus threatened by the dominance of English, support for the language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of Welsh nationalism in the form of groups such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (Welsh Language Society). The language is used in the bilingual Welsh Assembly and entered on its records, with English translation. Technically it is not supposed to be used in the British Parliament as it is referred to as a "foreign language" and is effectively banned as disruptive behaviour, but several Speakers (most notably George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy, himself born in Wales, close by Tonypandy) spoke Welsh in longer English-language speeches.
Welsh as a first language is largely concentrated in the less urban north and west of Wales, principally Gwynedd, Meirionnydd, Ynys Môn, Carmarthenshire, North Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion, and parts of western Glamorgan, although first-language and other fluent speakers can be found throughout Wales. However, Cardiff is now home to an urban Welsh speaking population (both from other parts of Wales and from the growing Welsh medium schools of Cardiff itself) due to the centralisation and concentration of national resources and orginisations in the capital. It is often erroneously believed by some that Welsh speakers represent an elite which dominates the media and government throughout the nation. However, most Welsh media is in the English language and the continued struggle most Welsh speakers endure to obtain equal services in their language attests to the opposite. It is possible to suggest that both Welsh speaking and English speaking elites exist in Wales with the English elite representing a far larger demographic.
The Welsh language is an important part of Welsh identity, but not an essential part. Welsh people actively distinguish between 'Cymry Cymraeg' (Welsh-speaking Welsh), Cymry di-Gymraeg (non Welsh speaking Welsh) and Saeson (English). Parts of the culture are however strongly connected to the language - notably the Eisteddfodic tradition, poetry and aspects of folk music and dance. However, Wales has a strong tradition of poetry in the English language.

Religion

Most Welsh people of faith are affiliated with the Church in Wales or other Christian denominations such as the Presbyterian Church of Wales or Catholicism, although there is even a Russian Orthodox chapel in the semi-rural town of Blaenau Ffestiniog. In particular, Wales has a long tradition of nonconformism and Methodism. Other religions Welsh people may be affiliated with include Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism, with most non-Christian Welsh people found in Cardiff.
The 2001 Census showed that slightly less than 10% of the Welsh population are regular church- or chapel-goers (a slightly smaller proportion than in England or Scotland), although about 70% of the population see themselves as some form of Christian. Judaism has quite a long history in Wales, with a community recorded in Swansea from around 1730. In August 1911, during a period of public order and industrial disputes, Jewish shops across the South Wales coalfield were damaged by mobs. Since that time the Jewish population of that area, which reached a peak of 4000 - 5000 in 1913, has declined with only Cardiff retaining a sizeable Jewish population, of about 2000 in the 2001 Census. The largest non-Christian faith in Wales is Islam, with about 22,000 members in 2001 served by about 40 mosques, following the first mosque established in Cardiff in 1860. A college for training clerics has been established at Llanybydder in west Wales. Islam arrived in Wales in the mid-nineteenth century, and it is thought that Cardiff's Yemeni community is Britain's oldest Muslim community, established when the city was one of the world's largest coal-exporting ports. Hinduism and Buddhism each have about 5000 adherents in Wales, with the rural county of Ceredigion being the centre of Welsh Buddhism. Govinda's temple & restaurant, ran by the Hare Krishna's in Swansea is a focal point for many Welsh Hindus. There are about 2000 Sikhs in Wales, with the first purpose-built gurdwara opened in the Riverside area of Cardiff in 1989. In 2001 some 7000 people classified themselves as following "other religions" including a reconstructed form of Druidism, which was the pre-Christian religion of Wales (not to be confused with the Druids of the Gorsedd at the National Eisteddfod of Wales). Approximately one sixth of the population, some 500,000 people, profess no religious faith whatsoever.
The sabbatarian temperance movement was also historically strong among the Welsh, the sale of alcohol being prohibited on Sundays in Wales by the ''Sunday Closing Act'' of 1881 - the first legislation specifically issued for Wales since the Middle Ages. From the early 1960s, local council areas were permitted to hold referendums every seven years to determine whether they should be "wet" or "dry" on Sundays: most of the industrialised areas in the east and south went "wet" immediately, and by the 1980s the last district, Dwyfor in the northwest, went wet, since then there have been no more Sunday-closing referendums.

Symbols

The Welsh flag depicts the Welsh dragon (called Y Ddraig Goch, "the red dragon"), one of the most widely recognized Welsh national symbols and the national animal of Wales. It appears in the early legends of Merlin, and from them is taken to be the battle standard under which the Pendragons, Uther and Arthur rallied their troops.
Wales also has use of another flag, the flag of Saint David. Although unofficially a national flag it is flown across the country every year to mark Saint David's Day and in 2002 was incorporated into Cardiff City Football Club's logo.

The flag of St David

The leek is another national symbol and is worn every year on Saint David's Day. According to legend, St. David (the patron saint of Wales) ordered his troops to identify themselves by wearing the plant on their helmets during a battle against the Saxons. The daffodil is the national flower, symbolizing chivalry and respect in the language of flowers. The ''Narcissus obvallaris'' species only grows in the Tenby area of Wales.

Welsh emigration

Migration from Wales to the rest of Britain has been occurring throughout its history. Particularly during the Industrial Revolution hundreds of thousands of Welsh people migrated internally to the big cities of England and Scotland or to work in the coal mines of the north of England. As a result, much of the British population today have ancestry from Wales. The same can be said for the English, Scottish and Irish workers who migrated to Welsh cities such as Merthyr Tydfil or ports such as Pembroke in the Industrial Revolution. As a result, some English, Irish and Scottish have Welsh surnames ("Evans", "Jenkins" "Owen" etc.) and some Welsh have English, Scottish and Irish surnames - as a result, it is relatively rare in South Wales or English-speaking areas to find a person with exclusively Welsh ancestry.
Many Italians also migrated to South Wales, particularly around the Gower area - Welsh-Italians can also be found in these areas. Wales received other immigration throughout the British Commonwealth of Nations in the 20th century, and African and Asian nationalities live in the Cardiff area adds to the ethno-cultural mix in Wales.
Some thousands of Welsh settlers moved to other parts of Europe, but the number was sparse and concentrated to certain areas. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a small wave of contract miners from Wales arrived into Northern France, and the centre of Welsh-French populations are in coal mining towns of the French department Pas-de-Calais. Welsh settlers from Wales (and later Patagonian Welsh) arrived in Newfoundland, Canada in the early 1900s, many had founded towns in the province's Labrador coast region.
Internationally Welsh people have emigrated, in relatively small numbers (in proportion to population Irish emigration to the United States of America (USA) may have been 26 times greater than Welsh emigration),^[17] to many countries, including the USA (in particular, Pennsylvania), Canada and Patagonia.^[18][19][20] Malad City in Idaho, which began as a Welsh Mormon Settlement, lays claim to having more people of Welsh descent per capita than anywhere outside of Wales itself.^[21] Malad's local High School is known as the "Malad Dragons" and flies the Welsh Flag as its school colours.^[22] Welsh people have also settled as far as New Zealand and Australia.^[23]
Around 1.75 million Americans report themselves to have Welsh ancestry, as did a further 28,000 in Canada's 2001 census. This compares with 2.9 million people living in Wales (as of the 2001 census).
There is no known evidence which would objectively support the legend that the Mandan were the company of Prince Madog.

See also

★ List of Welsh people

★ Culture of Wales

★ Welsh literature

★ Welsh poetry

★ Music of Wales

★ Welsh immigration

★ Welsh settlement in Argentina's Chubut Valley, region of ''y Wladfa''

★ Welsh American

★ Welsh Canadian

★ Welsh-Australian

★ Modern Celts

★ National Assembly for Wales

External links

★ BBC Wales: Welsh Comings and Goings: The history of migration in and out of Wales

★ BBC News report: The Numbers of Welsh (and Cornish)

★ BBC News report: English and Welsh are races apart

★ BBC News report: Genes link Celts to Basques

★ BBC: The Welsh in Patagonia

★ data-wales.co.uk: Emigration from Wales to America

★ data-wales.co.uk: Why do so many Black Americans have Welsh names?

★ Genetic data [11] and [12]

★ Link2Wales: Encyclopedia of the alternative music scene in Wales

★ An alternative view upon the origin of English: How old is English really?

★ ''A Y chromosome census of the British Isles'', ''data from paper displayed on map of British Isles''

★ 418,000 write in 'Welsh' on 2001 Census form

References

1. Cunliffe, B. ''Iron Age communities in Britain''pp. 115-118
2. ''Iron Age Britain'' by Barry Cunliffe. Batsford. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5.
3. ''Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans'' by Francis Pryor, pp. 121-122. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-712693-X.
4. Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans by Isabelle Dupanloup, Giorgio Bertorelle, Lounès Chikhi and Guido Barbujani (2004). 'Molecular Biology and Evolution': 21(7):1361-1372. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
5. del Giorgio, J.F. 2006. ''The Oldest Europeans''. A.J. Place, ISBN 980-6898-00-1
6. ''What happened after the fall of the Roman Empire?'': 'BBC Wales-History'. Retrieved 03 October 2006.
7. Jarman, A.O.H. 1988. ''Y Gododdin: Britain's earliest heroic poem p. xviii
8. Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', published 1990 by Penguin, ISBN 0-14-014581-8
9. Davies, J. ''A history of Wales'' pp. 65-6
10. Williams, Ifor. 1972. ''The beginnings of Welsh poetry'' University of Wales Press. p. 71
11. Williams, Gwyn A., ''The Welsh in their History'', published 1982 by Croom Helm, ISBN 0-7099-3651-6
12. Davies, John, ''A History of Wales'', published 1990 by Penguin, ISBN 0-14-014581-8
13. ''The Flemish colonists in Wales'': 'BBC' website. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
14. 200 years of the Census in...WALES 'Office for National Statistics
15. Industrial Revolution BBC ''The Story of the Welsh''
16. ''Population'' 'therhondda.co.uk'. Retrieved 09 May 2006
17. Nineteenth Century Arrivals in Australia: 'University of Wales, Lampeter' website. Retrieved 03 August 2006.
18. Welsh in Pennsylvania by Matthew S. Magda (1986), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. From 'Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission'. Retrieved 03 August 2006.
19. WELSH: ' Multicultural Canada'. Retrieved 03 August 2006.
20. South America - Patagonia: 'BBC - Wales History.' Retrieved 03 August 2006.
21. Tiny US town's big Welsh heritage: 'BBC News,' 20 July 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
22. WELSH HISTORY, The Welsh in North America, Utah: 'Welsh Society of Central Ohio'. Retrieved 03 August 2006.
23. Welsh immigration from '[Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]'. Retrieved 03 August 2003.

Further reading

★ John Davies, ''A History of Wales'', published 1990 by Penguin, ISBN 0-14-014581-8

★ Norman Davies, ''The Isles'', published 1991 by Papermac, ISBN 0-333-69283-7

★ Gwyn A Williams, ''The Welsh in their History'', published 1982 by Croom Helm, ISBN 0-7099-3651-6

★ J.F. del Giorgio, ''The Oldest Europeans'', published 2005 by A.J. Place, ISBN 980-6898-00-1

★ Adrian Hastings, ''The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism'', published in 1997 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521625440