العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolWICKED (MUSICAL)
'''Wicked''' is a Tony award-winning American musical produced by Universal Pictures with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and a book by Winnie Holzman. The story is loosely based on the best selling novel ''Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West'' by Gregory Maguire. The musical is directed by Joe Mantello, with musical staging by Wayne Cilento.[1]
The musical, following Maguire's novel, is a re-imagining of L. Frank Baum's classic story, ''The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' from the point of view of the witches of Oz, set mostly prior to Dorothy's arrival from Kansas. The plot also makes several references to the classic 1939 film.
Broadway Production History
Shortly after the release of Maguire's novel in 1995, producer Marc E. Platt began developing a version of the play under Universal Pictures, in collaboration with Demi Moore's production company, Moving Pictures. Platt was approached by Stephen Schwartz in 1997, who convinced him that the story would work much better as a stage musical. Platt, Schwartz, and writer Winnie Holzman began developing the musical in Los Angeles, and the first reading was presented in 2000. For the developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth joined the project as Glinda, and Stephanie J. Block read the role of Elphaba before Idina Menzel was cast in the role in 2001. Eventually, ''Wicked'' was given the green-light for Broadway.
Following an out-of-town tryout in San Francisco, California, ''Wicked's original Broadway production began previews at the George Gershwin Theatre on October 8, 2003, and officially opened on October 30.[1] The cast included Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, Idina Menzel as Elphaba, and Joel Grey as The Wizard being billed over the title.
Reception
Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, ''Wicked's business and popularity dramatically boomed due to very good word-of-mouth. Viewers and performers alike have praised the show for its ability to resonate with a number of demographics with its central themes regarding women, camaraderie, and societal standards, while others merely credit the show's success to the popularity that already surrounds ''The Wizard of Oz''.
''Wicked'' was nominated for ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical. It subsequently lost that award along with the Tony Awards for best score and best book to another new musical of the season, ''Avenue Q''. The show's biggest win came when Idina Menzel was named Best Actress in a Musical, and the musical received two additional Tony awards: Eugene Lee winning for Tony Award for Best Scenic Design and Susan Hilferty winning for Tony Award for Best Costume Design. The cast recording received the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 2005 and was certified platinum by the RIAA on November 30, 2006.[3]
With a $14 million capitalization, ''Wicked'' earned back its entire initial investment by December 21, 2004.[4] In its first year it grossed more than $56 million. The show, which is open-ended, has been playing to capacity crowds for almost every recent performance and grosses more than a million dollars every week according to Playbill.com's weekly grosses.[5]
In the week ending January 1, 2006, it was announced that ''Wicked'' had broken the record for the highest weekly box office gross in Broadway history, with $1,610,934; a record that was previously held by ''The Producers''.[6] ''Wicked'' broke its own record in the week ending November 26, 2006, when it grossed a total of $1,715,155.[7] The Broadway company of ''Wicked'' celebrated its 1000th performance on March 23, 2006.[8]
Several other productions of ''Wicked'' have since opened, both inside and outside of the United States.
Synopsis
''Wicked'' explores the concept that the Wicked Witch of the West, here known as Elphaba Thropp, was a misunderstood, victimized person whose behavior was merely a reaction against a charlatan wizard's corrupt government. It also shows her relationship with the beautiful and ambitious Galinda Upland, who ultimately becomes Glinda the Good Witch of the North, and throughout the show their friendship struggles to endure extreme personality conflicts, opposing viewpoints, rivalry over the same love-interest, and of course, Elphaba's eventual fall from grace.
Act One
Glinda (Kristin Chenoweth) in the original Broadway company
As the overjoyed citizens of Oz celebrate the death of The Wicked Witch of the West ("No One Mourns the Wicked"), Glinda tells the tale of the witch's birth: the result of a tryst between her mother and a traveling salesman, who seduced her with a potion called Green Elixir. She faced immediate rejection from her father, the governor of Munchkinland.
Glinda reminisces about when she was in school, then named Galinda Upland ("Dear Old Shiz"). It is here that she first meets the young Witch, Elphaba Thropp, and her wheelchair-bound sister Nessarose (who is nicknamed "Nessa"). Elphaba and Galinda are forced to room together, and immediately take a disliking to each other. Madame Morrible, the headmistress, invites Elphaba to enter a sorcery seminar after discovering that she has amazing natural magical talent that could someday be of use to the Wizard of Oz ("The Wizard and I"). Galinda and Elphaba later reveal their mutual loathing of each other ("What Is This Feeling?"). After an anti-Animal disruption one day in history class, Doctor Dillamond, a Goat and college professor, confides in Elphaba that things in Oz aren't as they seem -- something is causing the Animals of Oz to lose their power of speech ("Something Bad").
Fiyero Tiggular, a Winkie prince, arrives at Shiz and teaches the students to live carelessly and have fun ("Dancing Through Life"). Boq, an abnormally tall Munchkin, asks Galinda to attend a dance with him. She instead convinces him to invite Nessa. Elphaba confronts Galinda about her motives and Galinda gives her a peaked black hat as a gift. In return, Elphaba insists to Madame Morrible that Galinda be included in the sorcery seminar. Elphaba arrives at the dance in the hat, only to be ridiculed. Feeling guilty, Galinda joins her on the dance floor. She discovers a new affection for Elphaba and decides to give her a makeover ("Popular").
Elphaba (Kerry Ellis) and Galinda (Helen Dallimore) in the London company.
The next day, Doctor Dillamond is taken away by Ozian officials. The new history teacher arrives to explain Oz's newest invention, the cage, and unveils a caged Lion cub as the subject of an in-class experiment. Outraged, Elphaba and Fiyero set the cub free. The two hint that they have feelings for each other, but Fiyero leaves, embarrassed. As rain begins to fall, Elphaba regrets that it would be impossible for Fiyero to love her ("I'm Not That Girl"). Madame Morrible finds Elphaba and, stopping the storm with magic, announces that she has been given an audience with the Wizard. At the train station, Galinda and Fiyero see Elphaba off to the Emerald City. In an attempt to impress Fiyero, Galinda announces that she will change her name to "Glinda" in honor of Dr. Dillamond's infamous mispronunciation. Fiyero doesn't much care and, feeling bad for Glinda, Elphaba invites her along to the Emerald City.
After enjoying "One Short Day" of sightseeing in the Emerald City, Elphaba and Glinda meet the Wizard. He reveals his true nature to them ("A Sentimental Man"), and invites Elphaba to be his right hand girl. As a test, he and Madame Morrible ask that Elphaba give his monkey servant, Chistery, the ability to fly using the Grimmerie -- a book of spells. Elphaba begins chanting a levitation spell, and Chistery grows wings.
Elphaba (Stephanie J. Block) singing "Defying Gravity"; original national touring company
Showing her true power, the Wizard reveals a cage full of winged monkeys, and explains that this had long been planned; the monkeys were meant to report any subversive Animal activity. Realizing that she has been used and that the Wizard has no power of his own, Elphaba runs away with the Grimmerie. Madame Morrible declares to all of Oz that Elphaba is now a Wicked Witch and should not be trusted. Elphaba tries to convince Glinda to join her, but Glinda is unwilling, so Elphaba enchants a broomstick and makes a getaway ("Defying Gravity").
Act Two
A few years have passed, and Elphaba is now known as The Wicked Witch of the West ("No One Mourns the Wicked (Reprise)"). Glinda, Fiyero, and Madame Morrible – all now government officials – hold a press conference to celebrate Glinda's surprise engagement to Fiyero ("Thank Goodness"). Fiyero is concerned for Elphaba and leaves in the middle of the ceremony.
Elphaba (Eden Espinosa) and Nessarose (Jenna Leigh Green); Broadway company
Elphaba arrives seeking refuge from Nessarose, now the governor of Munchkinland. Nessa is angry at Elphaba for abandoning her, but Elphaba casts a spell on her jeweled shoes, turning them ruby red and enabling her sister to walk. Boq, whom Nessa has enslaved, announces that he is off to woo Glinda. After an enraged Nessa casts a mispronounced spell on Boq, Elphaba attempts to save him, while Nessa reflects on how tyrannical she herself has become ("The Wicked Witch of the East"). Elphaba leaves, and Boq wakes up to realize that he is now made of tin, much to his horror.
The Wizard attempts to reconcile with Elphaba ("Wonderful") by setting the winged monkeys free. Upon discovering a now-speechless Dr. Dillamond among the monkeys, Elphaba rejects his offer, and runs into Fiyero. Realizing he has fallen in love with Elphaba, he runs off with her. Glinda sees this and her initial joy at being reunited with Elphaba turns sour. The Wizard offers Glinda a green drink "to dull the pain" but she refuses. In an attempt to capture Elphaba once and for all, Madame Morrible decides to create a cyclone that will endanger Nessa. Glinda is crestfallen that the two people closest to her have betrayed her ("I'm Not That Girl (reprise)").
In the forest, Fiyero and Elphaba confirm their love ("As Long As You're Mine") but are interrupted when Elphaba senses that her sister is in danger. She flies off to help, but is too late. In Munchkinland, Elphaba confronts Glinda for giving away Nessa's shoes to Dorothy Gale. The Wizard's guards arrive to take Elphaba away, but Fiyero intervenes and allows Elphaba to escape before surrendering himself. Elphaba tries to cast any spell she can to save Fiyero from being tortured. Thinking she has failed again, she begins to accept her reputation as "wicked" ("No Good Deed"). Meanwhile, the citizens of Oz, Boq and the Cowardly Lion from the history class prepare a witch hunt to save Dorothy, whom Elphaba has captured ("March of the Witch Hunters").
Glinda (Kate Reinders) and Elphaba (Ana Gasteyer)part; Chicago company
Glinda arrives to persuade Elphaba to let Dorothy go, but she refuses. When she receives a note confirming Fiyero's fate, Elphaba decides to surrender and pleads with Glinda to promise not to clear her name and take charge: their friendship and all that has been, has been "For Good." As the mob arrives at the castle, Elphaba tells Glinda to hide and she draws a curtain. The silhouette of Dorothy throws a bucket of water on Elphaba, and she disappears with a shriek into a green cloud of smoke. Glinda mourns the loss of her friend, but notices a small green vial Elphaba had always carried. She shows this to the Wizard, who realizes that Elphaba must have been his daughter. Glinda asks him to leave Oz and then sends Madame Morrible to prison, before preparing to face the citizens of Oz.
Fiyero, now in the form of a Scarecrow, opens a trap door. Elphaba, very much alive, emerges from the trap door and the two are happily reunited. Glinda addresses the citizens of Oz, proclaiming that she would like to be "Glinda the Good" as she will reform the government. Elphaba and Fiyero leave Oz forever as the people proclaim 'No One Mourns the Wicked' ("Finale").
Major Characters
'Elphaba Thropp' (mezzo soprano) – An intelligent, fiery, but misunderstood girl with green skin, a result of her mother drinking a green elixir while carrying her. Shunned from society because of her appearance, she finds a friend in Galinda, and a lover in Fiyero. Her pro-Animal motives and rebellion against the Wizard cause her to be branded the Wicked Witch of the West.
'Galinda Upland (later Glinda)' (soprano) – Beautiful and ambitious, she initially seems conceited and vain, though her friendship with Elphaba reveals more depth to her character; Glinda's maturation is perhaps the most prominent one in the show. She later changes her name to "Glinda" in honor of Doctor Dillamond. Glinda's main priority is her ascension on the social ladder, and thus she seizes her opportunity to join the Wizard, setting the stage for her to be known as Glinda the Good.
'The Wonderful Wizard of Oz' (baritone) – The illegitimate dictator of Oz. Though he appears quite fatherly and even brands himself a "sentimental man," the Wizard is secretly the driving force behind the suppression of Oz's Animals. This revelation is a particularly strong blow to Elphaba, who idolized the Wizard tremendously throughout her childhood. It is later revealed that the Wizard actually fathered Elphaba.
'Madame Morrible' (contralto) – The power-hungry headmistress of Shiz University, it is eventually revealed that she is working in collaboration with the Wizard of Oz. Morrible is both incredibly cunning as well as powerful, with particular talents in controlling the weather. She will stop at nothing to get what she wants, and eventually kills Nessarose in order to trap Elphaba.
'Fiyero Tiggular' (tenor) – A handsome Winkie prince with a "scandalacious" reputation. Fiyero tries to act shallow and self-absorbed, but his encounters with Elphaba cause him to reevaluate his way of thinking. He is the love interest for both Elphaba and Glinda, which leads to a rift in their friendship. In order to save his life, Elphaba turns him into the Scarecrow.
'Nessarose Thropp' (mezzo soprano) – Elphaba's spoiled, crippled younger sister. Though heavily dependent upon Elphaba, Nessarose is embarrassed by her sister. She also develops an obsessive attachment to Boq. Nessarose becomes the governor of Munchkinland and immediately abuses her authority, giving her the title "the Wicked Witch of the East."
'Boq' (tenor) – An abnormally large Munchkin who has eyes for Glinda, but is instead attached to Nessarose against his will; he does not have the heart to tell her his true feelings. He is eventually enslaved and forbidden from leaving Munchkinland when Nessarose strips the Munchkins of their rights. He is turned into the Tin Woodman when Nessarose casts a spell-gone-wrong.
'Doctor Dillamond' (baritone) – A Goat, and the only Animal professor at Shiz University. Doctor Dillamond is the story's primary example of Animal suppression. Elphaba takes a liking to him, but he is eventually taken away from Shiz after it is decreed that Animals are no longer permitted to teach. Doctor Dillamond eventually loses his ability to speak.
Musical numbers
Main articles: Wicked (Original Broadway Cast Recording)
'Act I' ★ "No One Mourns The Wicked" – Glinda and Citizens of Oz ★ "Dear Old Shiz" – Galinda and Students of Shiz University ★ "The Wizard and I" – Elphaba and Madame Morrible ★ "What Is This Feeling (Loathing)?" – Galinda, Elphaba, and Students ★ "Something Bad" – Dr. Dillamond and Elphaba ★ "Dancing Through Life" – Fiyero, Boq, Nessarose, Galinda, Elphaba, and Students ★ "Popular" – Galinda ★ "I'm Not That Girl" – Elphaba ★ "One Short Day" – Elphaba, Glinda and Denizens of the Emerald City ★ "A Sentimental Man" – The Wizard ★ "Defying Gravity" – Elphaba, Glinda, Guards and Citizens of Oz | 'Act II' ★ "No One Mourns the Wicked (Reprise)" – Citizens of Oz ★ "Thank Goodness" – Glinda, Morrible, and Citizens of Oz ★ "The Wicked Witch of the East" – Nessarose, Elphaba, and Boq ★ "Wonderful" – The Wizard and Elphaba ★ "I'm Not That Girl (Reprise)" – Glinda ★ "As Long As You're Mine" – Elphaba and Fiyero ★ "No Good Deed" – Elphaba ★ "March of the Witch Hunters" – Boq and Citizens of Oz ★ "For Good" – Elphaba and Glinda ★ "Finale" – Glinda, Elphaba, and Citizens of Oz |
★
Other Productions
The pre-Broadway run
On May 28, 2003, the musical opened a pre-Broadway run at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco. While most of the original cast members remained when the show opened on Broadway, the San Francisco run featured multiple actors in roles that would eventually be re-cast – most notably, Robert Morse as The Wizard, Kirk McDonald as Boq, and John Horton as Doctor Dillamond. Stephanie J. Block also served as an ensemble member and understudy for Elphaba. While the show received mediocre reviews, the audience response was generally enthusiastic. The trial run closed on June 29 to begin extensive retooling for Broadway.
In addition to several songs that would undergo some minor transformations, the pre-Broadway version included one song that was scrapped before the musical opened on Broadway. The song was called "Which Way Is The Party?" and was later replaced by "Dancing Through Life." Both are intended to introduce the character Fiyero.
US/Canada Tour
''Wicked'' launched its first national tour in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in March 2005. Since then it has visited several cities throughout the United States.
The first national tour introduced some minor modifications to the script and blocking, as well as small alterations to some of the costume designs (most noticeable in Glinda's wardrobe). These changes were later incorporated into the Broadway production, and have been standard in all subsequent productions of ''Wicked''.
Chicago production
The first sit-down production of ''Wicked'' opened in Chicago, Illinois at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre on July 13, 2005. In its first week alone, the show grossed $1,400,000. It has continued to set records, and is considered a key part of the booming Chicago theatre scene. Wicked has now been in Chicago for over 2 years. "'Wicked' has been playing since June of 2005 and shows no signs of slowing. 'To be honest, we thought it would run 18 months, then we'd spend a year in Los Angeles and six months in San Francisco," says producer David Stone. But sales stayed so strong that the producers created another road show and kept the show running in Chicago." wrote Steven Oxman in Variety. [9] [3]
London production
The first international production of ''Wicked'' opened in September 2006 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre in London's West End. Previews began September 7 2006 with an official opening of September 27 2006. The West End production reunited the show's original creative team with its original Tony Award-winning star, Idina Menzel.
The show was slightly tailored for a British audience. There were also several minor creative changes, mostly in terms of dialogue, choreography, and special effects. In the same fashion as the modifications that were made for the US/Canada tour, most of these changes were later incorporated into all productions of ''Wicked''.
On September 7, 2007, the show's 1st year Anniversery, the producers reported that over 800,000 people have seen the London production, and it has grossed over £28 millon. The show has also consitantly been one of the two highest grossing shows in the West End and has often been the top grossing show.[10]
Universal Studios Japan (Osaka) production
The theme park Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan, has a 30-minute theme park version of Wicked, which began performance in July of 2006. It focuses mainly on Elphaba and Glinda's relationship, but also includes the Wizard. Fiyero, Nessarose and Madame Morrible's are absent from the production. The production generally uses American and Australian actresses to play Elphaba, while Japanese actresses play Glinda. The show is performed 4 times a day, with several actresses rotating between each role. This version is performed mostly in Japanese, with portions of it being in English.
Los Angeles production
''Wicked'' launched its fifth open-ended production in Los Angeles, California at the Pantages Theatre. Performances began on February 10, 2007, with an official opening on February 21.[11]
On October 30, 2006, the principal actors in the Los Angeles cast were announced at Universal Studios Hollywood in honor of "''Wicked'' Day;" all but two of these principals have all performed their roles in some capacity - representatives from the Broadway, Chicago and Touring productions make up most of the Original LA Cast, with Eden Espinosa and Megan Hilty in the leads as Elphaba and Glinda.
On the week ending on March 4, the show grossed a massive $1,786,110 and became the highest grossing attraction in Los Angeles theatre history. The previous record holder was ''The Producers'', June 2003 at the Pantages.[12]
Tokyo production
''Wicked'' opened its first translated production (and, not counting the condensed theme park version, its first production in Asia) in Tokyo, Japan on June 17, 2007. It is produced by the Shiki Theatre Company at the Dentsu Shiki Theatre "Umi." This production has an Eastern Asian and European cast and is performed entirely in Japanese.
Unlike the other productions, the Tokyo production has multiple performers alternate each character between performances, as is usually custom of Japanese theatre.
Stuttgart production
On September 28 2006, just one day after the London premiere, Stage Entertainment Germany announced that it would be bringing a German-language adaptation of ''Wicked'' to the stage by the end of the following year. The show titled ''Wicked: Die Hexen von Oz'' ("Wicked: The witches of Oz") is scheduled to premiere November 15, 2007, at the Palladium Theater in Stuttgart. Willemijn Verkaik and Lucy Scherer will be headlining the Stuttgart production as Elphaba and Glinda. The full cast will be announced in September.
Melbourne production
An open-ended Australian production of ''Wicked'' has been confirmed to open on July 12, 2008 at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne, Australia.[13] Native Australian Helen Dallimore from the London production was reportedly been invited to reprise her role as Glinda.[14] Although the London production's website stated that Dallimore would be leaving the London production and had been invited to star in the Australian premiere,[15] John Frost, producer of the Australian production, denied any precasting, saying Dallimore was only one of several candidates under consideration.
Awards & nominations
Main articles: List of Awards and Nominations for the Musical Wicked
References in pop culture
★ In issue 3 of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer comic, Xander refers to the wiccan Willow as Elphaba.
★ The off-Broadway show '' parodies ''Wicked'' in the number "Wickeder."
★ In the anime ''Red Garden'', episode 5 ("At Every Window"), the iconic faces of Glinda and Elphaba are drawn on a billboard, and the show advertised is called "Witches."
★ In an episode of ''Brothers & Sisters'', the characters played by Calista Flockhart and Sally Field go see the Los Angeles production of ''Wicked'' (Interestingly, this episode aired before the Los Angeles production opened!). In another episode, the Walkers attend a charity benefit where the theme is back to Broadway. Tyler, Justin's boss, wears green to the black and white event (For the Children). Ironically, the table at which she is seated is the "Wicked" table. In yet another episode, broadcast on May 20, 2007, the characters played by Dave Annable and Matthew Rhys also go see the Los Angeles production.
★ On an all-celebrity episode of ''Jeopardy!'', Kate Reinders performed "Popular" in a Daily Double about ''Wicked''. TV personality Nancy Grace gave the correct question. In another episode, the cover of the ''Wicked'' playbill was shown when a contestant asked for a question in the ''Broadway'' category. The contestant was to name the show of the playbill shown.
★ In an episode of ''Ugly Betty'' ("Brothers"), Betty gets tickets to see ''Wicked,'' after humming "Popular" in the elevator, commenting how much she'd love to see the show, and discussing with a coworker, Henry, how much she relates to Elphaba's being out of place in a popularity- and beauty-oriented environment. Henry later presents her a T-shirt bearing the logo of the show. Coincidentally, original cast member Kristin Chenoweth appeared in the season finale ("East Side Story") as an orthodontic technician named Diane who love romantic comedies and gets too involved in her patients' love lives - including Betty's. In an upcoming episode of the second season, Betty actually goes to see ''Wicked'' on a date and accidentally stops the show. (Even though the show takes place in New York, it is shot primarily in Los Angeles. Therefore the Pantages Theatre will double for the Gershwin Theatre.)
★ In an episode of "", "Young Blood", Danny and Lindsay find an iPod that had songs from ''Wicked''. (This episode was first aired during "''Wicked'' Week," the last week in October, of 2005)
★ On an episode of ''Wheel of Fortune'', a trip to the Broadway production of ''Wicked'' was put as a prize on the wheel. Although a contestant picked up the prize, she later lost it when she hit a "BANKRUPT" space.
★ On the daytime drama ''Passions'', ''Wicked'' was parodied in June 2007. The story consists of Witch Tabitha Lenox (Juliet Mills (older), Kim Huber (younger)) confronting her former friend and enemy Esmerelda (Georgia Engel (older), Melissa Fahn (younger)) and contemplating leaving her daughter Endora Lenox (Nicole Cox) in a Good Witch School. Tabitha and Esmerelda reminise about their past which features the two musical numbers "Spellbinding" and "Perfectly Frightful". These numbers parody the Wicked numbers "Defying Gravity" and "What Is This Feeling?" respectively.
★ In an episode of ''Psych'' ("Psy vs. Psy") two of the characters are said to have been talking about ''Wicked.''
★ In an episode of ''The War at Home'', the father takes his family to see ''Wicked.''
★ In an episode of ''Arrested Development'' ("S.O.B.s"), George Michael claims that his teacher would never believe that his father Michael would ever have been up for a part in ''Wicked.''
★ Inadvertently referring to ''Wicked,'' in Season 3, episode "Informed Consent" of ''House, M.D.,'' guest starring Joel Grey (The Wizard in the Original Broadway Cast), when House tests the feeling in Ezra Powell's (Grey) legs, House makes a reference from ''The Wizard of Oz'' as he lifts his blankets, saying, "Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain."
External links
★ Wicked the Musical – Official Broadway Site
★ Wicked on Tour – Official US National Tour Site
★ Wicked in Chicago – Official Chicago Production Site
★ Wicked the Musical UK – Official UK Site
★ Wicked in LA – Official Los Angeles Production Site
★ Wicked in Japan – Official Japanese Production Site
★ Wicked in Germany – Die Hexen von Oz in Stuttgart, Germany
★ Wicked in Australia – Official Australian Production Site
References
1. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=13485
2. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=13485
3. http://www.broadwayworld.com/viewcolumn.cfm?colid=14090
4. Wicked: The Grimmerie: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Hit Broadway Musical, David Cote, , , Hyperion, 2005, ISBN 1-4013-0820-1
5. http://www.playbill.com/features/section/7.html
6. [1]
7. [2]
8. [http://www.broadwayworld.com/viewcolumn.cfm?colid=8293
9.
10. http://www.wickedthemusical.co.uk/pressreleases/07-sept-07.php
11. http://www.calendarlive.com/stage/cl-et-wicked17jul17,0,931.story?coll=cl-home-more-channels
12. http://www.broadwayworld.com/viewcolumn.cfm?colid=16365
13. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21741284-2702,00.html
14. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/106447.html
15. http://www.wickedthemusical.co.uk/pressreleases/13-march-07.php
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
