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'William Makepeace Thackeray' (; July 18, 1811 – December 24, 1863) was an Anglo-Indian novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly ''Vanity Fair'', a panoramic portrait of English society.

Contents

Life

Works

Reputation

Trivia

See also

List of works

References

External links

Life

Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 – 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, Anne Becher (1792–1864; second daughter of John Harman Becher, a writer for the East India Company, and his wife Harriet), married Richmond Thackeray on 13 October 1810 after being sent to India in 1809. She was sent abroad after being told that the man she loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, had died. This was not true, but her family wanted a better marriage for her than with Carmichael-Smyth, a military man. The truth was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited to dinner the supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth. Richmond Thackeray, born at South Mimms, went to India at the age of sixteen to assume his duties as writer. By 1804 he had fathered a daughter by a native mistress, the mother and daughter being named in his will. Such liaisons being common among gentlemen of the East India Company, it formed no bar to his courting and marrying Anne Becher. After Richmond's death, Henry Carmichael-Smyth married Anne in 1818 and they returned to England the next year.

William had been sent to England earlier, at the age of five, with a short stopover at St. Helena where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. He was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick and then at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it in his later fiction as "Slaughterhouse." Illness in his last year there (during which he reportedly grew to his full height of 6'3") postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never too keen on academic studies, he left the University in 1830.
He travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching twenty-one, he came into his inheritance, but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccessful newspapers, ''The National Standard'' and ''The Constitutional'', which he had hoped to write for. He also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which he studied in Paris, but he did not pursue it, except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and other writings.
Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he met and, on 20 August 1836, married Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816-1893), second daughter of Matthew Shawe, a colonel, who had died after extraordinary service, primarily in India, and his wife, Isabella Creagh. The marriage appears to have been a very happy one, though beset by problems (an overbearing mother-in-law and sickness). Their three daughters were Anne Isabella (1837-1919), Jane (1837; died at 8 months) and Harriet Marian (1840-1875). He now began "writing for his life," as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family.
He primarily worked for ''Fraser's Magazine'', a sharp-witted and sharp-tongued conservative publication, for which he produced art criticism, short fictional sketches, and two longer fictional works, ''Catherine'' and ''The Luck of Barry Lyndon''. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created ''Punch'' magazine, where he published ''The Snob Papers'', later collected as ''The Book of Snobs''. This work popularized the modern meaning of the word "snob."
Meanwhile tragedy struck in his personal life as his wife succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child. Finding he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away, until September 1840, when he noticed how grave her condition was and, struck by guilt, he took his ailing wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea (from which she was rescued). They fled back home after a four-week domestic battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 she was in and out of professional care, her condition waxing and waning.
In the long run she deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality, unaware of the world around her. Thackeray desperately sought cures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up confined in a home near Paris, where she remained until 1893, outliving her husband by thirty years. After his wife's illness, Thackeray became a ''de facto'' widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, in particular Mrs. Jane Brookfield and Sally Baxter. In 1851 Mr. Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane, while Baxter, an American twenty years his junior whom he met in New York City in 1852, married another man in 1855.
In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books, ''The Paris Sketch Book'' and ''The Irish Sketch Book''. Later in the decade, he achieved some notoriety with his ''Snob Papers'', but the work that really established his fame was the novel ''Vanity Fair'', which first appeared in serialized installments beginning in January 1847. Even before ''Vanity Fair'' completed its serial run, Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the very lords and ladies he satirized and hailed as the equal of Dickens.
He remained "at the top of the tree," as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing several large novels, notably ''Pendennis'', ''The Newcomes'', and ''The History of Henry Esmond'', despite various illnesses, including a near fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing ''Pendennis''. He twice visited the United States on lecture tours during this period, and there fell in love with a young American girl, Sally Baxter.

Thackeray also gave lectures in London, on the English humourists of the eighteenth century, and on the first four Hanoverian monarchs, the latter series being published in book form as ''The Four Georges''. In Oxford, he stood unsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell (1070 votes, against 1005 for Thackeray).
In 1860, Thackeray became editor of the newly established ''Cornhill Magazine'', but was never comfortable as an editor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his ''Roundabout Papers'' for it.
His health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by the recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time. He also felt he had lost much of his creative impetus. He worsened matters by over-eating and drinking and avoiding exercise, though he enjoyed horseback riding and kept a horse. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead on his bed in the morning. His death at the age of fifty-three was entirely unexpected by his family, friends, and reading public. An estimated 7000 people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He was buried on 29 December at Kensal Green Cemetery, and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found in Westminster Abbey.

Works

Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist, with a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts like Becky Sharp in ''Vanity Fair'', Barry Lyndon in ''The Luck of Barry Lyndon'', and Catherine in ''Catherine''. In his earliest works, writing under such pseudonyms as Charles James Yellowplush, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, and George Savage Fitz-Boodle, he tended towards the savage in his attacks on high society, military prowess, the institution of marriage, and hypocrisy.

One of his very earliest works was "Timbuctoo," a satirical poem written for a Cambridge poetry contest won by Tennyson in 1829, but his writing career really began with a series of satirical sketches usually known now as ''The Yellowplush Papers'', which appeared in ''Fraser's Magazine'' beginning in 1837.
Between May 1839 and February 1840, ''Fraser's'' published the work sometimes considered Thackeray's first novel, ''Catherine'', originally intended as a satire of the Newgate school of crime fiction, but ending up more as a rollicking picaresque tale in its own right.
In ''The Luck of Barry Lyndon'', a novel serialized in ''Fraser's'' in 1844, Thackeray explored the situation of an outsider trying to achieve status in high society, a theme he developed much more successfully in ''Vanity Fair'' in the character of Becky Sharp, the artist's daughter who rises nearly to the heights by manipulating the other characters.
He is best known now for ''Vanity Fair'', with its deft skewerings of human foibles and its roguishly attractive heroine. His large novels from the period after ''Vanity Fair'', once described unflatteringly by Henry James as examples of "loose baggy monsters," have faded from view, perhaps because they reflect a mellowing in the author, who became so successful with his satires on society that he seemed to lose his zest for attacking it.
The later works include ''Pendennis'', a sort of ''bildungsroman'' depicting the coming of age of Arthur Pendennis, a sort of alter ego of Thackeray's who also features as the narrator of two later novels: ''The Newcomes'' and ''The Adventures of Philip''. ''The Newcomes'' is noteworthy for its critical portrayal of the "marriage market," while ''Philip'' is noteworthy for its semi-autobiographical look back at Thackeray's early life, in which the author partially regains some of his early satirical zest.
Also notable among the later novels is ''The History of Henry Esmond'', in which Thackeray attempted to write a novel in the style of the eighteenth century. In fact, the eighteenth century held a great appeal for Thackeray. Besides ''Esmond'', ''Barry Lyndon'' and ''Catherine'' are set then, as is the sequel to ''Esmond'', ''The Virginians'', which takes place in America and includes George Washington as a character who nearly kills one of the protagonists in a duel.

Reputation

Thackeray is most often compared to one other great novelist of Victorian literature, Charles Dickens. During the Victorian era, he was ranked second only to Dickens, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively as the author of ''Vanity Fair''. In that novel he was able to satirize whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It also features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp. As a result, unlike Thackeray's other novels, it remains popular with the general reading public, is a standard fixture in university courses, and has been repeatedly adapted for movies and television.
In Thackeray's own day, some commentators, such as Anthony Trollope ranked his ''History of Henry Esmond'' as his greatest work, perhaps because it expressed Victorian values of duty and earnestness, as did some of his other later novels. It is perhaps for this reason that they have not survived as well as ''Vanity Fair'', which satirizes those values.
Thackeray saw himself as writing in the realistic tradition and distinguished himself from the exaggerations and sentimentality of Dickens. Some later commentators have accepted this self-evaluation and seen him as a realist, but others note his inclination to use eighteenth-century narrative techniques, such as digressions and talking to the reader, and argue that through them he frequently disrupts the illusion of reality. The school of Henry James, with its emphasis on maintaining that illusion, marked a break with Thackeray's techniques.

Trivia

★ One of Thackeray's daughters (Harriet, also known as Minnie) was the first wife of Sir Leslie Stephen, founding editor of the ''Dictionary of National Biography''. With his second wife, Stephen was the father of Virginia Woolf, making Thackeray "almost" her grandfather. Thackeray's other daughter, Anne, remained close to the Stephen family after her sister's death; young Virginia referred to her as Aunt Anny and created a character based on her in her novel ''Night and Day''. Al Murray ("the Pub Landlord") is a direct descendant.

★ Thackeray provided such a positive review of Jane Eyre that Charlotte Bronte dedicated the second edition to him. This caused her some great embarrassment when she found out about the parallels between the book's plot and Thackeray's domestic situation.

★ The quote "Mother is the name for God in the lips and hearts of little children" from ''Vanity Fair'' was used in James O'Barr's graphic novel "The Crow", as well as the subsequent film, though the line was slightly altered ("... of all children."). The line is often misattributed to O'Barr.

See also

★ Anne Isabella Thackeray

★ ''Barry Lyndon'', the film adaptation by Stanley Kubrick

List of works

★ ''The Yellowplush Papers'' (1837) - ISBN 0-8095-9676-8

★ ''Catherine'' (1839) - ISBN 1-4065-0055-0

★ ''A Shabby Genteel Story'' (1840) - ISBN 1-4101-0509-1

★ ''The Irish Sketchbook'' (1843) - ISBN 0-86299-754-2

★ ''The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq.'' (1844), filmed as ''Barry Lyndon'' by Stanley Kubrick - ISBN 0-19-283628-5

★ ''The Book of Snobs'' (1848), which popularised that term- ISBN 0-8095-9672-5

★ ''Vanity Fair'' (1848), featuring Becky Sharp - ISBN 0-14-062085-0

★ ''Pendennis'' (1848–1850) - ISBN 1-4043-8659-9

★ ''Rebecca and Rowena'' (1850), a parody sequel of ''Ivanhoe'' - ISBN 1-84391-018-7

★ ''Men's Wives'' (1852) - ISBN 0-14-062085-1

★ ''The History of Henry Esmond'' (1852) - ISBN 0-14-143916-5

★ ''The Newcomes'' (1855) - ISBN 0-460-87495-0

★ ''The Rose and the Ring'' (1855) - ISBN 1-4043-2741-X

★ ''The Virginians'' (1857–1859) - ISBN 1-4142-3952-1

★ ''The Adventures of Philip'' (1862) - ISBN 1-4101-0510-5

★ ''Denis Duval'' (1864) - ISBN 1-4191-1561-8

References

★ Ferris, Ina. ''William Makepeace Thackeray''. Boston: Twayne, 1983.

★ Monsarrat, Ann. ''An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray the Man, 1811-1863''. London: Cassell, 1980.

★ Peters, Catherine. ''Thackeray’s Universe: Shifting Worlds of Imagination and Reality''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

★ Prawer, Siegbert S.: ''Breeches and Metaphysics: Thackeray's German Discourse''. Oxford : Legenda, 1997.

★ Prawer, Siegbert S.: ''Israel at Vanity Fair: Jews and Judaism in the Writings of W. M. Thackeray''. Leiden : Brill, 1992.

★ Prawer, Siegbert S.: ''W. M. Thackeray's European sketch books : a study of literary and graphic portraiture''. Oxford ; New York : P. Lang, 2000.

★ Ray, Gordon N. ''Thackeray: The Uses of Adversity, 1811-1846''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

★ Ray, Gordon N. ''Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom, 1847-1863''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.

★ Ritchie, H.T. ''Thackeray and His Daughter''. Harper and Brothers, 1924.

★ Shillingsburg, Peter. ''William Makepeace Thackeray: A Literary Life''. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.

★ Williams, Ioan M. ''Thackeray''. London: Evans, 1968.

External links

★ Works available at eBooks @ Adelaide

★

★ On Charity and Humor, discourse on behalf of a charitable organization

★ ''Pegasus in Harness: Victorian Publishing and W. M. Thackeray'' by Peter L. Shillingsburg

★ "Bluebeard's Ghost" by W. M. Thackeray (1843)