WILLIAMS COLLEGE


'Williams College' is a private liberal arts college located in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Founded in 1793, Williams is the second oldest college in Massachusetts. According to current and many past US News and World Report rankings, Williams is the #1 liberal arts college in the United States. As of 2006, the school has an enrollment of 2,124 undergraduate students and 46 graduate students. [1]
Williams was established in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams as a men's college, located in the Berkshires in northwestern Massachusetts, at the foot of Mount Greylock. When Henry David Thoreau visited in 1844, he remarked that "It would be no small advantage if every college were thus located at the base of a mountain." In 1834, the first non-secret fraternity in the United States, Delta Upsilon, was founded on its campus. [1] Fraternities were phased out beginning in 1962. The college became coeducational in 1970.
There are three academic curricular divisions (humanities, sciences, and social sciences), 24 departments, 33 majors, and two small master's-degree programs in art history and development economics. There are 315 voting faculty members, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 7:1. The college also sponsors the Williams-Mystic program at Mystic Seaport; the Williams-Exeter Programme at Exeter College of Oxford University; and Williams in New York (also known as WINY or Williams@NY).
The academic year follows a 4-1-4 schedule of two four-course semesters plus a one-course "winter study" term in January. An intensive summer research schedule involves about 200 students on campus doing projects with professors.

Contents
History
Distinguishing features
School colors and mascot
Alma mater
Student media
Williams Trivia (Contest)
Campus Landmarks
The Old Hopkins Observatory
Chapin Library
Williams College Museum of Art
Academics
Oxford Style Tutorials
Reputation
Faculty
Sports
Director's Cup
Club sports
Rankings
Recent events
The Williams House System
Capital campaign
Initiatives
In pop culture/fiction
Alumni society
See also
External links
References

History


Chapin Hall — Williamstown, MA, USA

Colonel Ephraim Williams was an officer in the Massachusetts militia and a member of a prominent landowning family. His will included a bequest to support and maintain a free school to be established in the town of West Hoosac, Massachusetts, provided that the town change its name to Williamstown. Williams was killed at the Battle of Lake George on September 8, 1755.
The creation of Williams College was opposed by the alumni of Harvard College. [2]
After Shays Rebellion, the Williamstown Free School opened with 15 students on October 26, 1791. Not long afterward, the trustees of the school petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to convert the free school to a tuition-based college. The legislature agreed and on June 22, 1793, Williams College was chartered.
In 1806, a student prayer meeting gave rise to the American Foreign Mission Movement. In August of that year, five students met in the maple grove of Sloan's Meadow to pray. A thunderstorm drove them to the shelter of a haystack, and the fervor of the ensuing meeting inspired them to take the Gospel abroad. The students went on to build the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the first American organization to send missionaries overseas. The Haystack Monument near Mission Park on the Williams Campus commemorates the meeting.
By 1815, Williams had only two buildings and 58 students, and was in serious financial trouble. In 1821, the president of the college, Zephaniah Swift Moore, who had accepted his position believing that the college would move east, abandoned Williams. He took 15 students with him, and became the first president of Amherst College. According to legend, Moore also took portions of the Williams College library. Though plausible, the transfer of books is unsubstantiated. Moore died just two years later after founding Amherst, and was succeeded by Heman Humphrey, a trustee of Williams College.
Williams played Amherst in the first intercollegiate baseball game in 1859 and continued on to pioneer many areas of academia and education.
Williams was the first American college or university to feature caps and gowns at commencement ceremonies, in order to eliminate the differences in apparel between rich and poor students. [2]

Distinguishing features


School colors and mascot

A College Sign - Williamstown, MA, USA

Williams's primary school color is purple.
The story goes that at the Williams-Harvard baseball game in 1869, spectators, watching from carriages, had trouble telling the teams apart (there were no uniforms) so one of the onlookers bought ribbons from a nearby millinery store to pin on Williams' players. The only color available was purple. The buyer was Jennie Jerome (later Winston Churchill's mother) whose family summered in Williamstown.
Williams's other color is gold, purple's complementary color, which is why most team uniforms and paraphernalia have purple and a form of gold or yellow as the two dominant colors.
The Williams college mascot, formally established by a vote of the student body in 1907, is a purple cow. This peculiar mascot has several possible sources:
- Gelett Burgess's nonsense poem (the original is in the Huntington Library, San Marino, CA):
I never saw a purple cow

I never hope to see one;

But I can tell you, anyhow,

I'd rather see than be one!


- Another possible source of the mascot is the color of the surrounding mountains, which often appear purple in the light of the setting sun (but which don't really resemble cows).
- According to a caption on a photograph at the Williamstown House of Local History, the purple cow may have come from a student prank: a farmer always left his cow staked near Weston Field, and several students painted the cow purple.
Alma mater

Williams claims the first ''alma mater'' song written by an undergraduate, "The Mountains," was written by Washington Gladden of the class of 1859.
Student media

'The Williams Record'
The longest running independent newspaper at Williams is the ''Williams Record'', a weekly broadsheet paper published on Wednesdays. The newspaper was founded in 1885, and now has a weekly circulation of 3,000 broadsheet copies distributed in Williamstown, in addition to more than 600 subscribers across the country.
The newspaper does not receive financial support from the college or from the student government, allowing it considerable leeway in criticizing both on its editorial pages.
To maintain its independent status, the Record relies on revenue generated by local and national ads sales, subscriptions, and voluntary contributions for use of its web site.
Both Sawyer Library and the College Archives maintain more than a century's worth of publicly accessible, bound volumes of the Record. The newspaper provides access free of charge to a searchable database of articles stretching back to 1998 on its web site.
'The Gulielmensian'
The student yearbook is called the Gulielmensian (named after the Latin word for Williams). It was published irregularly in the 1990s, but has been annual for the past several years and dates back to the mid 19th century.
'91.9 WCFM Williamstown'
91.9 WCFM Williamstown is a college-owned, student-run, non-commercial radio station broadcasting from the basement of Prospect House at 91.9 mHz. Its 1.1 kW transmitter gives it the potential to reach all of Williamstown and North Adams clearly. Featuring 85 hours per week of original programming, the station features a wide variety of musical genres, in addition to sports and talk radio. The station is also available through a wide variety of streaming outlets, such as iTunes and Winamp. Members of the surrounding communities above the age of 18 are allowed to DJ on the station, which, as part of its mission, seeks to serve the surrounding community with news and announcements of public interest. On Saturday afternoons, the station broadcasts Williams football games and other sporting events. The board of the radio station holds a concert every semester.
'Williams Students Online'
Williams Students Online provides Internet publishing and communications tools to the rest of the college community. It includes a page titled Willipedia which uses the Wikipedia format and focuses on student groups, buildings, people, and events which relate to the college. Originally founded in 1994, it is one of the oldest college or university student-run online services.
'Other publications'
Numerous smaller campus publications are also produced each year, including The Mad Cow, a humor magazine, and the Literary Review, a literary magazine.
Williams Trivia (Contest)

At the end of virtually every semester since 1966, the Williams College radio station has hosted an all-night, eight-hour trivia contest. Teams of students, alumni, professors, friends and others compete to answer questions on a variety of subjects, while simultaneously identifying songs and performing designated tasks. The winning team's only prize is the obligation to create and host the following semester's contest.
The precise date of the debut contest is uncertain. Most spring contests occur in early May, but during its first decade, Williams Trivia was sometimes held in March or February. Assuming a May date, Lawrence University's 50-hour-long Great Midwest Trivia Contest, first held on April 29, 1966, would be the oldest continuous competition of its sort in the United States. But if the first Williams contest was held earlier, it would be the oldest. The distinction is appropriately trivial.
While other college-based trivia contests in the United States emphasize marathon endurance and revel in the obscurity of their arcana, the aim of the Williams contest is to cram as much evocative and entertaining material into as concentrated a space as possible. Despite lasting just eight hours, a typical Williams Trivia contest will demand between 900 and 1,200 separate "bits" of trivial information in eight hours, delivering twice as much content as its "competitors" in a fraction of the time. No discernible rivalry exists between any of the various contests. The contest has occasionally received outside media coverage, including in the Sunday New York Times. Further history and details are available at an archival website.

Campus Landmarks


The Old Hopkins Observatory

Old Hopkins Observatory — Williamstown, MA, USA
Williams College is the site of the Hopkins Observatory, the oldest extant astronomical observatory in the United States. Erected in 1836-1838, it now contains the Mehlin Museum of Astronomy, including Alvan Clark's first telescope (from 1852) and the Milham Planetarium, which uses a Zeiss Skymaster ZKP3/B optomechanical projector and an Ansible digital projector, both installed in 2005. The Hopkins Observatory's 0.6-m DFM reflecting telescope (1991) is installed elsewhere on the campus. Williams joins with Wellesley, Wesleyan, Middlebury, Colgate, Vassar, Swarthmore, and Haverford/Bryn Mawr to form the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium, sponsored for over a decade by the Keck Foundation and now with its student research programs sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
Chapin Library

The 'Chapin Library' is a collection that supports the liberal arts curriculum of the college by allowing students close access to a number of rare books and documents of interest. The library opened on June 18, 1923, with an initial collection of 9,000 volumes contributed by alumnus Alfred Clark Chapin, Class of 1869. Over the years, Chapin Library has grown to include over 50,000 volumes (including 3,000 more given by Chapin) as well as 100,000 other artifacts such as prints, photographs, maps, and bookplates.
The most famous items in the library's collection include the founding documents of the United States of America. These include first printings of the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, United States Constitution, and Bill of Rights, as well as George Washington's personal copy of the Federalist Papers. Other notable objects include a range of books, letters, and miscellaneous items relating to Theodore Roosevelt, who was a friend and, at one point, colleague of Chapin in the New York State Assembly.
The Chapin Library's science collection includes a first edition of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, as well as first editions of books by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Isaac Newton, and other major figures.
Williams College Museum of Art

The Ironic Columns, Williams College Museum of Art — Williamstown, MA, USA

The Williams College Museum of Art (WCMA), with over 12,000 works (only a fraction of which are displayed at any one time) in its permanent collection, serves as an educational resource for both undergraduates and students in the graduate art history program.
Notable works include "Morning in a City" by Edward Hopper, a commissioned wall painting by Sol LeWitt, and a commissioned outdoor sculpture and landscape work by Louise Bourgeois titled "Eyes." The museum also contains the largest collection of works by brothers Charles Prendergast and Maurice Prendergast.
Though often overshadowed by the neighboring and much larger Clark Art Institute and MassMoCa, WCMA remains one of the premier attractions of The Berkshires. Because the museum is intended primarily for educational purposes, admission is free for all.

Academics


Oxford Style Tutorials

One of the distinctive features of a Williams education is modeled after the tutorial system widely used in the higher education system of the United Kingdom as well as the academic legacy set by Mark Hopkins sitting on one side of a log with a student on the other. In 2001, the faculty voted to expand the signature tutorial program. [3] Particularly aimed at sophomores, some of the courses offered as a tutorial for the 2007-08 school year are: Anthropology 243- Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention, Biology 210- Evo-Devo: The Evolution of Animal Design, Philosophy 273- Ethics of Human Experimentation and Comparative Literature 231- Postmodernism.
Classes are capped at 10 students. Pairs of students meet with the professor once a week for an hour. Each week, one of the students writes and presents a paper while the other student critiques it. The same pair reverses roles for the next week. Usually, the professor takes on a more limited role than in a traditional lecture class.
Reputation

Williams has produced the most Rhodes Scholars of any liberal arts college in the country, with 37. For a small college, Williams students attain a large number of other national fellowships including the Goldwater Scholarship, Truman Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Gates/Cambridge Scholarship and National Science Foundation awards. The college also sponsors its own fellowship to Cambridge known as the Herchel Smith Fellowship. Previously, it was offered to 5 seniors but expanded to as many as 10 for the year 2006-07.
Williams has tied for 1st in the "academic reputation" category each year that ''U.S. News'' has produced a survey, sharing that honor with rival Amherst College.
Williams is ranked 22nd as the baccalaureate source of doctoral degrees granted from 1991 to 2000. [4]
Williams is ranked #1 overall according to the fifth annual report by the National Collegiate Scouting Association which ranks colleges based on student-athlete graduation rates, academic strength and athletic prowess. [5]
Law Schools take grade inflation into account, and have created a chart to help adjust for low GPAs at more academically rigorous institutions. Out of all of the colleges and universities compiled on the list, Williams ranks second on this list, after Swarthmore, in terms of requiring the greatest upwards adjustment (signifying the lowest grade inflation). [6]
For the second straight year Williams College is ranked as the number one college in the country for academics and athletics, by the NSCA Collegiate Power Rankings. Rounding out the top five are Amherst College, Duke University, University of California (San Diego), and the University of Notre Dame. The college is part of the Little Three, along with Amherst College and Wesleyan University.
Williams is highly selective, with an admit rate of 17.4% for the class of 2011.
Faculty

Known for dedicated and effective teaching, Williams has 315 voting faculty, 96% of whom possess a Doctorate or the terminal degree in their field. Students fill out Course Surveys at the end of each semester which play a large role in determining faculty tenure decisions. This practice is different than most large universities which do not care as much about student opinion of faculty. Recently, there has been controversy over popular teachers being denied tenure based on other factors, including publication rates. [7] Students may also offer anonymous opinions about faculty members through FacTrak, a popular service that has also attracted controversy over vindictive comments and personal attacks.
As further evidence of a strong commitment to good teaching, Williams offers Olmsted awards to 4 secondary teachers nominated by the graduating class. This was applauded by Thomas Friedman in a New York Times Op-Ed piece. Thomas Friedman co-taught a Winter Study course on good teaching and good writing in 2006-07 and has spoken on campus several times, commending the environmentally-friendly efforts on campus.
Notable former and present faculty include:

Edward Burger a math professor who has written a popular book called "Coincidences, Chaos and all that Math Jazz." Burger is one of four recipients of the Mathematatical Association of America's Haimo Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics on the Williams Math faculty. The other three are Frank Morgan, Colin Adams, and Tom Garrity.

James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, who have authored seminal studies on presidential leadership, notably that of Franklin, Theodore and Eleanor Roosevelt {"The Three Roosevelts")

Raymond Chang who has written high school and college textbooks in Chemistry

Richard DeVeaux who has written a textbook for college Statistics

Georges Dreyfuss, a professor who teaches Religion is the first Westerner to achieve monk status in Buddhism

★ Joan Edwards of the Biology department who has a Guinness World Record for discovering the fastest blooming plant, the Bunchberry

Kermit Gordon of the Economics department who became Director of the United States Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) during the administrations of Presidents John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson

Saul Kassin who has written an undergraduate textbook in Psychology and co-written a Social Psychology textbook with Steven Fein, another faculty member of the Williams psychology department

Cornelius Kubler, a former director of the Foreign Service in Taiwan and professor of Chinese

Jay Pasachoff in the Astrophysics department

Mark Taylor who has studied with Jacques Derrida and teaches Religion classes
There are also many other superb faculty members with less well-publicized achievements. Many faculty have a habit of inviting students to their homes for cooked and catered meals.

Sports


The school's sports teams are called the Ephmen, or the Ephs (pronounced "Eef," or [if] in IPA) — a shortening of the first name of founder Ephraim Williams. They participate in the NCAA's Division III and the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC). Williams also has 2 Division I sports, skiing and squash.
According to data published by the United States Department of Education[8], Williams (as of 2004-05) spends more money on its athletic programs than any other Division III school, with the exception of Christopher Newport University (which spends 2% more, but has twice as many students). Williams is ranked #1 among Division III schools for athletic spending per student, spending 20% more per student than its nearest Division III competitor, St. Lawrence University.
Williams has a traditional rivalry with Amherst College and Wesleyan University. The "Little Three," a subset of NESCAC, comprises the three schools. Williams and Amherst participate in notably intense competition, dating back more than a century.
In 2006, the Ephs Football team completed the sixth undefeated season (8-0) in its history, with a win over Amherst.
Until 1994, Williams was not permitted, by NESCAC rules, to compete in team NCAA competition. By virtue of strong individual competitors, the Williams Women's Swimming & Diving team won the school's first national title in 1981, and claimed the title in 1982 as well. Williams played in the 2003 and 2004 men's basketball Division III national championship games, winning the title in March 2003. Men's basketball also played in the 1997 and 1998 final fours. Williams was the first New England basketball team to have captured a Division III championship.
Williams teams to capture national titles since Williams began participating in NCAA tournaments in 1994 include men's tennis (three titles), women's crew (three), women's tennis (two), men's cross country (two), women's cross country (two), men's basketball, women's indoor track and field, and men's soccer. Other perennial contenders include women's lacrosse, women's field hockey, men's golf, men's and women's swimming and diving and men's track and field.
Director's Cup

Williams has had tremendous success winning the NACDA Director's Cup, presented to the institution within each NCAA division that has the greatest overall success in NCAA sanctioned-championships. Williams has won the NACDA Director's Cup 11 of the 12 years since its inception, including 9 years in a row through 2007.
In 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 the college achieved #1 rankings in both academics and athletics within its peer groups (liberal arts colleges as ranked by U.S. News and World Report and NCAA Division III institutions as ranked by the Director's Cup calculations, respectively). Dual #1 rankings in any single year was an unprecedented achievement among the 1,053 NCAA member institutions. As an additional reflection of its balanced excellence in academics and athletics, Williams was ranked by the National Collegiate Scouting Association in 2006 as number 1 among all colleges and universities across Divisions I-III. The top five also comprised Amherst, Middlebury, Duke and Stanford in that order.
Club sports

Williams has an active club and intramural sports program, offering 13 club sports including ultimate, rugby, horseback riding, cycling, volleyball, and water polo. Approximately 50% of Williams' students compete on at least one varsity, junior varsity, or formal club team.

Rankings


Williams currently holds 1st place in U.S. News and World Report's most recent ranking of the top liberal arts colleges in America [9] maintaining a streak of five consecutive years as #1. Williams has been 1st seven times since 1989. Williams is ranked eighth in the Washington Monthly rankings [10]. Williams ranked fifth, after Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Stanford, in a 2004 ''Wall Street Journal'' survey of the "feeder schools" to the top fifteen business, law, and medical schools in the country.[11] Brody Admissions, the national admissions and test preparation firm, has ranked Williams eighth in its national "prestige rankings."

Recent events


Thompson Chapel, Lasell Bell Tower — Williamstown, MA, USA

In 2003 Williams began the first of three massive construction projects. The $60 million '62 Center for Theatre and Dance was the first project to be successfully completed in the spring of 2005. The other two projects, the $44 million Student Center and $123 million Stetson-Sawyer project, experienced several financial setbacks, but have continued nonetheless with strong support from the Administration and the Board of Trustees. In fact, the new Student Center, named The Paresky Center for its principal donors, David '60 and Linda Paresky, is completed, and has been accessible to students since February 16, 2007.
Construction has already begun on the Stetson-Sawyer project with completion scheduled somewhere by the end of the decade. The entire project calls for two new academic buildings, the removal of the Sawyer Library from its current location, and the construction of a new Library at the rear of a renovated Stetson Hall. College trustees initially balked at the cost of the Stetson-Sawyer project and were calling for upwards of $17 million to be cut from the library component of the project.
A recent addition to the campus set the tone for style and comprehensiveness for renovations and significant additions to campus buildings in the 21st century. The $38 million Unified Science Center housing Schow Science Library was erected in 2001 and is popular among students. This building unifies the formerly separate lab spaces of the Physics, Chemistry, and Biology departments. In addition, it houses Schow Science library, notable for its unified science materials holdings and architecture. It features vaulted ceilings and an atrium with windows into laboratories on the second through fourth floors of the science center.
The Williams House System

After several years of planning, the College decided to group undergraduates starting with the class of 2010 into four geographically coherent clusters, or "Neighborhoods," philosophically related to those at several Ivy League universities. Since fall 2006, first-years have been housed in Sage Hall, Williams Hall and Mission Park, while upperclassmen inhabit former First-year dormitories East College, Lehman Hall, Fayerweather, and Morgan, as well as the current upperclass dormitories to form the four houses. A student vote on the names of the four "neighborhoods" selected 'Currier', 'Wood', 'Spencer' and 'Dodd' by a simple majority. These were the temporary working names assigned prior to voting. Incoming freshmen are randomly assigned to clusters as an entry (a group of freshmen who live together with a male and female junior advisor). Rising sophomores have the option to be randomly assigned to a different neighborhood from the rest of their entry in groups of six or fewer. This new system is an attempt to integrate all undergraduates more successfully than was previously possible, mixing students representing a variety of interests and ethnicities, and supporting each House with its own dining and recreational facilities. Moreover, this new housing system will attempt to abolish the stigmas allegedly associated with certain dormitories.
Capital campaign

Williams is currently engaged in one of the largest capital campaigns ever undertaken by a liberal arts college, with a goal of raising $400 million by September, 2008. The college has raised $400 million towards this goal as of the end of June, 2007, which is a year and a half ahead of schedule. As of June 2006, Williams endowments were valued at approximately $1.6 billion.
Initiatives


★ Climate Initiative

★ Diversity Initiative

In pop culture/fiction



★ In the syndicated comic, FoxTrot, the father Roger Fox is an alumnus of Willot College, a parody of Williams College. The creator Bill Amend is a graduate of Amherst College, Williams' long-time rival.

★ In the CBS show '', the lab technician David Hodges is a fictional alumnus of Williams.

Kaitlin Cooper, a character on Fox's ''The OC'', is shown to be a student of Williams College in the ending montage for the series finale.

★ In the movie ''Meet the Fockers'', one of the pictures on the "Wall of Gaylord" shows Ben Stiller's character Gaylord Focker wearing a Williams College t-shirt.

★ Benjamin Braddock, the main character of the ''The Graduate'', is widely believed to have attended Williams College.

★ During an episode of ''The West Wing'', fictional US President Josiah Bartlet discusses why he chose to attend Notre Dame instead of Harvard, Yale, or Williams, noting that each of the prestigious colleges had offered the president-to-be a full scholarship.

★ Carmen Lowell, a character in ''The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants'', attends Williams in the last two books of the series.

★ During an episode of Dawson's Creek, Joey asks Dawson to write a peer recommendation in support of her application to Williams.

★ Wanda Varner, a minor character featured on ''Veronica Mars'', tells Veronica that she wants to apply to Williams in the episode "The Return of the Kane".

Alumni society


The Society of Alumni of Williams College is the oldest existing alumni society of any academic institution in the United States, and may be the oldest alumni organization in the world. The Society of Alumni was founded during the "Amherst crisis" in 1821, when Williams College President Zephaniah Swift Moore left Williams. Graduates of Williams formed the Society to ensure that Williams would not have to close, and raised enough money to ensure the future survival of the school.
In the years since the Amherst Crisis the generosity of alumni has made Williams one of the wealthiest educational institutions in the United States, with an endowment of over $1.6 billion as of 6/30/2006.
Not affiliated with the Society of Alumni, but also serving the college's alumni is the Williams Club in New York City. Located at 24 East 39th Street in Manhattan, the club is open to the paying public as a hotel and restaurant, and operates as a meeting space for Williams alumni living in and visiting the city. It is also the headquarters for the Williams@NY program, accommodating Williams college students and the director of the program, Professor Robert Jackall.

See also



Elimination of Fraternities at Williams College

List of Williams College people

List of Williams College Presidents

List of Williams College Commencement Speakers

Williams-Mystic

External links



The Williams College website

Williams College Wiki

Williams College Archives and Special Collections website

The Williams Record (college newspaper)

WCFM Williamstown 91.9 (college radio station)

Williams Students Online (student-run web services)

Williams College Museum of Art

References



1. http://www.williams.edu/home/fast_facts/
2. http://www.williams.edu/home/focus/robes/
3. http://www.williams.edu/admin/news/strategicplanning/curricularinnovation/facultyvote.html
4. http://web.centre.edu/ir/student/OverallBaccOrigins.pdf
5. http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-20-2007/0004648309&EDATE=
6. http://web.archive.org/web/20000829094953/http://www.pcmagic.net/abe/gradeadj.htm
7. http://www.williamsrecord.com/wr/?view=article§ion=news&id=8830
8. http://ope.ed.gov/athletics/main.asp
9. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1libartco_brief.php
10. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.libarts.html
11. http://www.wsjclassroom.com/pdfs/wsj_college_092503.pdf



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