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The 'Willows' are a family of trees and shrubs which differ greatly in size and habit of growth but are very much alike in other respects. There are about 350 species in this genus worldwide, found primarily on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Willows are very cross-fertile and numerous hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation.
Some smaller species may also be known by the common names ''osier'' and ''sallow''; the latter name is derived from the same root as the Latin ''salix''.
Some willows, particularly arctic and alpine species, are very small; the 'Dwarf Willow' (''Salix herbacea'') rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground.
The 'Weeping Willow', very widely planted as an ornamental tree, is a cultivar, ''Salix × sepulcralis'' 'Chrysocoma', derived from a hybrid between the Chinese Peking Willow and the European White Willow.

Contents

Description

Flowers

Fruit

Cultivation

Ecological issues

Uses

Medicinal uses

Other uses

Pictures

See also

External links

References

Description

The willows all have abundant watery juice, furrowed scaly bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large fibrous often stoloniferious roots. These roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life.
The leaves are deciduous, often elongate but round to oval in a few species, and with a serrated margin. All the buds are lateral; no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. These are covered by a single scale, inclosing at its base two minute opposite buds, alternate with two, small, scale-like, fugacious, opposite leaves. The leaves are alternate except the first pair which fall when about an inch long. They are simple, feather-veined, and typically linear-lanceolate. Usually they are serrate, rounded at base, acute or acuminate. In color they show a great variety of greens, ranging from yellow to blue.

Flowers

Willows are dioecious with male and female flowers appearing as catkins on different plants; the catkins are produced early in the spring, often before the leaves or as the new leaves open. The petioles are short, the stipules often very conspicuous, looking like tiny round leaves and sometimes remaining for half the summer. On some species, however, they are small, inconspicuous, and fugacious.
The staminate flowers are without either calyx or corolla; they consist simply of stamens, in number varying from two to ten, accompanied by a nectariferous gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is itself borne on the rachis of a drooping raceme called a catkin, or ament. This scale is oval and entire and very hairy. The anthers are rose colored in the bud but orange or purple after the flower opens, they are two-celled and the cells open longitudinally. The filaments are threadlike, usually pale yellow, often hairy.
The pistillate flowers are also without calyx or corolla; and consist of a single ovary accompanied by a small flat gland and inserted on the base of a scale which is likewise borne on the rachis of a catkin. The ovary is one-celled, the style two-lobed, and the ovules numerous.

Fruit

The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous tiny (0.1 mm) seeds embedded in white down, which assists wind dispersal of the seeds. The fruit is a one-celled, two-valved, cylindrical, beaked capsule, containing many minute seeds which are furnished with long, silky, white hairs. The catkins appear before or with the leaves.

Cultivation

Almost all willows take root very readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground. There are a few exceptions, including the Goat Willow and Peachleaf Willow. One famous example of such growth from cuttings involves the poet Alexander Pope, who begged a twig from a parcel tied with twigs sent from Spain to Lady Suffolk. This twig was planted and thrived, and legend has it that all of England's Weeping Willows are descended from this first one [1].
Willows are often planted on the borders of streams in order that their interlacing roots may protect the bank against the action of the water. Frequently the roots are much larger than the stem which grows from them.

Ecological issues

Willows are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species - see list of Lepidoptera which feed on Willows.
A number of willow species were widely planted in Australia in the past, notably as erosion control measures along watercourses. They are now regarded as an invasive weed and many catchment management authorities are removing them to be replaced with native trees [2].. [3].

Uses

Medicinal uses

The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt^[1] as a remedy for aches and fever,^[2] and the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments.
The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water (''p''H = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason.
In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin (in his case derived from the ''Spiraea'' plant), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally ''Acetylsalicylic acid'', was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Other uses

; Uses as a plant : Agroforestry, Biofiltration, Constructed wetlands, Ecological wastewater treatment systems, Hedges, Land reclamation, Landscaping, Phytoremediation, Streambank stabilisation (bioengineering), Slope stabilisation, Soil erosion control, Shelterbelt & windbreak, Soil building, Soil reclamation, Wildlife habitat
; Uses as energy source : Charcoal, Energy forestry such as the Willow Biomass Project
; Uses of wood : Basket weaving, Box, Brooms, Cricket bats, Cradle boards, Chairs & furniture, Dolls, Fish traps, Flutes, Poles, Sweat lodges, toys, turnery, tool handles, Veneer, Wands, Wattle fences, Wattle and daub, whistles
; Uses of wood-derived products: Fibre plants, Paper, Rope and string, Tannin

★ As part of the four species used on the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.

★ Living Willow Sculpture

Pictures

See also

★ 'Willow-herb' is the common name of several species of ''Epilobium''

★ 'Seep willow' is the common name of ''Baccharis salicifolia''

★ 'Aravah, the Hebrew name of the willow, for its use as a ritual during the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles

External links

★ Salix alba at plants for a future

★ ''Salix purpurea'' at plants for a future

★ 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica (but see this)

★ ''Salix caroliniana'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

★ ''Salix nigra'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

References

★ Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them, , Harriet L., Keeler, Charles Scriber's Sons, ,

★ Newsholme, C. (1992). ''Willows: The Genus Salix''. ISBN 0-88192-565-9

★ Warren-Wren, S.C. (1992). ''The Complete Book of Willows''. ISBN 0-498-01262-X

★ Refererence for the story concerning Alexander Pope Extract from the ''Every day book'' by William Hone, (1826) quoting "Martyn" and the ''Saint James's Chronicle'' (1801).